Area-selective external light extraction for metal bus equipped large area transparent organic light-emitting diodes
|
|
- Jesse Tyrone Ball
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Area-selective external light extraction for metal bus equipped large area transparent organic light-emitting diodes Byoung-Kuk Kang, 1, 2 Hyunsu Cho, 1 Jun-Han Han, 1 Jin-Wook Shin, 1 Jinouk Song, 3 Seung Koo Park, 1 Jonghee Lee, 1 Chul Woong Joo, 1 Eunhye Kim, 3 Seunghyup Yoo, 3 Jeong-Ik Lee, 1 Byeong-Kwon Ju, 2 and Jaehyun Moon 1,* 1 Soft I/O Interface Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, South Korea 2 Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea * jmoon@etri.re.kr Abstract: Area-selective external light extraction films based on wrinkle structured films were applied to large transparent organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs) with auxiliary metal buses. To be specific, on the external surface of the glass, we selectively formed a wrinkle structured film, which was aligned to the auxiliary metal electrodes. The wrinkle-structured film was patterned using a photo-mask and UV curing, which has the same shape of the auxiliary metal electrodes. With this area-selective film, it was possible to enhance the external quantum efficiencies of the bottom and top emissions TOLEDs by 15.7% and 15.1%, respectively, without significant loss in transmittance. Widened angular luminance distributions were also achieved in both emissions directions Optical Society of America OCIS codes: ( ) Optoelectronics; ( ) Light-emitting polymers; ( ) Optical design and fabrication; ( ) Microstructure fabrication. References and links 1. B. Chen, X. W. Sun, and S. Tan, Transparent organic light-emitting devices with LiF/Mg:Ag cathode, Opt. Express 13(3), (2005). 2. D. Zhang, K. Ryu, X. Liu, E. Polikarpov, J. Ly, M. E. Tompson, and C. Zhou, Transparent, conductive, and flexible carbon nanotube films and their application in organic light-emitting diodes, Nano Lett. 6(9), (2006). 3. J. Moon, J. W. Huh, C. W. Joo, J.-H. Han, J. Lee, H. Y. Chu, and J.-I. Lee, Transparent organic LEDs for new lighting applications, SPIE Newsroom 5197, 1-3 (2013). 4. G. W. Kim, R. Lampande, J. Boizot, G. H. Kim, D. C. Choe, and J. H. Kwon, An efficient nano-composite layer for highly transparent organic light emitting diodes, Nanoscale 6(7), (2014). 5. R. Meerheim, M. Furno, S. Hofmann, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(25), (2010). 6. K. Hong and J.-L. Lee, Recent developments in light extraction technologies of organic light emitting diodes, Electron. Mater. Lett. 7(2), (2011). 7. W. H. Koo, W. Youn, P. Zhu, X.-H. Li, N. Tansu, and F. So, Light extraction of organic light emitting diodes by defective hexagonal-close-packed array, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22(16), (2012). 8. M. Slootsky and S. R. Forrest, Enhancing waveguided light extraction in organic LEDs using an ultra-lowindex grid, Opt. Lett. 35(7), (2010). 9. W. H. Koo, S. M. Jeong, F. Araoka, K. Ishikawa, S. Nishimura, T. Toyooka, and H. Takezoe, Light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes enhanced by spontaneously formed buckles, Nat. Photonics 4(4), (2010). 10. D.-H. Cho, J.-W. Shin, J. Moon, S. K. Park, C. W. Joo, N. S. Cho, J. W. Huh, J.-H. Han, J. Lee, H. Y. Chu, and J.-I. Lee, Surface control of planarization layer on embossed glass for light extraction in OLEDs, ETRI J. 36(5), (2014). 11. J. W. Shin, D.-H. Cho, J. Moon, C. W. Joo, S. K. Park, J. Lee, J.-H. Han, N. S. Cho, J. Hwang, J. W. Huh, H. Y. Chu, and J.-I. Lee, Random nano-structures as light extraction functionals for organic light-emitting diode applications, Org. Electron. 15(1), (2014). 12. H. Yabu and M. Shimomura, Simple fabrication of micro lens arrays, Langmuir 21(5), (2005) OSA 7 Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5356
2 13. E. Wrzesniewski, S.-H. Eom, W. Cao, W. T. Hammond, S. Lee, E. P. Douglas, and J. Xue, Enhancing light extraction in top-emitting organic light-emitting devices using molded transparent polymer microlens arrays, Small 8(17), (2012). 14. M. Thomschke, S. Reineke, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, Highly efficient white top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes comprising laminated microlens films, Nano Lett. 12(1), (2012). 15. C. Lee and J.-J. Kim, Enhanced light out-coupling of OLEDs with low haze by inserting randomly dispersed nanopillar arrays formed by lateral phase separation of polymer blends, Small 9(22), (2013). 16. S.-H. Eom, E. Wrzesniewski, and J. Xue, Close-packed hemispherical microlens arrays for light extraction enhancement in organic light-emitting devices, Org. Elec. 12(3), (2011). 17. G. Gaertner and H. Greiner, Light extraction from OLEDs with (high) index matched glass substrates, Proc. SPIE 6999, 69992T (2008). 18. J. Moon, E. Kim, S. K. Park, K. Lee, J.-W. Shin, D.-H. Cho, J. Lee, C. W. Joo, N. S. Cho, J.-H. Han, B.-G. Yu, S. Yoo, and J.-I. Lee, Organic wrinkles for energy efficient organic light emitting diodes, Org. Electron. 26, (2015). 19. S. W. Liu, J. X. Wang, Y. Divayana, K. Dev, S. T. Tan, H. V. Demir, and X. W. Sun, An efficient non- Lambertian organic light-emitting diode using imprinted submicron-size zinc oxide pillar arrays, Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(5), (2013). 20. J. B. Kim, J. H. Lee, C.-K. Moon, S.-Y. Kim, and J.-J. Kim, Highly enhanced light extraction from surface plasmonic loss minimized organic light-emitting diodes, Adv. Mater. 25(26), (2013). 21. K.-H. Kim, S. Lee, C.-K. Moon, S.-Y. Kim, Y.-S. Park, J.-H. Lee, J. Woo Lee, J. Huh, Y. You, and J.-J. Kim, Phosphorescent dye-based supramolecules for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes, Nat. Commun. 5, 4769 (2014). 22. C. W. Joo, J.-W. Shin, J. Moon, J. W. Huh, D.-H. Cho, J. Lee, S. K. Park, N. S. Cho, J.-H. Han, H. Y. Chu, and J.-I. Lee, Highly efficient white transparent organic light emitting diodes with nano-structured substrate, Org. Electron. 29, (2016). 23. C. S. Choi, D.-Y. Kim, S.-M. Lee, M. S. Lim, K. C. Choi, H. Cho, T.-W. Koh, and S. Yoo, Blur-free outcoupling enhancement in transparent organic light emitting diodes: a nanostructure extracting surface plasmon modes, Adv. Opt. Mater. 1(10), (2013). 24. J.-H. Han, J. Moon, D.-H. Cho, J.-W. Shin, C. W. Joo, J. Hwang, J. W. Huh, H. Y. Chu, and J.-I. Lee, Transparent OLED lighting panel design using two-dimensional OLED circuit modeling, ETRI J. 35(4), (2013). 25. J. W. Huh, J. Moon, J. W. Lee, D.-H. Cho, J.-W. Shin, J.-H. Han, J. Hwang, C. W. Joo, J.-I. Lee, and H. Y. Chu, The optical effects of capping layers on the performance of transparent organic light-emitting diodes, IEEE Photonics J. 4(1), (2012). 26. C. W. Joo, J. Moon, J.-H. Han, J. W. Huh, J. Lee, N. S. Cho, J. Hwang, H. Y. Chu, and J.-I. Lee, Color temperature tunable white organic light-emitting diodes, Org. Electron. 15(1), (2014). 27. W. S. Jeon, J. S. Park, L. Li, D. C. Lim, Y. H. Son, M. C. Suh, and J. H. Kwon, High current conduction with high mobility by non-radiative charge recombination interfaces in organic semiconductor devices, Org. Electron. 13(6), (2012). 28. S. K. Park, Y.-J. Kwark, J. Moon, C. W. Joo, B. Yu, and J.-I. Lee, Finely formed, kinetically modulated wrinkle structures in UV-crosslinkable liquid prepolymers, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 36(22), (2015). 29. J. W. Huh, J. Moon, J. W. Lee, D.-H. Cho, J.-W. Shin, J.-H. Han, J. Hwang, C. W. Joo, H. Y. Chu, and J.-I. Lee, Directed emissive high efficient white transparent organic light emitting diodes with double layered capping layers, Org. Electron. 13(8), (2012). 30. J. W. Huh, J. Moon, J. W. Lee, J. Lee, D.-H. Cho, J.-W. Shin, J.-H. Han, J. Hwang, C. W. Joo, J.-I. Lee, and H. Y. Chu, Organic/metal hybrid cathode for transparent organic light-emitting diodes, Org. Electron. 14(8), (2013). 