The role of intrinsic masker fluctuations on the spectral spread of masking

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1 The role of intrinsic masker fluctuations on the spectral spread of masking Steven van de Par Philips Research, Prof. Holstlaan 4, 5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Armin Kohlrausch Philips Research, Prof. Holstlaan 4, 5656 AA Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 50 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, The effect of intrinsic fluctuations of narrowband masking noises on the detection of tonal signals was investigated using Gaussian noise (GN) and low-noise noise (LNN) maskers centered at 1 and 10 khz. Detection thresholds were measured for signals with frequency offsets of 0 to 200 Hz above the center frequency of the masker. For 10-Hz wide LNN maskers, thresholds decrease by about 15 db when the signal offset increases from 0 to 50 Hz and stay constant for larger offsets. Note that the bandwidth of the masker plus signal is considerably smaller than one critical band excluding possible effects of peripheral filtering on the thresholds. For 10-Hz wide GN, on-frequency thresholds are initially 10 db higher than for LNN. They decrease by 25 db for a frequency offset of 50 Hz. These data can be understood assuming that subjects use relative changes in the stimulus modulation spectrum to detect the signal. Both for narrowband GN and LNN, intrinsic masker fluctuations consist of low modulation frequencies. Addition of the sinusoidal signal to the masker will introduce new modulations in the envelope. Only when the signal has a sufficiently large offset, the interaction between tonal signal and masker introduces modulations which are higher in frequency than the intrinsic masker fluctuations. In line with these considerations, 100-Hz wide maskers, with more high frequency modulations, lead to a considerably smaller decrease in thresholds for GN and no decrease for LNN. These results support earlier observations that intrinsic masker fluctuations may play a significant role in the spectral spread of masking as well as in the detection of amplitude modulation. 1 Introduction Spectral masking patterns show a marked dependence on the masker type that is used. In a study by Moore et al. [1], tonal and narrowband maskers were used centered at 1 khz. The masked thresholds for tonal maskers tended to be higher for tonal signal frequencies well above the masker frequency, while the peak of the masking pattern tended to be sharper for the tonal masker as compared to the noise masker. Various factors have been discussed that may influence the different spectral masking patterns found for different masker types. For detecting a tonal signal well above a noise masker, subjects may be listening in the valleys of the masker envelope to improve detection performance [2, 3]. When this cue is not available, e.g., for a tonal masker, combination tones may aid to the detectability of the target tone [4], but also beat patterns resulting from the close proximity of masker and signal may be a cue for the listeners [1]. This latter cue is expected to only contribute to detectability when the masker-signal separation does not exceed 200 Hz because it is known that envelope modulations are increasingly more difficult to process above about 150 Hz [5]. Beating cues are also not expected to influence masking patterns for Gaussian noise maskers because of the inherent fluctuations in the envelopes of these maskers which effectively mask the modulation cues that result from sinusoidal beats. In this study we want to investigate the role of inherent masker envelope fluctuations in spectral masking by noise maskers. If such fluctuations have a significant effect on spectral masking patterns for, e.g., Gaussian noise maskers, such fluctuations may influence the apparent bandwidth of the auditory filter that is derived from such threshold data. Previous studies have investigated the role of intrinsic masker envelope fluctations in auditory masking and in modulation-detection thresholds [6, 7, 8]. These studies had as a common approach to study the masking properties of different noise types, such as low-noise noise (LNN), multiplied noise (MN), and Gaussian noise (GN), using a signal that was spectrally centered within the narrowband masker. Whereas GN has an envelope modulation spectrum that decreases towards higher frequencies, MN has a modulation spectrum that is flat until the masker bandwidth is reached and is much lower beyond this point. Modulation spectra of LNN are characterized by a rather low overall degree of modulation, and most modulations are found in the modulation frequency range from zero up to the bandwidth of the noise. In the current study, we also employed GN and LNN maskers, but now with the tonal signal placed at various positions above the center frequency of the masker. By chosing a particular masker-signal separation, modulation components are introduced in the envelope modulation spectrum in a frequency range that extends from 1635

