Increasing Geometric Resolution of Data Supplied by Quickbird Multispectral Sensors

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Sesors & Trasducers 013 by IFS htt://www.sesorsortal.

1 Sesors & Trasducers 013 by IFS htt:// Icreasg Geometrc Resoluto of Data Suled by Quckbrd Multsectral Sesors Claudo PRENTE ad Raffaele SNTMRI Deartmet of Sceces ad Techologes, Uversty of Nales Partheoe Drectoal Cetre of Nales, Isle C4, Nales, 80143, Italy Tel.: , fax: E-mal: Receved: 8 ugust 013 /cceted: 5 ugust 013 /Publshed: 30 Setember 013 bstract: O board of Quckbrd satellte two tyes of sesors are reset: achromatc ad multsectral. The frst acqures earth mages wth sectral rage μm μm; the secod acqures smultaeously four mages of the same scee, each of them wth shorter rage of sectrum (lue, Gree, Red, Near-Ifrared). Pachromatc mages reset geometrc resoluto 0.60 m whle multsectral oes.40 m. For may alcatos, detaled data are welcome, so the last decades several methods have bee elaborated Remote Sesg to trasfer xel dmesos of a mages to multsectral mages. Icluded data fuso techques, they are amed a-shareg methods ad oe of the rcal roblems they are called to resolve s to defe weghts to attrbute to each multsectral comoet fuso oeratos. The am of ths aer s to cosder the alcato to Quckbrd magery of two effcet a-shareg methods, IHS ad rovey trasformato, demostratg that multsectral weghts ca be easly derved by aalyss of sesors relatve sectral radace resose. Coyrght 013 IFS. Keywords: Quckbrd mages, Pachromatc ad multsectral sesors, Geometrc resoluto, Pa-shareg, Relatve sectral radace resose. 1. Itroducto The successful lauch of the frst very hgh resoluto (VHR) satelltes, such as IKONOS Setember 1999 or Quckbrd October 001, marked the begg of a wholly ew age remote sesg; fact, VHR satelltes are able to cature mages of the earth s surface wth a groud samle dstace (GSD) of 1 m ad eve less [1]. ecause of ther hgh resoluto, those mages are used for may alcatos: IKONOS scees (a: 1 m x 1 m, multsectral 4 m x 4 m) are used to establsh accurately varato of shoreles resece of coastal eroso []. Recetly cell sze of 50 cetmeters has bee acheved for achromatc data, such as the cases of GeoEye-1 ad WorldVew- [3]. To reduce effects of ose o sgals, multsectral sesors cature data wth lower resoluto tha achromatc oes. For cosequece tese research actvtes the last decades have bee focused o the ossbltes for tegratg dfferet mages to roduce more formato tha that ca be derved from a sgle sesor [4]. Multsectral (MS) mages are coducted to hgher satal resoluto by exlotg achromatc oes that frequetly are acqured smultaeously by sesors o the same satellte. Ths fuso rocess s called a-shareg of MS mages [5]. large umber of a-shareg methods are reset the lterature: ths work the atteto was focused o IHS (Itesty-Hue-Saturato) ad rovey trasformato, remarkg the ossbltes to ehace qualty of results usg for both methods rtcle umber P_