31. C. W. Joo, J. Moon, J.-H. Han, J. W. Huh, J.-W. Shin, D.-H. Cho, J. Lee, N. S. Cho, and J.-I. Lee, White transparent organic light-emitting diodes with high top and bottom color rendering indices, J. Inf. Disp. 16(3), (2015). 32. E. Kim, H. Cho, K. Kim, T.-W. Koh, J. Chung, J. Lee, Y. Park, and S. Yoo, A facile route to efficient, low-cost flexible organic light-emitting diodes: utilizing the high refractive index and built-in scattering properties of industrial-grade PEN substrates, Adv. Mater. 27(9), (2015). 33. Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest, Enhanced light out-coupling of organic light-emitting devices using embedded lowindex grids, Nat. Photonics 2(8), (2008). 34. H. Cho, C. Yun, and S. Yoo, Multilayer transparent electrode for organic light-emitting diodes: tuning its optical characteristics, Opt. Express 18(4), (2010). 1. Introduction Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have attracted much interest in displays and lightings owing to their unique advantages of outstanding color quality and gamut, ultrathin profile, self-emission and low power consumption. OLEDs can be designed to be transparent. This feature is unique to OLED, opening a new avenue to various applications, such as innovative see-through displays and lighting, which can be integrated into architectural windows, automobile windshields, aesthetic light sources, advertising displays, and so on. In transparent 2016 OSA 7 Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5357
3 OLEDs (TOLEDs) [1 4] both cathode and anode are transparent or semi-transparent, making the overall structure optically window-like. Research efforts have been devoted to improving the transmittance, efficiency, spectral matching, and emission uniformity. In OLED technology, the development of phosphorescent emitting materials has led to internal quantum efficiency (IQE) levels close to about 100%. In stark contrast, only 20% of generated light is out-coupled while, the other 80% is lost by various loss modes [5]. Light trapping in the ITO/organic layer and glass substrate is due to the differences between the refractive indices of the constitutive layers of the device and absorption modes. Techniques related to retrieving trapped light are called light extraction techniques [6]. Broadly, light extraction techniques can be divided into internal and external light extraction methods. Various internal light extractions techniques have been investigated using a hexagonal close packed array [7], an ultra-low-index grid [8], a buckled structure [9] and random nanostructure scattering layer [10,11]. External light extraction technique has been investigated using microlens array [12 16], high-index glass [17], a wrinkle structure [18] and embossed glass [19]. Technical approaches to minimize the loss due to adsorption have been suggested using non-metallic electrodes [20]. Also, horizontally oriented dipoles have been explored as a possible mean to enhancing the light out coupling efficiency [21]. In this study we focused on light extraction of large area TOLEDs. As the size of the emissive area increases in OLED, the emission uniformity deteriorates due to the resistance of the electrode, which is commonly called IR drop. The current density in OLEDs gradually decreases toward the central region of the panel. To compensate the drop in current density, auxiliary metal electrodes are frequently applied. However, due to their presence, there is an inevitable effective loss in emission area and transmittance. Here, we address this problem by selectively forming wrinkles on regions in which electrodes are located. Introducing light extraction structures on the whole emission area inevitably lowers the transmittance, which degrade the unique property of TOLEDs [22,23]. For this reason, we have located the wrinkles selectively on regions in which auxiliary metal is formed. Wrinkles can effectively alter the light traveling path and contribute to compensating the light of the lost region [18]. In this paper, we refer to our method as areaselective external light extraction (ASELE). Figure 1(a) presents the cross-section of our TOLED with ASELE film. The TOLEDs were fabricated on glass/ito substrates. On the ITO surface, metal bus lines were formed by sputtering deposition and photolithographic methods. To prevent the occurrence of electrical failure, an organic insulating layer was formed on top of the metal bus line. OLED constituting small molecules were deposited using a thermal evaporation method. On the external surface of the substrate, light extraction wrinkles were formed selectively and aligned to the auxiliary electrodes. In this course, we have used a wrinkle forming prepolymer and a photomask. Details of the ASELE-TOLED fabrication are given in the next section. Figure 1(b) shows an actual images of our ASELE film. ASELE film bears fine meshes of wrinkles. As can be seen, the letters underneath the ASELE film are clearly discernable. Figure 1(c) is an actual image of TOLED with ASELE film. The metal bus lines are observable. The apparent emission area of the TOLED is 10 7 mm Experimental methods First, we describe the fabrication procedure for the TOLEDs. We used glass/ indium tin oxide (ITO, 70 nm) substrates. The sheet resistance of the ITO substrate was approximately 22 Ω/ Sq. On the ITO, a metallic layer of Mo (5 nm)/al (600 nm) /Mo (5nm) was deposited by sputtering. Using photolithography the Mo/Al/Mo layer was patterned to have a line width and a pitch of 65 μm and 750 μm, respectively. The lower and upper Mo layers functioned to improve adhesion improvement and prevent Al oxidation, respectively. To prevent direct contact between the Mo/Al/Mo and organics mesh, a photoresist type insulator layer (ZWD6216-6, Zeon Chemicals) was formed on the mesh. Details of the metal mesh design is described elsewhere [24]. In an area of 10 7 mm 2, the emission area of our substrate, metal mesh covers 8.5% of the total area or gives an area fill factor of 91.5%. In this work, we fabricated phosphorescent green TOLEDs. The stacking sequence of our TOLED is ITO (70 nm)/mo(5 nm)-al (60 nm) Mo (5 nm)/ Insulator (1 μm)/ 1,4,5,8,9, OSA 7 Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5358
4 hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN, 5 nm)/ 1,1-bis[(di-4- tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC, 45 nm)/ HAT-CN (10 nm)/tapc (45 nm)/ HAT-CN (10 nm)/ TAPC (45 nm)/ 2,6-bis(3-(carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)pyridine (DCzPPy): Tris(2- phenylpyridine)iridium (Irppy3, 7%) (20 nm)/ 1,3,5-Bi[(3-pyridyl)-phen-3-yl]benzene (BmPyPB,60 nm)/ LiF (1 nm)al (1.5 nm)/ag (20 nm)/ capping layer (TAPC, 120 nm). In this work, we chose Al/Ag as our transparent cathode. Ag was chosen because of its relatively low absorption and high optical transmittance in the thin film regime. The Al layer act as a buffer to suppress the domain formation in the Ag layer. The capping layer (CL) is an optical functional which has been demonstrate to be very useful in modulating the characteristics of a TOLED. Briefly, by adjusting the CL thickness, it is possible to control the internal inference to either enhance the transmittance or the total efficiency. In our previous works, we studied the effects of the capping layer thickness on a TOLED. The maximum total emission is obtained when the bottom emission is maximum at CL 120nm. Based on this, a capping layer of 120nm thickness was applied to the TOLED device in this study [25]. The alternating structure of the hole transport layer (HTL) of HAT-CN/TAPC electrically stabilizes the device and enhances the hole injection [26,27]. All organic layers were deposited in a high vacuum chamber. Using an automated vacuum facility, all samples were transferred to designated deposition chambers without breaking the vacuum. The emission area was 10 7 mm 2. The fabricated TOLEDs