2 the smallest masker-signal separation (signal to upper masker edge) to the largest masker-signal separation (signal to lower masker edge). In Fig. 1 the modulation spectrum of a 10-Hz wide LNN masker is shown (solid line) with at a level of 70 db SPL. In addition, the modulation spectrum of the LNN masker plus a threshold-level sinusoidal signal 50 Hz above the masker center frequency is shown (dashed line). As can be seen the modulations of the masker are predominantly at very low frequencies (10 Hz and below), while the modulations resulting from the additions of the sinusoidal signal are around 50 Hz and are not affected by the inherent masker fluctuations. In general, the detectability of these introduced modulation components will depend on the inherent masker fluctuations. Level (db) Modulation frequency (Hz) Figure 1: Modulation spectrum of a 10-Hz wide LNN masker (solid line) at a level of 70 db SPL, and of a same LNN masker plus a -db-spl sinusoidal signal 50 Hz above the masker center frequency (dashed line). The first experiment uses a 1-kHz masker with a bandwidth of 100 Hz. By using both GN and LNN maskers, the contribution of inherent masker envelope fluctuations is investigated. The second experiment is very similar to the first experiment, only now the maskers are placed at 10-kHz center frequency. In this way, any effects of peripheral filtering can be assumed to be negligible such that the LNN masker can be assumed to have virtually the same modulation spectrum at the output of an auditory filter as was present in the stimulus. In order to further test the role of modulation spectrum processing, an additional condition was run in the second experiment where the masker bandwidth was reduced to 10 Hz resulting in a modulation spectrum that is much more concentrated at low frequencies. 2 Experiment I, 1-kHz maskers In this experiment the different masking behaviour of low-noise noise (LNN) and Gaussian noise (GN) maskers was investigated on a tonal signal that was either centerd within the 100-Hz wide masker, or placed at various frequency positions above the masker. In this way the effect of the different inherent modulation spectra of the maskers on masked thresholds could be investigated. 2.1 Method and Stimuli A 3-interval forced choice paradigm was used to measure detection of the tonal target signal in the presence of the noise masker. Target levels were controlled with a 2-down 1-up adaptive tracking procedure. At the start of each run, levels were adjusted with 8 db steps and stepsizes were halved after each second reversal until a minimum step-size of 1 db was reached after which another 8 reversals were measured. The median of the last 8 reversals was used as the measured threshold of that run. For each condition at least four thresholds were measured. The 300 ms tonal signal was presented temporally centerd in one of the three 0-ms maskers and both masker and target had raised-cosine on and off-set ramps with 30 ms duration. Two masker types were used; a 100-Hz wide GN centered arround 1 khz, or a LNN with the same spectral parameters. LNN was generated according to one of the method described in Kohlrausch et al. [6]. In this case 10 iterations were used to transform a GN signal into a LNN signal. In each iteration the noise was divided by its envelope and subsequently bandpass filtered. Maskers were presented at a level of 70 db SPL over Beyerdynamic DT 990 PRO headphones. The tonal target signal was placed at various offsets ranging from 0 Hz (centered in the masker) up to 200 Hz above the masker center frequency. Four normal hearing subjects participated in this test of whom two where the authors of this paper. 2.2 Results and Discussion In Fig. 2 the averaged results across the four subjects are shown for the first experiment. Error bars depict the standard error of the mean based on all thresholds pooled across subjects and repeated measurements. Dashed and solid lines show the GN and LNN masker data, respectively. Data were overall consistent across subjects except for the 200-Hz frequency separation, where two subjects showed an approximately 5 db lower threshold than the other two subjects. Comparing the on-frequency results (frequency offset of zero) with the corresponding data in Kohlrausch et al. [6], we see that the signal-to-masker ratios are only 1 db lower for GN, but about 5 db lower for LNN in the current study. As can be seen there is a gradual decrease of thresholds 1636