2 weghts that were derved by oeratve characterstcs of achromatc ad multsectral sesors.. Data ad Methods.1. Quckbrd Sesors Lauched o October 18, 001, Quckbrd satellte has a olar su-sychroous orbt at a alttude of 450 km wth a erod of 93.6 mutes. O board of t there are two tyes of sesors (both wth a swath wdth of 16.8 km) that resectvely suly at adr 61 cetmeters achromatc mages (0.405 μm μm) ad.44 meters multsectral mages (lue: μm μm; Gree: μm 0.60 μm; Red: μm μm; Near-Ifrared: μm μm). Pxel dmesos become resectvely 0.66 ad.64 meters whe mages are collected wth a acqusto agle of 15. Commercally data are suled wth geometrc resoluto of 0.60 m for achromatc ad.40 m for multsectral oes. Radometrc resoluto for both s 11 bt (V=0 047) [6-7]... Study rea ad Data Pa-shareg methods were aled to a cl of Quckbrd magery cocerg Sa Fracsco (Fg. 1), courteously suled by Dgtal Globe as roduct samles avalable for dowload. Set cludes achromatc as well as multsectral data ad was collected o Jue 8, 01 [3]. zoe), lmts for East ad Nord coordates are: E1=545,474.4 m, E=547,74.4 m, N1=4,18,511. m, N=4,184,311, m. For cosequece the orgal achromatc mage cossts of 3,000 colums ad 3,000 rows, whle for the other four bads matrces are costtuted by 750 x 750 xels because of lower geometrc resoluto (.4 m x.4 m rather tha 0.6 m x 0.6 m)..3. IHS Method IHS method [8-10] trasforms RG colour comoste of bads to Itesty-Hue-Saturato colour sace. Smlarty of Itesty comoet (I) to achromatc mage s used to roduce data fuso reservg the hgher satal resoluto ad radometrc resoluto. The Itesty comoet s relaced by the a mage ad the scee s reverse trasformed: for cosequece R G comosto wth hgher geometrc resoluto s roduced. ecause Quckbrd multsectral mages are four, Itesty s suled by the mea of them. etter results ca be acheved troducg weghts: I a b*g c * R d NIR a b c d Weghts ca be establshed uversal way cosderg seres of mages that cover dfferet areas. I ths alcato we roose to use coeffcets that ca be derved by Relatve Sectral Radace Resose (RSRR) of the Quckbrd system (Fg. ): t was determed by the roducer usg aalyss of laboratory measuremets [11]. I ths work the cotrbuto of each multsectral bad ercetage to the sum of the cotrbutos of all multsectral bads to achromatc oe was calculated cosderg the areas of the resectve olygos the RSRR. Every olygo s geerated by the corresodet grah ad X-axs. The resultg weghts are reorted Table 1. Fg. 1. The RG true color comosto of the cosdered area (Sa Fracsco, Calfora). The cled scee exteds 1,800 m 1,800 m. I referece to UTM-WGS84 cartograhc system (10 S 11 (1) Fg.. Relatve Sectral Radace Resose (RSRR) of Quckrd sesors.

Table 1. Weghts that were derved by Relatve Sectral Radace Resose. ads lue Gree Red NIR Weghts 0.11 0.6 0.4

3 Table 1. Weghts that were derved by Relatve Sectral Radace Resose. ads lue Gree Red NIR Weghts rovey Trasformato rovey trasformato [1] s cluded Modulato-based fuso methods (MFM) that research satal detals multlyg the multsectral (MS) data by the rato of the a mage to a sythetc mage whch geerally resets lower resoluto [13]. The fused mage s suled by: (a) Pa fuso Mul, () where fuso s the fused th bad; Mul s the orgal MS th bad; s the sythetc bad; Pa s the hgher resoluto achromatc bad. Partcularly wth rovey trasformato the sythetc mage s the average of the multsectral bads that are cluded achromatc oe: 1 Mul (3) Smlarly to IHS method, weghts may be troduced, so the fused mage s suled by the followg formula: 1 Mul 1 (4) I ths work we used the same weghts above metoed for IHS ad derved by RSRR. 3. Results ad Dscusso I Fg. 1 a artcular of the RG comosto wth a-shareed bads by IHS wth weghts s show comarso wth the aalogous suled by the orgal magery. dvatage of a-shareg s evdet: more detals are vsble ad the resultg magery ca suort further studes. To establsh the smlarty of a-shareed bads to those obtaable by real sesors wth same hgh resoluto, qualty dces must be cosdered. ccordg wth that reorted lterature, to establsh the qualty of results ad verfy the effcecy of the calculated weghts, two dces were cosdered: Uversal Image Qualty Idex (); Relatve Dmesoless Global Error thess. (b) Fg. 3. Partculars of comarso betwee RG true color comosto wth a-shareed bads by IHS wth calculated weghts (a) ad the corresodet oe wth orgal bads (b). Uversal Image Qualty Idex () was troduced by Wag ad ovk (00) [14] ad ca be calculated as: Cov (5) where: s the orgal multsectral mage; s the corresodet multsectral mage after ashareg; σ s stadard devato of mage ; σ s stadard devato of mage ; Cov s covarace betwee ad ; µ s the mea values of mages ; µ s the mea values of mages. I (5) the frst term s the correlato coeffcet, the secod term s about mea shftg, ad the thrd term s about cotrast smlarty. Good qualty of Pa-shareed mages s certfed by Q value close to oe. Relatve Dmesoless Global Error thess s dcated as ERGS, the abbrevato of Erreur Relatve Globale dmesoelle de thèse. Itroduced by Wald [15], t s suled by the formula: h ERGS 100 l 1 K K k 1 RMSE( k ( k) ), (6) 113

