An Insight for Scrutiny of Cognizance in Brainwave Entrainment

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1 International Journal of Scientific Research in Review Paper. Computer Science and Engineering Vol.6, Special Issue.1, pp.14-18, January (018) E-ISSN: An Insight for Scrutiny of Cognizance in Brainwave Entrainment Ajit S. Adte #1, S. D. Khamitkar *, Parag Bhalchandra 3, S. N. Lokhande 4, Pawan Wasnik 5 1 School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India 3 School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India 4 School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India 5 School of Computational Sciences & S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, India Abstract In the present research, we strive for one roof collection of contemporary scientific analysis and literature review of some brainwave entrainment. This is done using some of the brainwave frequencies. There is also comparison of mental state associated with different brainwave frequencies. The draft is further extended to review perception of sound, meditation and binaural beats. This work will be a stepping stone for further research to design similar work. Keywords Brainwave Entrainment, Brainwave Frequencies, Perception of Sound, Meditation I. INTRODUCTION The brain s electrical response to rhythmic sensory stimulation like either pulse of sound or light is referred as Brainwave entrainment [1]. The brain can be stimulus, through ears, eyes, or sometimes through it could be another senses, the electrical charge could be thrown in response, is known as Cortical Evoked Response. These types of electrical responses passes throughout the brain to become what you hear as well as see. One may be able to measure this type of activity measuring using sensitive electrodes attached to the scalp [1]. The definition given by the Tina L. Huang, and Christine Charyton, that with the intension of use of rhythmic stimuli which produces frequency following response (FFR) of brainwave to match the frequency of the stimuli []. The stimulus can be either auditory or sometimes it is visual. Brainwave Entrainment is also referred to as brain entrainment, audiovisual stimulation (AVS), audiovisual entrainment (AVE), photic stimulation, or auditory entrainment []. The cognitive or mental disorder s standard treatment generally is not suitable for all or the standard treatment may be having some unwanted side effects []. Brainwave entrainment (BWE) has the ability to effectively as well as safely fill this gap []. II. HISTORY OF BRAINWAVE ENTRAINMENT A review of history of Brainwave Entrainment by the Tina L. Huanget al. said the clinical application of Brainwave entrainment (BWE) was first discovered by a French Psychologist, named as Pierre Janet, in the late 1800s. Later in 199 Berger has shown that the human brain s electrical activity could be recorded. In the 1934, Adrian and Mathews have shown that the Berger rhythm (alpha) could be amplified by using photic stimulation at the same frequencies. Dempsey and Morison found that the brainwave entrainment could also be stimulated by a tactile stimulus in 194. In 1959, Chaitran showed the effects of entrainment auditory stimuli. In 1946 Psychological results of Brainwave Entrainment were explored, when flickering light produced frequency-dependent sensations of pattern, colour and movement. Brainwave entrainment (BWE) could also be used to reduce the need of anaesthesia during surgery. It is also discovered that brainwave entrainment can be used to enhance the meditation in Oster s article on properties of Binaural beats (BB) increases rapidly in the development of Brainwave entrainment (BWE) tools. Research pursued on the effect of brainwave entrainment (BWE) on pain, migraines, headaches, stress, and anxiety in 1980s. This research extended to include ADHD, behavioural problem, PMS, learning, and memory, in 1990s []. To understand this tabular information could more useful as shown in table I. III. REVIEW As said by Daniel Riordan, Pat Doody, and Joseph Walsh Sound could be measure in the different way by modern audio sensing systems than human auditory system perceives sound. Therefore the most referenced aspects of pure tone auditory perception could be loudness as well as pitch, which associate to the objective measure of frequency and sound pressure levels. The model, perception of sound operates at a discrete level, modelling the perception at defined frequency as well as sound pressure level interval and