were transferred directly from vacuum into an inert environment glove box, where they were encapsulated using a UV-curable epoxy, and a glass cap with a moisture getter. Fig. 1. (a) The crossectional structure of transparent OLED with ASELE film. (b) Actual photo image of ASELE film. (c) Actual photo image of ASELE film equipped transparent OLED. ASELE films were prepared on PET films (TA300, Kureha) of 100 μm thickness. PET film has an adhesive layer of which refractive index (n = 1.50) is matching to that of glass. Using a spin-coating method, wrinkle forming liquid prepolymer, an in-house synthesized liquid prepolymer of tetraethylene glycol bis(4-ethenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl) ether, was coated on the PET film surface. To facilitate the UV curing a small amount (1.5 wt. %) of commercial photoinitiator (Irgacure 184, Ciba) was added to the liquid prepolymer. The spin coating was 3000 revolution per minute. This process yielded a liquid film of approximately 5 μm thickness. To fabricate ASELE films, we used a photo mask, which has identical pitch as the metal mesh. However, to fully cover the mesh width, we chose a width of 100 μm. Liquid 2016 OSA 7 Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5359
5 prepolymer was spin-coated on PET film. Using the photo mask during the UV exposure step, PET films with metal mesh wrinkles were obtained. In order to prevent the consumption of photo initiator radicals by oxygen, the UV curing process was carried out in an inert N2 atmosphere. During the UV curing process a hard skin forms on the soft foundation. This feature gives rise to compressive stress, which induces wrinkle formation [28]. The uncured liquid prepolymer region, which was not exposed to UV light, was washed away using methanol. The fabrication and actual images of the ASELE films are illustrated in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. The fabrication procedure of ASELE film and its representative photo and SEM images. 3. Results and discussion Figure 3(a) shows the measured direct transmittances (DTs). DTs were measured under air reference. In the measurements, ASELE or full coverage films were attached on the external glass surface of the encapsulated TOLEDs. Glass encapsulation caused approximately a 10% decrease in the DT [29 31]. The reference device was a TOLED with auxiliary metal buses. The DT values of the reference TOLED, ASELE TOLED and full coverage TOLED were 38%, 32% and 5%, respectively, at 550nm. The DT values of reference and ASELE film attached samples oscillates within a values of 5%. The DT of the fully covered TOLED did not exceed 5.4% in visible range. In external light extraction, the emission surface is usually covered with a light out-coupling film. Because such film is equipped with optical structures, the DT inevitably decreases by the presence of the wrinkle film, which significantly alter the optical path of the incident light. As can be seen, the average DT value of TOLED with fully covered wrinkle film is lower than 5% throughout the whole visible range. However, with the ASELE film, the decrease in the DT is only 6%. This feature allows the transparent quality of the TOLED not to be significantly reduced. Figure 3(b) shows the haze values. The haze values of the reference TOLED, ASELE TOLED and fully covered TOLED were 5.4, 20, and 91, respectively. The inset shows actual images of the aforementioned samples. While the fully covered sample shows significant blurring of the letters ETRI, no significant blurring can be observed in the ASELE TOLED. The high haze values of the fully covered TOLED strongly demonstrate the light path deflection capacity of the wrinkle structure. The increase in haze of the sample with ASELE film indicates the possibility of light extraction. # OSA Received 25 Jan 2016; revised 16 Feb 2016; accepted 19 Feb 2016; published 2 Mar Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5360
6 Fig. 3. The measured (a) transmittance and (b) haze values. Inset shows actual sample photographs. Figure 4 shows the normal incidence current density(j) applied voltage(v) luminance (L) characteristics of bottom and top emissions. As expected, the presence of films on the external glass surface did not alter the J-V characteristics. The overall L levels of bottom emission were higher than those of the top emission. The difference in L is due to the asymmetric internal optics of TOLED. The L increased with the attachment of films, both in bottom and top emissions. The increase was higher in the bottom emission than the top emission. The results shown in Figs. 3 and 4 suggest the possibility of enhancing the efficiency of both emission sides by using ASELE films without degrading the overall transmittance of large area TOLEDs. Fig. 4. Current density versus voltage (J-V) and voltage versus luminance (V-L) characteristics of (a) bottom emission and (b) top emission. Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show the luminance distributions of bottom and top emissions as a function of viewing angle. Also, actual bottom emissions are shown [Fig. 5(c)]. The luminance distributions were obtained at a constant current density of 3 ma/cm 2. The luminance level of the bottom emission was much stronger than its counterpart, which is mainly due to the optical function of CL. To be specific the CL thickness was adjusted to enhance reflection toward the bottom, contributing to the luminance of the bottom emission. The bottom emission was almost Lambertian [Fig. 5(a)]. The top emission had stronger emission toward the viewing angle range of 30 ~70. The difference in the luminance distribution is due to the asymmetric internal optics. Attaching ASEL film yielded luminance distributions in which emissions slightly favored higher angles. The light extraction of the ASELE film was observed to be better in the bottom emission. Significant out coupling was achieved by fully covering the external glass surface with wrinkles. Figure 5(c) captures the 2016 OSA 7 Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5361
7 actual emission images. The usefulness of ASELE film can be clearly observed. The results of Fig. 5 demonstrate that by applying metal mesh aligned ASELE films, it is possible to extract more light from both emission directions without sacrificing the overall transmittance to a significant measure. In the bottom and top emission cases, these features are attributed to the wrinkle s capacity of deflecting the light traveling path and back scattering, respectively. In particular, the widened angular luminance distribution is useful in OLED lighting. Fig. 5. The luminance distributions of (a) bottom emission and (b) top emission. (c) Actual images of bottom emission at 0.5 ma/cm2 (upper row) and 3 ma/cm2 (lower row). The measured external quantum efficiency (EQE), power efficacy (PE) values, and electroluminescence (EL) spectra are shown in Fig. 6. All measurements were performed using an integrating sphere. In accordance with the luminance distributions of Fig. 5, the efficiencies of the bottom and top emission were enhanced with ASELE film. In both sides increments of 15% were achieved in EQE. In the TOLEDs with the ASELE film, the bottom/top ratios of EQE and PE were 2.49 and 2.44, respectively. The main peak positions in EL spectra did not change with the application of the ASELE film or full cover wrinkle film. Technically, this feature is important because the original EL spectrum is not distorted due to the presence of ASELE film. The full width at half maximum values of the top emission EL spectra are slightly wider than their counter parts. This is thought to be an effect of differences in the internal cavity lengths. The results of Fig. 6 demonstrate the usefulness of ASELE film, which can enhance the efficiencies in both emission directions without distorting the original EL spectra. # OSA Received 25 Jan 2016; revised 16 Feb 2016; accepted 19 Feb 2016; published 2 Mar Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5362