4 where h/l s the rato betwee xel szes of a ad orgal multsectral mages; RMSE(k) s the RMSE of the k th bad; μ(k) s the mea of the k th bad. small value of ERGS meas good mage qualty. Values of those dces are show Tables, 3, 4, 5 referece to each aled method. Table. Qualty dces for IHS. lue Gree Red 0.84 NIR 0.99 ERGS 5.40 Table 3. Qualty dces for IHS wth weghts. lue Gree Red NIR ERGS 4.4 Table 4. Qualty dces for rovey trasformato. lue Gree Red NIR ERGS Table 5. Qualty dces for rovey trasformato wth weghts. lue Gree Red 0.99 NIR ERGS 3.73 Comarg results, advatages that are troduced by calculated weghts are evdet. Mea value of creases from to for IHS, ad from 0.89 to 0.97 for rovey trasformato. ERGS rses of about 7 % for IHS ad 4 % for rovey trasformato. 4. Coclusos Calculato of weghts cosderato of RSRR of Quckbrd a ad multsectral sesors s a effcet aroach to effort IHS ad rovey trasformato. I fact, troducg those weghts the calculato of Itesty as well as thetc mage, mrovemet of results s geerated as cofrmed by both qualty dces ad ERGS. I other aroaches these weghts are calculated cosderg seres of mages: ths alcato they are drectly derved by RSRR ad ca be used ay case resece of Quckbrd data. ckowledgemets Ths aer sytheszes results of works erformed wth the roject PRIN faced by MIUR (Mstero dell Istruzoe, dell Uverstà e della Rcerca) - Italy ad develoed at Uversty of Nales Partheoe (Coordator: Prof. Raffaele Satamara). Refereces [1]. M.. gular, M. M. Saldaa ad F. J. gular, GeoEye-1 ad WorldVew- a-shareed magery for object-based classfcato urba evromets, Iteratoal Joural of Remote Sesg, Vol. 34, 013, []. M. asle Ga, C. Parete, P. Magloe, R. Satamara, Cartograhy ad remote sesg for coastal eroso aalyss, Proceedgs of the Coastal Process II, Nales, Italy, 7-9 rl 011, WIT Trasactos o Ecology ad the Evromet, WIT Press, 011, [3]. Dgtalglobe Web Portal (htt:// com). [4]. J. Yag, J. Zhag, H. L, Y. Su, P. Pu, Pxel level fuso methods for remote sesg mages: a curret revew, Proceedgs of the ISPRS TC VII Symosum 100 Years ISPRS, Vea, ustra, 5 7 July 010, IPRS, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 7, ed. by W. Wager,. Székely, [5]. L. laroe, L. Wald, J. Chaussot, C. Thomas, P. Gamba, L. Ma ruce. Comarso of ashareg algorthms: outcome of the 006 GRS-S data-fuso cotest, IEEE Trasactos o Geoscece ad Remote Sesg, Vol. 45, Issue 10, 007, [6]. DgtalGlobe, Quckbrd Data sheet: htt:// [7]. L. Ross, Satellte hgh resoluto ew alcatos: Quckbrd, Proceedgs of the EFIT Coferece 5-9 July 003, Debrece, Hugary, [8] R. Hayd, G. W. Dalke, J. Hekel, lcato of the IHS color trasform to the rocessg of multsesor data ad mage ehacemet, Proceedgs of the Iteratoal Symosum o Remote Sesg of rd ad Sem-rd Lads, Caro, Egyt, 19-5 Jauary 198, [9]. R. Welch, M. Ehlers, Mergg multresoluto SPOT HRV ad Ladsat TM data, Photogrammetrc Egeerg ad Remote Sesg, Vol. 53, Issue 3, 1987, [10]. W. Carer, T. Lllesad, R. Kefer, The use of testy-hue-saturato trasformatos for mergg SPOT achromatc ad multsectral mage data, Photogrammetrc Egeerg ad Remote Sesg, Vol. 56, Issue 4, 1990, [11]. K. Krause, Radometrc use of Quckrd magery techcal ote, DgtalGlobe, Logmot, Colorado, US,

[1]. J. Vrabel, Mult-sectral magery advaced bad shareg study, Photogrammetrc Egeerg ad Remote Sesg, Vol. 66, Issue 1, 006,. 73-79. [13]. J. Zhag, Mult-source remote sesg data fuso: status ad treds, Iteratoal Joural of Image ad Data Fuso, Vol.

5 [1]. J. Vrabel, Mult-sectral magery advaced bad shareg study, Photogrammetrc Egeerg ad Remote Sesg, Vol. 66, Issue 1, 006, [13]. J. Zhag, Mult-source remote sesg data fuso: status ad treds, Iteratoal Joural of Image ad Data Fuso, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 010, [14]. Z. Wag,. C. ovk, uversal mage qualty dex, IEEE Sgal Processg Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 3, 00, [15]. L. Wald, Data fuso: deftos ad archtectures fuso of mages of dfferet satal resolutos, Les Presses, Ecole des Mes de Pars, Pars, Frace, 00, Coyrght, Iteratoal Frequecy Sesor ssocato (IFS). ll rghts reserved. (htt:// 115

Geometric Distribution as a Randomization Device: Implemented to the Kuk s Model

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