inferring how sound could be perceived in non-defined regions. Perception of sound by human auditory system is important in many different fields like speech synthesis, speech recognition, and audio quality measurement. Sound perception could be governed by two perceptual measures, the perceptual loudness measure and perceived pitch of an audio signal [3]. Tianbao Zhuang, Hong Zhao, and Zheng Tang presented observation and exploring study of the activity of brain under brainwave music stimulus by experimental and spectrum analysis. Frontal lobe is placed right under the forehead and the function of frontal lobe is initiation of activities that we do in day-to-day life, judgment, motor

2 function, memory, and language. Parietal lobe is placed near the top and back of the head; the function of the parietal lobe is perception, sensation, visual attention, and integrate various sensory information. Occipital lobes are located at the back of the head and the function of the occipital lobes is responsible for processing visual information from eyes. Occipital lobe is fast part of information processing that the eyes are sending information based on what eyes are seeing, similar to that the temporal lobe can be used to sense auditory information, whereas, occipital lobe is responsible for visual information so that human could understand it. Temporal lobe is placed side of the head above ears. And is responsible for hearing abilities, memory, visual perceptions [1]. There are important benefits of brainwave entrainment (BWE) presented as, improve the focus and concentration, memory performance, problem solving and creativity abilities, better sleep, reduce stress, relaxation, modification of behaviour, some of these were associated with learning efficiencies. To increase the learning ability of brain, brain must be in the state of alpha or delta state of brainwave entrainment. According to the most studies that say that whenever a person feels sickness most of the time then is relating to the stress. The stress might cause chemical changes in the human brain that affect the health. But by using brainwave entrainment brain state can be change to positive state of brain due to which health can be change in positive manner, this can be done by bringing the brain into an alpha state, that melt the stress away. They also mentioned that diet as well as excise is crucial to reduce stress. Therefore brainwave entrainment (BWE) could be used to help your mind to change diet and exercise [1]. T. Yamsa-ard, and Y. Wongsawat have said that experiments observed that a relationship between meditation and EEG by analyzing QEEG in absolute power of each EEG rhythm and coherence compared to normal people database. The results indicated that, when binaural beats combined with music, it inclines to increase the result of stimulation. In addition to that, the effect of binaural beats occurs at frontal midline. For pure beat, there was less effect to relationship between binaural beats and EEG during meditation practices at the first time of stimulation. However, it might be able to improve effective of binaural beats (BBs) stimulation for longer period. The last is the result of binaural beat seemed significant for coherence and concordantly to absolute power [4]. IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS TABLE I: HISTORY REVIEWED BY TINA L. HUANG, CHRISTINE CHARYTON [] Year Name Discovery In the late 1800s French Psychologist Pierre Janet Brainwave Entrainment (BWE) 199 Berger Electrical activity of brain recorded 1934 Adrian and Mathews Berger rhythm could amplified by using photic stimulation 194 Dempsey and Morison BWE could be stimulated by a tactile stimulus 1959 Chaitran Reported entrainment effect with auditory stimulus To reduce the need for anesthesia during surgery To enhance meditation 1980s -- Research followed on the effect of Brainwave Entrainment on stress, pain, migraines, headache, and anxiety TABLE II: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PERCEPTION OF SOUND Sr. Author Method Effect Reference 60-80% of the samples have shown the improvement in the alpha frequency 1 Nasyid band after listening to nasyid and on the other hand 56-66% improved after Renu Bhoria, Swati music, Rock listening to rock music. Gupta music The maximum value increased in alpha wave 11.03μV, minimum value decrease 0.755μV [5] Anna Kalinowska, Alina Kułakowska, Wojciech Kułak, Bożena Okurowska- Zawada Heavy metal or classical music No significant effect on the heart rate as well as blood pressure. They demonstrated significant decrease in the amplitude of alpha rhythm after listening to classical music. [6] 018, IJSRCSE All Rights Reserved 15