8 Fig. 6. (a) The EQE and (b) PE values. The EL spectra of (c) bottom and (d) top emissions. To elucidate the experimental results and verify the optical functions of ASELE film, optical simulations were carried out using LightToolsTM (Synopsys), a commercial illumination-optic simulation software based on ray-tracing and Monte-Carlo methods [32]. Figure 7(a) illustrates the optical simulation used in this work. With the feature size of the wrinkle on the order of 3 μm scale, the effect of the wrinkle based ASELE film was studied in the ray-optic domain [33]. PET and glass substrates have very similar refractive indices, the whole combination was treated as a single homogeneous medium with the refractive index of The organic stack was also regarded as a single medium with the refractive index of 1.8, for simplicity. The refractive index of ITO was set at 1.8 with the extinction coefficient of The reflectance (R top ), transmittance (T top ), and absorption (A top ) of the cathode/ capping layer assembly were fixed at 35%, 32%, and 33%, respectively, which were obtained for normal incidence with thin-film optic calculation by treating the bilayer structure as a single equivalent surface under the so-called Smith s approach [34]. For simplicity, these values were assumed to be angle-independent. To reflect the topological shapes of wrinkles in the ASELE film in simulations. To reflect the topological shapes of wrinkles in the ASELE film in simulations, a three-dimensional atomic force microscope (AFM) image of the film with a μm 2 scope area was imported into LightToolsTM using SolidWorksTM (Dassault Systèmes). Thicknesses and sizes of simulation structures follow the actual values of a real device. To reproduce the light source of OLED, we used an emitting layer which is composed of randomly distributed radiating point sources. The light source within the emitting layer was assumed to be a point source with isotropic emission pattern. Simulations were performed for a reference structure, a structure with the ASELE film, and a structure with a wrinkled film that fully covers the glass substrate. The thicknesses and sizes of the simulation structures were based on the actual values of a real device. Three simulations 2016 OSA 7 Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5363
9 corresponding to reference structure, structure with ASELE film, and structure with fully covered wrinkle on glass were performed. Fig. 7. (a) Schematic diagram of optical simulation. (Ray-tracing and statistical method. The structure is not drawn in scale.) Visualizations of outcoupling enhancement mechanism due to a wrinkle film. Rays lying in the TIR angular range are only shown. (b) The Reference TOLED (No film), (c) ASELE film applied TOLED (d) full coverage of wrinkle film (red lines: wrinkle structure, not drawn to scale but magnified for visualization purpose.) Figure 8 shows the simulated luminance distributions and increments in efficiencies. The simulated angular intensity distributions [Fig. 8(a)] of bottom and top emission reproduce the overall trend of the experimental distribution. The Lambertian distribution changes towards super-lambertian distribution with side-emission enhanced for both bottom and top emissions. The out coupling enhancement ratios obtained from simulations also agree relatively well with the overall experimental trends [Fig. 8(b)], although there is some discrepancy in the exact enhancement ratios, which may be due to the ray-optic-based simplifications made in the simulation. In spite of this simplification, our simulations clearly demonstrate the function and effect of the proposed ASELE film on angular intensity distributions and efficiency enhancement. The method used here should thus be able to serve as a useful guideline for designing large area TOLEDs. For example, the optimal dimension of the wrinkle structure of an ASELE film could be predicted where transmittance and efficiency are well balanced OSA 7 Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5364
10 Fig. 8. (a) Simulated intensity angular distributions. (b) Enhancement ratios of outcoupling efficiencies from experimental and simulation data. 4. Summary To address the preservation of overall transmittance and efficiency enhancement of large area TOLEDs, we proposed and demonstrated a wrinkle based ASELE film as a technical solution. In order not to cover the open area of the substrate, the spontaneously formed wrinkle structures of the ASELS film were aligned to the auxiliary metal buses. By using the ASELE films, both in bottom and top emissions, the luminance distributions widened and the efficiencies increased without significant loss of transmittance. Optical simulations showed that the light out coupling of ASELE film in bottom and top emissions were mainly due to the lowered incident angle of light impinging on the substrate/air interface and backscattering effect, respectively. We believe that our approach can be extended to various large area light source applications in which transmittance, efficiency and angular luminance distribution matter. Acknowledgments This work was supported by research program Technology Development of Low cost Flexible Lighting Surface, which is a part of the R&D program of Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) OSA 7 Mar 2016 Vol. 24, No. 5 DOI: /OE OPTICS EXPRESS 5365
Polarizer-free liquid crystal display with double microlens array layers and polarizationcontrolling
Polarizer-free liquid crystal display with double microlens array layers and polarizationcontrolling liquid crystal layer You-Jin Lee, 1,3 Chang-Jae Yu, 1,2,3 and Jae-Hoon Kim 1,2,* 1 Department of Electronic
More informationOrganic Light-Emitting Diode with Patterned Inverted Conical Structure for Efficiency Enhancement
Organic Light-Emitting Diode with Patterned Inverted Conical Structure for Efficiency Enhancement Sonam Thakur 1,Vipin Gupta 2 (Department of Electronics And Communication, Suresh Gyan Vihar University,
More informationSupplementary Information. Highly conductive and flexible color filter electrode using multilayer film
Supplementary Information Highly conductive and flexible color filter electrode using multilayer film structure Jun Hee Han 1, Dong-Young Kim 1, Dohong Kim 1, and Kyung Cheol Choi 1,* 1 School of Electrical
More informationSwitchable reflective lens based on cholesteric liquid crystal
Switchable reflective lens based on cholesteric liquid crystal Jae-Ho Lee, 1,3 Ji-Ho Beak, 2,3 Youngsik Kim, 2 You-Jin Lee, 1 Jae-Hoon Kim, 1,2 and Chang-Jae Yu 1,2,* 1 Department of Electronic Engineering,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Correction notice White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency Sebastian Reineke, Frank Lindner, Gregor Schwartz, Nico Seidler, Karsten Walzer, Björn Lüssem & Karl Leo Nature 459,
More informationFabrication of suspended micro-structures using diffsuser lithography on negative photoresist
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 22 (2008) 1765~1771 Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x DOI 10.1007/s12206-008-0601-8 Fabrication of suspended
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Room-temperature continuous-wave electrically injected InGaN-based laser directly grown on Si Authors: Yi Sun 1,2, Kun Zhou 1, Qian Sun 1 *, Jianping Liu 1, Meixin Feng 1, Zengcheng Li 1, Yu Zhou 1, Liqun
More informationDevelopment of triode-type carbon nanotube field-emitter arrays with suppression of diode emission by forming electroplated Ni wall structure
Development of triode-type carbon nanotube field-emitter arrays with suppression of diode emission by forming electroplated Ni wall structure J. E. Jung, a),b) J. H. Choi, Y. J. Park, c) H. W. Lee, Y.
