Introduction to Visual Perception
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1 The Art and Science of Depiction Introduction to Visual Perception Fredo Durand and Julie Dorsey MIT- Lab for Computer Science
2 Vision is not straightforward The complexity of the problem was completely overlooked because The problem is so difficult The human visual system is so efficient Intro to Visual Perception 2
3 Vision and pictures Explain Inspire Malfunction & art Technical simplification Cinema, Color, JPG Pictures can challenge or simplify perception Emphasize or eliminate cues or channels Time, color Intro to Visual Perception 3
4 Beware of the El-Greco Fallacy El-Greco, elongated characters Were supposed due to astigmatism However, pictures and real people would have been stretched equally Almost as fallacious as assuming painting should be inverted because our eyes invert what we see Intro to Visual Perception 4
5 However Monet had a cataract operation Cataract makes vision blurry and yellowish Before operation After operation Intro to Visual Perception 5
6 Textbooks Intro to Visual Perception 6
7 Plan Eye Low-level processing Different pathways Organization High-level Focus, attention Color Intro to Visual Perception 7
8 Eye: optics Image is inverted (mainly by cornea) Lens makes the focus Cornea Lens Intro to Visual Perception 8
9 Eye: visual angle Corresponds to size of the projection on retina Depends on real size and distance Visual angle Cornea Lens Visual angle Intro to Visual Perception 9
10 Retina Layer of photoreceptors Light->neural signal Optic nerve Retina Optic nerve Intro to Visual Perception 10
11 Photoreceptors Rod: night vision Cone: bright, color vision Retina Optic nerve Intro to Visual Perception 11
12 Photoreceptors 100M rods 5M cones Variable density Fovea: most acuity, cone only Fovea Retina Fovea Blind spot Optic nerve Intro to Visual Perception 12
13 Field of view Fovea=2-5 degrees Intro to Visual Perception 13
14 Field of view Fovea=2 degrees Intro to Visual Perception 14
15 Summary Light is transformed into 100M neural signals But optic nerve has only 1M nerve fibers Intro to Visual Perception 15
16 Overview of pathway Input from both eyes is dispatched Left brain : right part of visual field Intro to Visual Perception 16
17 Visual processing First step in the retina itself Intro to Visual Perception 17
18 Contrast processing We are sensitive to contrast, not to absolute luminance Useful because contrast is more invariant (it depends less on illumination) Intro to Visual Perception 18
19 Contrast processing Receptors are wired to other neurons Center-surround organization Light Receptors Bipolar Cell Intro to Visual Perception 19
20 Contrast processing Receptors are wired to other neurons Center-surround organization Light Receptors Bipolar Cell Intro to Visual Perception 20
21 Contrast processing Receptors are wired to other neurons Center-surround organization Light Receptors Bipolar Cell Intro to Visual Perception 21
22 Contrast processing Receptors are wired to other neurons Center-surround organization Intro to Visual Perception 22
23 Hermann Grid Intro to Visual Perception 23
24 Hermann Grid Intro to Visual Perception 24
25 Vasarely, Supernovae Intro to Visual Perception 25
26 Mach Bands Contrast is enhanced at region boundaries e d c b a Intro to Visual Perception 26
27 Relation with photo and painting Low contrast is not that much a problem A photo can be brighter/lighter than the original Intro to Visual Perception 27
28 Visual processing First step in the retina itself Next step: visual cortex area V1 Intro to Visual Perception 28
29 Edge detection Similar to center-surround Measured using micro-electrodes Intro to Visual Perception 29
30 Edge detection: Multi-resolution Edge of different sizes Intro to Visual Perception 30
31 Edge detection: not so simple Edges are only a special case Patterns Intro to Visual Perception 31
32 Retinotopic Close optical stimulus map to close parts of V1 A monkey is shown A Radioactive tracer His V1 area is shown in B Intro to Visual Perception 32
33 Retinotopic Close optical stimulus map to close parts of V1 But not complete correspondence Intro to Visual Perception 33
34 Relation with line drawing The information is ~ the same Drawing simplifies edge detection Some neurologist believe that line drawing nicely excites areas of the brain Intro to Visual Perception 34
35 Optical art Op Art directly exploits low-level vision Intro to Visual Perception 35
36 Higher-level visual processing More complex Less understood or measured Different pathways Intro to Visual Perception 36
37 Dorsal vs. Ventral pathways Ventral pathway: What? Object recognition Dorsal Pathway: Where? Location Study on monkeys with damaged brain Intro to Visual Perception 37
38 Different visual channels Intro to Visual Perception 38
39 Different visual channels Quite complex interactions Not sequential Not one-way Not strictly separate Some interconnections in the Monkey brain Intro to Visual Perception 39
40 Relation to visual arts Same elements: Color Form Layout Texture Intro to Visual Perception 40
41 Relation to visual arts Same elements: Color Form Layout Texture Selective treatment Focus in brain Orchestra metaphor Intro to Visual Perception 41
42 Relation to visual arts Same elements: Color Form Layout Texture Selective treatment Focus in brain Intro to Visual Perception 42
43 Form and color Intro to Visual Perception 43
44 Lines Intro to Visual Perception 44
45 Absence of color, contrast Intro to Visual Perception 45
46 Shape Intro to Visual Perception 46
47 Duet: shape and texture Intro to Visual Perception 47
48 Symphony Intro to Visual Perception 48
49 Plan of the few next sessions Stepping back Organization, Gestalt Perceiving shape and objects Focus, attention Color vision Intro to Visual Perception 49
50 Assignments Feedback Image Reading Piranesi Intro to Visual Perception 50
51 Reading Do not forget Gombrich Intro to Visual Perception 51
52 Assignment Piranesi tutorial Demo version on the class web page Non-photorealistic rendering Tutorial 1 to 3 Skip 2.4 Intro to Visual Perception 52
53 Talk Decision next week Either come with a subject Or look on the class web page for suggestions Intro to Visual Perception 53
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