3 Masked threshold (db SPL) Masker at 1 khz off-frequency filter, as presumably is done to detect the signal with a 200-Hz frequency offset, the LNN masker envelope will show strong dips that may help the listener better detect the tonal signal as compared to a GN masker with much fewer dips. Therefore in the second experiment, the effects of peripheral filtering will be avoided by placing the maskers at a frequency of 10 khz and using similar frequency offsets between masker and signal Frequency offset (Hz) Figure 2: Average masked thresholds of four subjects for Gaussian noise maskers (dashed line) and low-noise noise maskers (solid line). Frequency offset is defined relative to the center frequency of the masker. with increasing frequency offset in line with the peripheral filtering effects that can be expected at this frequency. Clearly, low-noise noise (LNN) maskers with very little envelope fluctuations result in considerably lower thresholds over the complete range of frequency separations indicating that the presence of strong envelope modulations in Gaussian noise (GN) limits the detectability of the tonal signal considerably. Given this apparently significant role of envelope modulations, it is of interest to know whether these effects do depend on the frequency separation between masker and signal. Since the masker was placed at 1 khz center frequency, it is not possible to distinguish between peripheral filtering effects and possible other frequency-dependent effects of the frequency offset on masked thresholds. In addition, it can be expected that the amplitude and phase spectrum of the 100-Hz wide LNN masker will be altered significantly in the process of peripheral filtering which can be expected to result in an increase of the level of envelope modulations at the output of an auditory filter. Since it is expected that this effect of peripheral filtering will become stronger with increasing frequency offset this may be an additional confounding factor in determining the role of envelope fluctuations in LNN and GN noise maskers. The difference in masked threshold of 5 db that was found with a frequency offset of 200 Hz, may be interpreted as an indication that the envelope fluctuations in the LNN masker are still considerably lower than for GN. However, this may not be a correct conclusion considering the observation that was made by Kohlrausch et al. [6] that LNN behaves approximately as sinusoidal signal with random frequency modulations, where the instantaneous frequency tends to gravitate towards the frequency edges of the masker band. When listening in an 3 Experiment II, 10-kHz maskers This experiment is identical to the first experiment except that maskers have a 10-kHz center frequency while signals are placed at the similar frequency offsets relative to the masker center frequency. Some extra conditions are measured to get more insight in the effects of the envelope modulations. For this purpose masker bandwidths of 10 Hz are used in addition to the 100-Hz bandwidths as used in the first experiment. By reducing the bandwidth, the envelope modulation spectrum will also be concentrated on lower frequencies. If changes in the modulation spectrum mediate the detection of tonal targets, strong effects of masker bandwidth are expected on the spectral masking patterns. 3.1 Results and Discussion In Fig. 3 the averaged results across four subjects are shown for this experiment. Error bars depict the standard error of the mean based on all thresholds pooled across subjects and repeated measurements. Data were generally consistent across subjects. As can be seen for the 100-Hz bandwidth maskers (squares), the general pattern of results reveals similarities with the data of the previous experiment at 1-kHz center frequency although now thresholds decrease considerably less towards increasing frequency offset. The masking patterns for the 10-Hz bandwidth maskers show strong differences compared to the 100-Hz bandwidth data. Masked thresholds are higher for the smallest frequency offset, but show a strong decrease towards larger frequency offsets resulting in lower thresholds beyond a 50-Hz frequency offset. Also the difference between LNN (solid line) and GN (dashed line) maskers reduces to zero at larger frequency offsets for the 10-Hz wide masker (circles) while a difference of at least 5 db remains for the 100-Hz wide maskers (squares). Similar peaked spectral masking patterns for very narrowband noise maskers have also been found by Glasberg and Moore [9]. Although combination products have been discussed in the context of noise-on-tone masking by Greenwood [4, 10] these are not expected to play a 1637