More informationPhoto-patternable and Transparent Films Using Cellulose Nanofibers for Stretchable, Origami Electronics
Supplementary information for Photo-patternable and Transparent Films Using Cellulose Nanofibers for Stretchable, Origami Electronics Sangyoon Ji 1, 4, Byung Gwan Hyun 1, 4, Kukjoo Kim 1, 4, Sang Yun Lee
More informationSupporting Information. High-Resolution Organic Light Emitting Diodes Patterned via Contact Printing
Supporting Information High-Resolution Organic Light Emitting Diodes Patterned via Contact Printing Jinhai Li, Lisong Xu, Ching W. Tang and Alexander A. Shestopalov* Department of Chemical Engineering,
More informationA NEW INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR THE FABRICATION OF SMALL LENS ARRAY MOLD INSERTS
A NEW INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR THE FABRICATION OF SMALL LENS ARRAY MOLD INSERTS Chih-Yuan Chang and Po-Cheng Chen Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences,
More informationSILICON NANOWIRE HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAICS
SILICON NANOWIRE HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAICS Erik C. Garnett, Craig Peters, Mark Brongersma, Yi Cui and Mike McGehee Stanford Univeristy, Department of Materials Science, Stanford, CA, USA ABSTRACT Silicon nanowire
More informationPOLYMER MICROSTRUCTURE WITH TILTED MICROPILLAR ARRAY AND METHOD OF FABRICATING THE SAME
POLYMER MICROSTRUCTURE WITH TILTED MICROPILLAR ARRAY AND METHOD OF FABRICATING THE SAME Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a polymer microstructure. In particular, the present invention
More informationA BASIC EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CAST FILM EXTRUSION PROCESS FOR FABRICATION OF PLASTIC MICROLENS ARRAY DEVICE
A BASIC EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CAST FILM EXTRUSION PROCESS FOR FABRICATION OF PLASTIC MICROLENS ARRAY DEVICE Chih-Yuan Chang and Yi-Min Hsieh and Xuan-Hao Hsu Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information High-Performance MoS 2 /CuO Nanosheet-on-1D Heterojunction Photodetectors Doo-Seung Um, Youngsu Lee, Seongdong Lim, Seungyoung Park, Hochan Lee, and Hyunhyub Ko * School of Energy
More informationImproved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 91, NUMBER 5 1 MARCH 2002 Improved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays S. Möller and S. R. Forrest Department of Electrical
More informationRealization of Polarization-Insensitive Optical Polymer Waveguide Devices
644 Realization of Polarization-Insensitive Optical Polymer Waveguide Devices Kin Seng Chiang,* Sin Yip Cheng, Hau Ping Chan, Qing Liu, Kar Pong Lor, and Chi Kin Chow Department of Electronic Engineering,
More informationWafer-level Vacuum Packaged X and Y axis Gyroscope Using the Extended SBM Process for Ubiquitous Robot applications
Proceedings of the 17th World Congress The International Federation of Automatic Control Wafer-level Vacuum Packaged X and Y axis Gyroscope Using the Extended SBM Process for Ubiquitous Robot applications
More informationColor Mixing from Monolithically Integrated InGaN-based Light- Emitting Diodes by Local Strain Engineering
Color Mixing from Monolithically Integrated InGaN-based Light- Emitting Diodes by Local Strain Engineering Kunook Chung, Jingyang Sui, Brandon Demory, and Pei-Cheng Ku* Department of Electrical Engineering
More informationHIGH efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
278 JOURNAL OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 1, NO. 2, DECEMBER 2005 Coupling Efficiency Enhancement in Organic Light-Emitting Devices Using Microlens Array Theory and Experiment Huajun Peng, Yeuk Lung Ho,
More informationTechnical Information
Fax to 732-279-3498 Technical Information APPEARANCE OF INSTALLED Pilkington Energy Advantage Low-E Glass AND Pilkington Solar E Solar Control Low-E Glass ATS-137-3 The low emissivity property of Pilkington
More informationOptically Selective Microlens Photomasks Using Self-Assembled Smectic Liquid Crystal Defect Arrays
Optically Selective Microlens Photomasks Using Self-Assembled Smectic Liquid Crystal Defect Arrays By Yun Ho Kim, Jeong-Oen Lee, Hyeon Su Jeong, Jung Hyun Kim, Eun Kyung Yoon, Dong Ki Yoon, Jun-Bo Yoon,
More informationResearch of photolithography technology based on surface plasmon
Research of photolithography technology based on surface plasmon Li Hai-Hua( ), Chen Jian( ), and Wang Qing-Kang( ) National Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Fabrication Technology, Key Laboratory for Thin
More informationDegradation analysis in asymmetric sampled grating distributed feedback laser diodes
Microelectronics Journal 8 (7) 74 74 www.elsevier.com/locate/mejo Degradation analysis in asymmetric sampled grating distributed feedback laser diodes Han Sung Joo, Sang-Wan Ryu, Jeha Kim, Ilgu Yun Semiconductor
More informationAn elegant route to overcome fundamentally-limited light. extraction in AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes:
Supplementary Information An elegant route to overcome fundamentally-limited light extraction in AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes: Preferential outcoupling of strong in-plane emission Jong
More informationExamination Optoelectronic Communication Technology. April 11, Name: Student ID number: OCT1 1: OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade:
Examination Optoelectronic Communication Technology April, 26 Name: Student ID number: OCT : OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade: Declaration of Consent I hereby agree to have my exam results published on
More informationSupporting Information
Copyright WILEY VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69469 Weinheim, Germany, 2015. Supporting Information for Adv. Energy Mater., DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201501065 Water Ingress in Encapsulated Inverted Organic Solar
More informationFabrication of a submicron patterned using an electrospun single fiber as mask. Author(s)Ishii, Yuya; Sakai, Heisuke; Murata,
JAIST Reposi https://dspace.j Title Fabrication of a submicron patterned using an electrospun single fiber as mask Author(s)Ishii, Yuya; Sakai, Heisuke; Murata, Citation Thin Solid Films, 518(2): 647-650
More informationTechnical Notes. Introduction. Optical Properties. Issue 6 July Figure 1. Specular Reflection:
Technical Notes This Technical Note introduces basic concepts in optical design for low power off-grid lighting products and suggests ways to improve optical efficiency. It is intended for manufacturers,
More informationPlanar micro-optic solar concentration. Jason H. Karp
Planar micro-optic solar concentration Jason H. Karp Eric J. Tremblay, Katherine A. Baker and Joseph E. Ford Photonics Systems Integration Lab University of California San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering
More informationInfluence of dielectric substrate on the responsivity of microstrip dipole-antenna-coupled infrared microbolometers
Influence of dielectric substrate on the responsivity of microstrip dipole-antenna-coupled infrared microbolometers Iulian Codreanu and Glenn D. Boreman We report on the influence of the dielectric substrate
More informationNumerical Study on Thickness Dependence of Passivation Layer in Top-Emission Organic Light-Emitting Device