3 3 B. Geethanjali, K. Adalarasu, R. Rajsekaran Three experimental conditions like without mental task, with mental task, as well as rest While listening to Carnatic music the beta activity was high at the time of mental task in all the three locations when compared to Jazz as well as hard rock. When Jazz music was played the spectral power of theta band was high at CZ location when compared to Carnatic, hard rock. This indicated Jazz music was pleasant as well as it could induce positive emotion, reduces mental stress. [7] 4 Ram K. Nawasalkar, Pradeep K. Butey (Open eyes) Indian Classical (Open eyes) Indian Classical Music could be used as a tool to relieve tension or stress and to relax. [8] Music 5 Katie Overy, and Robert Turner Abstract patterns of sound Music is a universal but still poorly understood form of human communication in which abstract patterns of sound could cause people to dance, laugh, cry, reflect, bond and even mate. [9] Response of 5 KHz tone could be unpleasant sound and a classical music, Pachelbel s Seiji Nishifuji, brain wave Canon could be a pleasant sound, The alpha wave amplitude (8-13 Hz) that 6 Masahiro Sato, Daisuke Maino and to mental task as well is representative component of awake brain wave, was decreased by around 15~0 percentage during performing the mental task. Whereas, the [10] Shogo Tanaka as acoustic amplitude of the beta as well as gamma waves analyzed as no significant stimuli alteration under combined stresses Suggested no profound effect on the physiology of the Automatic Nervous 7 Chinmay Mokashi, Suraj K Nayak et al. Sound effect in a horror movie clip System because of the horror sound movie clip as the stimulus. Categorical inputs for classification using MLP and RBF ANN networks. The results of classification suggested physiological changed in the conduction pathway of the heart with the horror sound movie clip as the [11] stimulus. TABLE III: COMPARISONS OF BRAINWAVE FREQUENCIES AND ASSOCIATED MENTAL STATE Sr. Brainwave Frequencies Delta Theta Alpha Beta Gamma Reference 1 Young children, Alert/ working, Certain Adults slow drowsiness or Relaxed / active, busy or cognitive or wave sleep in arousal in older reflected, closing anxious thinking, motor functions babies children and the eyes active concentration stress adults [1] (Fast brainwave) (Slower) memory, thinking, (Slowest) deep (Quiet) relaxed deep relaxation, concentration, sleep attention daydreaming information -- [1] processing 3 Relax state, Deep sleep, Deep relaxation, daydreaming, Normal, waking unconsciousnes meditation light form of consciousness s meditation -- [13] 4 (Slower) deep Light sleep, Calm, peaceful Thinking, focusing, -- [] 018, IJSRCSE All Rights Reserved 16

4 sleep creativity, insight yet alert state and (high beta) for intensity or anxiety 5 Alert, working, Affect adults or Drowsiness, or Relaxing and active, busy, anxious babies slow arousal in children closing the eyes thinking and active sleep and adults concentration 6 Dreamless sleep Concentration, Random eye alertness, arousal, movement sleep, Relaxation cognition, and meditation, higher level beta for creativity anxiety 7 Deep dreamless Light sleep or Awake but Normal awaking sleep extreme relaxation relaxed consciousness Relaxed, alert 8 Deep Sleep Drowsiness Active, busy, or state of anxious thinking consciousness -- [14] -- [16] High-level information [0] processing -- [5] TABLE IV: COMPARISONS OF BRAINWAVE FREQUENCIES RANGE PRACTICES BY DIFFERENT PRACTITIONERS IN HERTZ (HZ) Sr. Delta Theta Alpha Beta Gamma From To From To From To From To From To Reference [1] Highest Amplitude High Amplitude Low Amplitude Lowest Amplitude [13] High [1] [] [14] [15] > [16] >30 [17] [18] >13 -- [19] 11 < Above 40 [0] [5] V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we reviewed some of the history of Brainwave entrainment along with perception of sound. There is also a comparison of different methods and their effect. There are also considerations regarding comparison of different brainwave frequency names and their associated mental states. After analyzing these data we come to know that the Brainwave frequencies ranges are having some variation in their ranges.therefore, this may be conceptually assumed that the frequency range variation may be because of perception of beats is subjective. REFERENCES [1] Tianbao Zhuang, Hong Zhao, and Zheng Tang, A Study of Brainwave Entrainment Based on EEG Brain Dynamics, Computer and Information Science, Vol., No., May 009 [] Tina L. Huang, Christine Charyton, A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BRAINWAVE ENTRAINMENT, Review Article, Psychological Effects of Brainwave Entrainment, ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, VOL. 14, NO. 5, sep/oct , IJSRCSE All Rights Reserved 17