4 Masked threshold (db SPL) Masker at 10 khz Frequency offset (Hz) Figure 3: Average masked thresholds of four subjects for Gaussian noise maskers (dashed lines) and low-noise noise maskers (solid lines). Masker bandwidths were 10 Hz (circles) and 100 Hz (squares). Frequency offset is defined relative to the center frequency of the masker. role in the current experiment since combinations products, characterized by should be masked by the masker components due to the wide peripheral filter at 10 khz. The results observed in this experiment seem to be qualitatively well in line with the assumption that changes in the modulation spectrum of the masker as a result of the addition of the tone are used by the listeners to detect the tone (cf. [6, 11]). For the narrowband GN masker, the modulation spectrum has a triangular shape with a sharp peak at 0 Hz, and a declining slope which extends only little beyond the frequency that equals the masker bandwidth. By adding the tonal component, new envelope spectrum components will be introduced that equal all the difference frequencies that are found between the tonal signal and the masker noise components. Thus for a frequency offset of 0 Hz, the added envelope spectrum components will coincide with the masker envelope spectrum and therefore be effectively masked, leading to relatively high thresholds. However, when the frequency offset is sufficiently large, e.g. 15 Hz, or more, new envelope spectrum components will be introduced in the range from 10 to 20 Hz. Part of these new components fall outside the dominant modulation spectrum of the masker and are therefore not masked well, leading to lower thresholds. Increasing the frequency offset even more, will lead to new components that are well separated from the original masker envelope spectrum, resulting in the lowest thresholds. For LNN, the envelope spectrum differs from that of GN. There is a strong component at 0 Hz, but all envelope spectrum components above 0 Hz up to the masker bandwidth are at a considerably lower level than the GN components. In addition, in this range the modulation spectrum shows an increase of about 17 db. In the range beyond the masker bandwidth, the spectrum is at least 20 db lower than in the first part. Since also for LNN, the envelope spectrum is limited in frequency extent, the steep decrease in thresholds can be understood in terms of envelope modulation processing as proposed by Kohlrausch et al. [6] and in line with e.g. Dau et al. [11]. Since, for the lower modulation frequencies, the amount of modulations is lower than for GN, also the level of thresholds is lower at small frequency offsets. Returning to the 100-Hz bandwidth data, it is clear that since the masker bandwidth is larger, the modulation spectra of both the GN and the LNN maskers will be extended more towards high frequencies. In line with this knowledge, it can be seen that e.g. at a frequency offset of 50 Hz, the introduced envelope components extend from 0 Hz to 50 Hz. Therefore, they coincide with the envelope spectrum components that are inherently present in the masker, leading to high thresholds. Only for very large frequency offsets, thresholds are expected to be lower. E.g. at 200-Hz frequency offset, modulation components are introduced ranging from 150 to 250 Hz, well above the masker envelope spectrum components. However, for modulation processing beyond about 150 Hz it is known that sensitivity is decreasing [5]. For the LNN masker, thresholds seem to be nearly independent of frequency offset. Apparently the inherent modulations in the masker are so spread out across frequency that no improvement in detectability is observed towards larger frequency offsets. Interesting is also to see that for small frequency offsets, the 10-Hz wide maskers lead to consistently higher thresholds than the 100-Hz wide maskers, independent of the masker type used. This result may be related to the fact that the total amount of fluctuation of a GN and a LNN masker is independent of its bandwidth. As a results, the envelope fluctuations are stronger in the low end of the envelope modulation spectrum for the 10-Hz wide maskers, leading to higher thresholds. In Fig. 4, the data for the 100-Hz wide maskers are shown again, but now for both the 1-kHz and 10-kHz center frequency. For LNN, thresholds are higher for 1 khz at small frequency offsets, but show lower thresholds towards larger offsets. At 1 khz the peripheral filtering can be expected to alter the amplitude and phase spectrum of the LNN in such a way that more envelope fluctuations will result. This can explain the higher thresholds found for small frequency offsets at 1-kHz as compared to 10- khz center frequencies. The effect of peripheral filtering can best be seen by comparing conditions with 200 Hz frequency offset at 1 khz and 10 khz. Based on the GN data at 1 khz and 10 khz, peripheral filtering seems to account for about 12 db re- 1638