Numerical Study on Thickness Dependence of Passivation Layer in Top-Emission Organic Light-Emitting Device Chia-Chiang Shiau a, Hung-Chi Chen a, Jiun-Haw Lee a, Yean-Woei Kiang a, C. C. Yang a, and Chih-Hsiang
More informationSystem for Ultrahigh Density Storage Supporting. Information. and James M. Tour,ǁ, *
Three-Dimensional Networked Nanoporous Ta 2 O 5-x Memory System for Ultrahigh Density Storage Supporting Information Gunuk Wang,, Jae-Hwang Lee, Yang Yang, Gedeng Ruan, Nam Dong Kim, Yongsung Ji, and James
More informationRapid fabrication of ultraviolet-cured polymer microlens arrays by soft roller stamping process
Microelectronic Engineering 84 (2007) 355 361 www.elsevier.com/locate/mee Rapid fabrication of ultraviolet-cured polymer microlens arrays by soft roller stamping process Chih-Yuan Chang, Sen-Yeu Yang *,
More informationOptically Rewritable Liquid Crystal Display with LED Light Printer
Optically Rewritable Liquid Crystal Display with LED Light Printer Man-Chun Tseng, Wan-Long Zhang, Cui-Ling Meng, Shu-Tuen Tang, Chung-Yung Lee, Abhishek K. Srivastava, Vladimir G. Chigrinov and Hoi-Sing
More informationA study on the fabrication method of middle size LGP using continuous micro-lenses made by LIGA reflow
Korea-Australia Rheology Journal Vol. 19, No. 3, November 2007 pp. 171-176 A study on the fabrication method of middle size LGP using continuous micro-lenses made by LIGA reflow Jong Sun Kim, Young Bae
More informationDesign and Analysis of Resonant Leaky-mode Broadband Reflectors
846 PIERS Proceedings, Cambridge, USA, July 6, 8 Design and Analysis of Resonant Leaky-mode Broadband Reflectors M. Shokooh-Saremi and R. Magnusson Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
More informationDevelopment and Mass-Production of OLED Lighting Panels with High Luminance, Long Lifetime and High Efficiency
Development and Mass-Production of OLED Lighting Panels with High Luminance, Long Lifetime and High Efficiency 59 JUNICHI TANAKA *1 MITSURU MORIMOTO *2 TAKASHI KAWAI *1 FUJIO KAJIKAWA *3 TSUTOMU YOSHIDA
More informationContext Development Details Anticipated Effects
Dec 27, 2017 Tanaka Precious Metals/Tanaka Holdings Co., Ltd Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). A Bendable Touch Panel Achieved with Silver Nano Ink Printing Technology (A Result of NexTEP: Joint
More informationA process for, and optical performance of, a low cost Wire Grid Polarizer
1.0 Introduction A process for, and optical performance of, a low cost Wire Grid Polarizer M.P.C.Watts, M. Little, E. Egan, A. Hochbaum, Chad Jones, S. Stephansen Agoura Technology Low angle shadowed deposition
More informationPolymeric waveguides with embedded micromirrors formed by Metallic Hard Mold
Polymeric waveguides with embedded micromirrors formed by Metallic Hard Mold Xinyuan Dou a, Xiaolong Wang b, Haiyu Huang a, Xiaohui Lin a, Duo Ding a, David Z. Pan a and Ray T. Chen a* a Department of
More informationPhotonic device package design, assembly and encapsulation.
Photonic device package design, assembly and encapsulation. Abstract. A.Bos, E. Boschman Advanced Packaging Center. Duiven, The Netherlands Photonic devices like Optical transceivers, Solar cells, LED
More information99. Sun sensor design and test of a micro satellite
99. Sun sensor design and test of a micro satellite Li Lin 1, Zhou Sitong 2, Tan Luyang 3, Wang Dong 4 1, 3, 4 Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun
More informationFunctional Materials. Optoelectronic devices
Functional Materials Lecture 2: Optoelectronic materials and devices (inorganic). Photonic materials Optoelectronic devices Light-emitting diode (LED) displays Photodiode and Solar cell Photoconductive
More informationImmersed transparent microsphere magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects
Immersed transparent microsphere magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects Seoungjun Lee, 1, * Lin Li, 1 Zengbo Wang, 1 Wei Guo, 1 Yinzhou Yan, 1 and Tao Wang 2 1 School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil
More informationMonolithically integrated InGaAs nanowires on 3D. structured silicon-on-insulator as a new platform for. full optical links
Monolithically integrated InGaAs nanowires on 3D structured silicon-on-insulator as a new platform for full optical links Hyunseok Kim 1, Alan C. Farrell 1, Pradeep Senanayake 1, Wook-Jae Lee 1,* & Diana.
More informationTransparent stacked organic light emitting devices. II. Device performance and applications to displays
John Carroll University From the SelectedWorks of Peifang Tian October 15, 1999 Transparent stacked organic light emitting devices. II. Device performance and applications to displays G. Gu G. Parthasarathy
More informationPolymer optical waveguide based bi-directional optical bus architecture for high speed optical backplane
Polymer optical waveguide based bi-directional optical bus architecture for high speed optical backplane Xiaohui Lin a, Xinyuan Dou a, Alan X. Wang b and Ray T. Chen 1,*, Fellow, IEEE a Department of Electrical
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Fabrication of High-Performance Ultrathin In 2 O 3 Film Field-Effect Transistors and Biosensors Using Chemical Lift-Off Lithography Jaemyung Kim,,,# You Seung Rim,,,# Huajun Chen,,
More informationIssue 2 March Electroluminescent Materials
Electroluminescent Materials Issue 2 March 2017 Electroluminescent Materials Overview. Product Range. GEM s products are based on a unique curing process that results in the low temperature formation of
More informationNonuniform output characteristics of laser diode with wet-etched spot-size converter
Nonuniform output characteristics of laser diode with wet-etched spot-size converter Joong-Seon Choe, Yong-Hwan Kwon, Sung-Bock Kim, and Jung Jin Ju Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,
More informationMeasurement of Microscopic Three-dimensional Profiles with High Accuracy and Simple Operation
238 Hitachi Review Vol. 65 (2016), No. 7 Featured Articles Measurement of Microscopic Three-dimensional Profiles with High Accuracy and Simple Operation AFM5500M Scanning Probe Microscope Satoshi Hasumura
More informationS-band gain-clamped grating-based erbiumdoped fiber amplifier by forward optical feedback technique
S-band gain-clamped grating-based erbiumdoped fiber amplifier by forward optical feedback technique Chien-Hung Yeh 1, *, Ming-Ching Lin 3, Ting-Tsan Huang 2, Kuei-Chu Hsu 2 Cheng-Hao Ko 2, and Sien Chi
More informationIntegral imaging system using an electroluminescent film backlight for three-dimensional two-dimensional convertibility and a curved structure
Integral imaging system using an electroluminescent film backlight for three-dimensional two-dimensional convertibility and a curved structure Jae-Hyun Jung, Yunhee Kim, Youngmin Kim, Joohwan Kim, Keehoon
More informationSurface Topography and Alignment Effects in UV-Modified Polyimide Films with Micron Size Patterns
CHINESE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS VOL. 41, NO. 2 APRIL 2003 Surface Topography and Alignment Effects in UV-Modified Polyimide Films with Micron Size Patterns Ru-Pin Pan 1, Hua-Yu Chiu 1,Yea-FengLin 1,andJ.Y.Huang
More informationAbsorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat.
Absorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat. Scattering: The changes in direction of light confined within an OF, occurring due to imperfection in
More informationof Multi Color Polymer EL Devices the Photo-bleaching Method
'I Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology Volume 14,Number2(2001)317-322 2001TAPJ Fabrication using of Multi Color Polymer EL Devices the Photo-bleaching Method Satoshi Shirai and Junji Kido Graduate
More informationColor filters based on enhanced optical transmission of subwavelength-structured metallic film for multicolor organic light-emitting diode display
Color filters based on enhanced optical transmission of subwavelength-structured metallic film for multicolor organic light-emitting diode display Xiao Hu,* Li Zhan, and Yuxing Xia Institute of Optics
More informationNd:YSO resonator array Transmission spectrum (a. u.) Supplementary Figure 1. An array of nano-beam resonators fabricated in Nd:YSO.
a Nd:YSO resonator array µm Transmission spectrum (a. u.) b 4 F3/2-4I9/2 25 2 5 5 875 88 λ(nm) 885 Supplementary Figure. An array of nano-beam resonators fabricated in Nd:YSO. (a) Scanning electron microscope
More informationNanoscale Lithography. NA & Immersion. Trends in λ, NA, k 1. Pushing The Limits of Photolithography Introduction to Nanotechnology
15-398 Introduction to Nanotechnology Nanoscale Lithography Seth Copen Goldstein Seth@cs.cmu.Edu CMU Pushing The Limits of Photolithography Reduce wavelength (λ) Use Reducing Lens Increase Numerical Aperture
More informationBasic Guidelines for LED Lamp Package Design
International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy 2015; 4(5): 187-194 Published online September 11, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijsge) doi: 10.11648/j.ijrse.20150405.13 Basic Guidelines
More informationMajor Fabrication Steps in MOS Process Flow
Major Fabrication Steps in MOS Process Flow UV light Mask oxygen Silicon dioxide photoresist exposed photoresist oxide Silicon substrate Oxidation (Field oxide) Photoresist Coating Mask-Wafer Alignment
More informationTechnology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
MRS Advances 2017 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2017. 305 Lead-free BaTiO 3 Nanowire Arrays-based Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Changyeon Baek, 1 Hyeonbin Park, 2 Jong Hyuk Yun 1, Do Kyung
More informationOPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626
OPTI510R: Photonics Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona kkieu@optics.arizona.edu Meinel building R.626 Announcements Homework #3 is due today No class Monday, Feb 26 Pre-record
More informationIntroduction Fundamentals of laser Types of lasers Semiconductor lasers
ECE 5368 Introduction Fundamentals of laser Types of lasers Semiconductor lasers Introduction Fundamentals of laser Types of lasers Semiconductor lasers How many types of lasers? Many many depending on
More informationSupporting Information for. Standing Enokitake-Like Nanowire Films for Highly Stretchable Elastronics
Supporting Information for Standing Enokitake-Like Nanowire Films for Highly Stretchable Elastronics Yan Wang, δ, Shu Gong, δ, Stephen. J. Wang,, Xinyi Yang, Yunzhi Ling, Lim Wei Yap, Dashen Dong, George.
More informationAnalog Synaptic Behavior of a Silicon Nitride Memristor
Supporting Information Analog Synaptic Behavior of a Silicon Nitride Memristor Sungjun Kim, *, Hyungjin Kim, Sungmin Hwang, Min-Hwi Kim, Yao-Feng Chang,, and Byung-Gook Park *, Inter-university Semiconductor
More informationAnalysis of the Current-voltage Curves of a Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin-film Solar Cell Measured at Different Irradiation Conditions
Journal of the Optical Society of Korea Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2010, pp. 321-325 DOI: 10.3807/JOSK.2010.14.4.321 Analysis of the Current-voltage Curves of a Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin-film Solar Cell Measured
More informationBroadband analog phase shifter based on multi-stage all-pass networks
This article has been accepted and published on J-STAGE in advance of copyediting. Content is final as presented. IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.* No.*,*-* Broadband analog phase shifter based on multi-stage
More informationRadial Coupling Method for Orthogonal Concentration within Planar Micro-Optic Solar Collectors
Radial Coupling Method for Orthogonal Concentration within Planar Micro-Optic Solar Collectors Jason H. Karp, Eric J. Tremblay and Joseph E. Ford Photonics Systems Integration Lab University of California
More informationBROADBAND ASYMMETRICAL MULTI-SECTION COU- PLED LINE WILKINSON POWER DIVIDER WITH UN- EQUAL POWER DIVIDING RATIO
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 43, 217 229, 2013 BROADBAND ASYMMETRICAL MULTI-SECTION COU- PLED LINE WILKINSON POWER DIVIDER WITH UN- EQUAL POWER DIVIDING RATIO Puria Salimi *, Mahdi Moradian,
More informationAdvancing Consumer Packaging Through Printable Electronics
IPST Executive Conference, Atlanta, GA March 9-10, 2011 Advancing Consumer Packaging Through Printable Electronics Bernard Kippelen Professor, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Director, Center
More informationDesign and Fabrication of Highly Efficient GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 49, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2002 1715 Design and Fabrication of Highly Efficient GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes Hyunsoo Kim, Seong-Ju Park, and Hyunsang Hwang, Member,
More informationIn their earliest form, bandpass filters
Bandpass Filters Past and Present Bandpass filters are passive optical devices that control the flow of light. They can be used either to isolate certain wavelengths or colors, or to control the wavelengths
More informationOptical Bus for Intra and Inter-chip Optical Interconnects
Optical Bus for Intra and Inter-chip Optical Interconnects Xiaolong Wang Omega Optics Inc., Austin, TX Ray T. Chen University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX Outline Perspective of Optical Backplane Bus
More informationFabrication of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microlens and diffuser using replica molding
From the SelectedWorks of Fang-Tzu Chuang Summer June 22, 2006 Fabrication of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microlens and diffuser using replica molding Fang-Tzu Chuang Available at: https://works.bepress.com/ft_chuang/4/
More informationTunable Color Filters Based on Metal-Insulator-Metal Resonators
Chapter 6 Tunable Color Filters Based on Metal-Insulator-Metal Resonators 6.1 Introduction In this chapter, we discuss the culmination of Chapters 3, 4, and 5. We report a method for filtering white light