5 [3] Daniel Riordan, Pat Doody, and Joseph Walsh, Modeling of the Human Perception of Sound using ANNs, ISSC 014/CIICT 014, Limerick, June 6-7, 014 [4] T. Yamsa-ard, and Y. Wongsawat, The relationship between EEG and binaural beat stimulation in meditation, The 014 Biomedical Engineering International Conference (BMEiCON- 014), /14, 014 IEEE [5] Renu Bhoria, Swati Gupta, A Study of the effect of sound on EEG, International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering, ISSN [6] Anna Kalinowska, Alina Kułakowska, Wojciech Kułak, Bożena Okurowska-Zawada, Effects of classical and heavy metal music on the cardiovascular system and brain activity in healthy students. Preliminary report, PRACA ORYGINALNA/ORIGINAL ARTICLE, Vol. /013, nr 44 [7] B. Geethanjali, K. Adalarasu, R. Rajsekaran, Impact of Music on Brain Function during Mental Task using Electroencephalography, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 66, 01 [8] Ram K. Nawasalkar, Pradeep K. Butey, Analytical and Comparative Study on effect of Indian Classical Music on human body using EEG based signals, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), ISSN: , Vol., Issue. 5, Sep.-Oct. 01 pp [9] Katie Overy, and Robert Turner, The rhythmic brain, cortex45 (009) 1 3, doi: /j.cortex , 008 Elsevier Srl., 009 [10] Seiji Nishifuji, Masahiro Sato, Daisuke Maino and Shogo Tanaka, Effect of Acoustic Stimuli and Mental Task on Alpha, Beta and Gamma Rhythms in Brain Wave, SICE Annual Conference 010, August 18-1, 010, The Grand Hotel, Taipei, Taiwan, 010 [11] Chinmay Mokashi, Suraj K Nayak, Ashirbad Pradhan, Sunil K Rout, Kunal Pal, Biswajeet Champaty, Arfat Anis, Effect of Sound in a Horror Movie Clip on the Physiology of the ANS and the Conduction Pathway of the Heart, /16/ 016 IEEE [1] F. R. On, R. Jailani, H. Norhazman, and N. Mohamad Zaini, Binaural Beat Effect on Brainwaves based on EEG, IEEE 9th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and its Applications, 8 10 Mac. 013, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, /13 [13] J. Ben David, A. Naftali, and A. Katz, Tinntrain: A multifactorial treatment for tinnitus using binaural beats, The Hearing Journal, New approaches to tinnitus management, Vol. 63, No. 11, November 010 [14] Wan Mohd Fadzil Wan Mohd Noor, N. Zaini, H. Norhazman, Mohd Faud Abdul Latip, Dynamic Encoding of Binaural Beats for Brainwave Entrainment, 013 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering, 9 Nov. 1 Dec. 013, Penang, Malaysia /13 [15] MUHAMMAD WILDAN GIFARI, SHEIKH MOHAMAD SAID, JOSTINAH LAM, NORAINI, JALIL, EKO SUPRIYANTO, Binaural Beat Entrainment Effect on Prefrontal and Parietal Brain EEG in Theta Frequency, Recent Advances on Biomedical Sciences, ISBN: [16] R. Padmanabhan, A. J. Hildreth and D. Laws, A prospective, randomised, controlled study examining binaural beat audio and pre-operative anxiety in patients undergoing general anaesthesia for day case surgery*, Anaesthesia, 005, 60, pages , doi: /j x, 005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd [17] György Buzsáki, Rhythms of the Brain, Copyright 006 by Oxford University Press, Inc., ISBN , 006 [18] N. Fuad, M. N. Taib, R. Jailani, M. E. Marwan, Brainwave Classification for Brain Balancing Index (BBI) via 3D EEG Model Using k-nn Technique, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Computer, Electrical, Automation, Control and Information Engineering Vol:8, No:8, 014 [19] Iza Sazanita Isa, Balkis Solehah Zainuddin, Zakaria Hussain, Siti Noraini Sulaiman, Preliminary Study on Analyzing EEG Alpha Brainwave Signal Activities Based on Visual Stimulation, International Conference on Robot PRIDE Medical and Rehabilitation Robotics and Instrumentation, ConfPRIDE ,Procedia Computer Science 4 (014) 85 9, Elsevier,doi: /j.procs , 014 [0] Prajakta Fulpatil, Yugandhara Meshram, Review on Analysis of EEG Signals with the Effect of Meditation, Prajakta Fulpatil Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN : 48-96, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 014, pp , IJSRCSE All Rights Reserved 18