5 Forum Acusticum 2005 Budapest duction in thresholds at 1 khz. This corresponds to the advantage at 1 khz compared to 10 khz that is seen in LNN maskers. However, as mentioned earlier, it is not clear how the altering of the LNN envelope by peripheral filtering affects thresholds at large frequency offsets. Comparing masking patterns for GN maskers at 1 khz and 10 khz shows a good correspondence at the smaller frequency offsets, but clearly lower thresholds for the 1 khz conditions at larger offsets resulting from peripheral filtering effects. Since the 10-kHz data show a clear decrease in thresholds towards larger frequency offsets, it is reasonable to assume that a similar effect is reducing the thresholds in the 1 khz data. Thus masking patterns measured at 1 khz for bandpass GN noise may be influenced by both peripheral filtering and modulation spectrum processing where the decrease toward larger frequency offsets shows the accumulated effect of these two factors. Since the reduction in threshold at 10-kHz is about 10 db for GN maskers, modulation spectrum processing seems to be responsible for about half of the 21 db reduction in thresholds that is seen at 1 khz for GN. Masked threshold (db SPL) Maskers at 1 and 10 khz Frequency offset (Hz) Figure 4: Average masked thresholds of four subjects for Gaussian noise maskers (dashed lines) and low-noise noise maskers (solid lines) and masker bandwidths of 100 Hz. Masker center frequencies were 1 khz (diamonds) and 10 khz (squares). Frequency offset is defined relative to the center frequency of the masker. 4 Conclusions In conclusion, spectral masking patterns that were measured at 10-kHz masker center frequencies suggest a strong influence of modulation-spectral processing both in LNN and GN maskers. Specifically for 10-Hz wide maskers, frequency selectivity in the modulation spectrum domain seems to be high enough to lead to considerably lowered thresholds when the masker and signal are separated by more than 25 Hz. The 100-Hz wide maskers also show a reduction in thresholds towards larger masker-signal separations, although the effect is not nearly as strong. Given the 100-Hz bandwidth data at 10-kHz center frequency, where peripheral filtering can be assumed to not influence the measured thresholds, it is reasonable to assume that also at 1-kHz center frequencies, the effect of modulation spectrum processing is influencing spectral masking patterns leading to relatively low thresholds towards signal-masker separations of 200 Hz. References [1] B.C.J. Moore, J.I. Alcántara, and T. Dau, Masking patterns for sinusoidal and narrow-band noise maskers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol pp (1998) [2] S. Buus, Release from masking caused by envelope fluctuations, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol. 78. pp (1985) [3] M. van der Heijden and A. Kohlrausch, The role of envelope fluctuations in spectral masking, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol. 97. pp (1995) [4] D.D. Greenwood, Aural combination tones and auditory masking, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol. 50. pp (1971) [5] A. Kohlrausch, R. Fassel, and T. Dau, The influence of carrier level and frequency on modulation and beat-detection thresholds for sinusoidal carriers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol pp (2000) [6] A. Kohlrausch, R. Fassel, M. van der Heijden, R. Kortekaas, S. van de Par, A. Oxenham, and D. Püschel, Detection of tones in low-noise noise: Further evidence for the role of envelope fluctuations, Acustica united with Acta Acustica, Vol. 83. pp (1997) [7] S. van de Par, and A. Kohlrausch, Diotic and dichotic detection using multiplied-noise maskers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol pp (1998) [8] T. Dau, J. Verhey, and A. Kohlrausch, Intrinsic envelope fluctuations and modulation-detection thresholds for narrow-band noise carriers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol pp (1999) [9] B.R. Glasberg and B.C.J. Moore Growth-ofmasking functions for several types of maskers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol. 96. pp (1994) [10] D.D. Greenwood, Masking by combination bands: Estimation of the levels of combination bands, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol. 52. pp (1972) 1639

6 [11] T. Dau, B. Kollmeier, and A. Kohlrausch, Modeling auditory processing of amplitude modulation: I. Detection and masking with narrowband carriers, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, Vol pp (1997) 16

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