More informationSilicon-based photonic crystal nanocavity light emitters
Silicon-based photonic crystal nanocavity light emitters Maria Makarova, Jelena Vuckovic, Hiroyuki Sanda, Yoshio Nishi Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4088
More informationHigh Performance Silver Nanowire based Transparent Electrodes Reinforced by Conductive Polymer Adhesive
High Performance Silver Nanowire based Transparent Electrodes Reinforced by Conductive Polymer Adhesive Qisen Xie, Cheng Yang*, Zhexu Zhang, Ruobing Zhang Division of Energy and Environment, Graduate School
More informationSolution-Processed Metal Nanowire Mesh Transparent Electrodes
Letter Subscriber access provided by STANFORD UNIV GREEN LIBR Solution-Processed Metal Nanowire Mesh Transparent Electrodes Jung-Yong Lee, Stephen T. Connor, Yi Cui, and Peter Peumans Nano Lett., 2008,
More informationSupporting Information
Solution-processed Nickel Oxide Hole Injection/Transport Layers for Efficient Solution-processed Organic Light- Emitting Diodes Supporting Information 1. C 1s high resolution X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy
More informationDesign of pollution preventing system for camera window
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 22 (2008) 1149~1153 www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x Design of pollution preventing system for camera window
More informationTHE head-mounted displays (HMD) directly coupled to
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 44, NO. 1, JANUARY 1997 39 White-Light Emitting Thin-Film Electroluminescent Device Using Micromachined Structure Yun-Hi Lee, Byeong-Kwon Ju, Man-Ho Song, Dong-Ho
More informationWaveguiding in PMMA photonic crystals
ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Volume 12, Number 3, 2009, 308 316 Waveguiding in PMMA photonic crystals Daniela DRAGOMAN 1, Adrian DINESCU 2, Raluca MÜLLER2, Cristian KUSKO 2, Alex.
More informationNanophotonics: Single-nanowire electrically driven lasers
Nanophotonics: Single-nanowire electrically driven lasers Ivan Stepanov June 19, 2010 Single crystaline nanowires have unique optic and electronic properties and their potential use in novel photonic and
More informationSUPPRESSION OF THE CLADDING MODE INTERFERENCE IN CASCADED LONG PERIOD FIBER GRATINGS WITH LIQUID CRYSTAL CLADDINGS
Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol. 413, pp. 399=[2535] 406=[2542], 2004 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Inc. ISSN: 1542-1406 print=1563-5287 online DOI: 10.1080=15421400490438898 SUPPRESSION OF THE CLADDING MODE
More informationHigh throughput ultra-long (20cm) nanowire fabrication using a. wafer-scale nanograting template
Supporting Information High throughput ultra-long (20cm) nanowire fabrication using a wafer-scale nanograting template Jeongho Yeon 1, Young Jae Lee 2, Dong Eun Yoo 3, Kyoung Jong Yoo 2, Jin Su Kim 2,
More informationMaterial analysis by infrared mapping: A case study using a multilayer
Material analysis by infrared mapping: A case study using a multilayer paint sample Application Note Author Dr. Jonah Kirkwood, Dr. John Wilson and Dr. Mustafa Kansiz Agilent Technologies, Inc. Introduction
More informationAn Amplified WDM-PON Using Broadband Light Source Seeded Optical Sources and a Novel Bidirectional Reach Extender
Journal of the Optical Society of Korea Vol. 15, No. 3, September 2011, pp. 222-226 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/josk.2011.15.3.222 An Amplified WDM-PON Using Broadband Light Source Seeded Optical Sources
More informationSupplementary Information
Supplementary Information Wireless thin film transistor based on micro magnetic induction coupling antenna Byoung Ok Jun 1, Gwang Jun Lee 1, Jong Gu Kang 1,2, Seung Uk Kim 1, Ji Woong Choi 1, Seung Nam
More informationHorizontal single and multiple slot waveguides: optical transmission at λ = 1550 nm
Horizontal single and multiple slot waveguides: optical transmission at λ = 1550 nm Rong Sun 1 *, Po Dong 2 *, Ning-ning Feng 1, Ching-yin Hong 1, Jurgen Michel 1, Michal Lipson 2, Lionel Kimerling 1 1Department
More informationNanofluidic Diodes based on Nanotube Heterojunctions
Supporting Information Nanofluidic Diodes based on Nanotube Heterojunctions Ruoxue Yan, Wenjie Liang, Rong Fan, Peidong Yang 1 Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
More informationidonus UV-LED exposure system for photolithography
idonus UV-LED exposure system for photolithography UV-LED technology is an attractive alternative to traditional arc lamp illumination. The benefits of UV-LEDs are manyfold and significant for photolithography.
More informationMicro-Optic Solar Concentration and Next-Generation Prototypes
Micro-Optic Solar Concentration and Next-Generation Prototypes Jason H. Karp, Eric J. Tremblay and Joseph E. Ford Photonics Systems Integration Lab University of California San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering
More informationInP-based Waveguide Photodetector with Integrated Photon Multiplication
InP-based Waveguide Photodetector with Integrated Photon Multiplication D.Pasquariello,J.Piprek,D.Lasaosa,andJ.E.Bowers Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of California, Santa Barbara,
More informationSupporting Information. Vertical Graphene-Base Hot-Electron Transistor
Supporting Information Vertical Graphene-Base Hot-Electron Transistor Caifu Zeng, Emil B. Song, Minsheng Wang, Sejoon Lee, Carlos M. Torres Jr., Jianshi Tang, Bruce H. Weiller, and Kang L. Wang Department
More informationNovel buried inverse-trapezoidal micropattern for dual-sided light extracting backlight unit
Novel buried inverse-trapezoidal micropattern for dual-sided light extracting backlight unit Gun-Wook Yoon, 1 Hyeon-Don Kim, 1,2 Jeongho Yeon, 1,3 and Jun-Bo Yoon 1,* 1 Department of Electrical Engineering,
More informationA large-area wireless power transmission sheet using printed organic. transistors and plastic MEMS switches
Supplementary Information A large-area wireless power transmission sheet using printed organic transistors and plastic MEMS switches Tsuyoshi Sekitani 1, Makoto Takamiya 2, Yoshiaki Noguchi 1, Shintaro
More informationVirtual input device with diffractive optical element
Virtual input device with diffractive optical element Ching Chin Wu, Chang Sheng Chu Industrial Technology Research Institute ABSTRACT As a portable device, such as PDA and cell phone, a small size build
More informationContact optical nanolithography using nanoscale C-shaped apertures
Contact optical nanolithography using nanoscale C-shaped s Liang Wang, Eric X. Jin, Sreemanth M. Uppuluri, and Xianfan Xu School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
More information