She wanted to end slavery

Transcription

1 Harriet Tubman Born: 1820 or 1821 Died: 1913 Era: Enter the era in which they lived. Marriage and Family: Enter details about their marriage and children. Education: Enter details about their education. She wanted to end slavery

2 Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman and her family were all slaves. Harriet had no education. Her mother s name was Harriet Green and her Dad s name was Benjamin Ross. They were owned by Edward Brodas. Harriet and her family lived in Dorchester Country, Maryland. One challenge Harriet had to face in her life was she ran away from Maryland then escapes to Philadelphia because she didn t want to be treated like a slave. When Harriet was an adult she was a conductor of the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad is the passage to freedom that the slaves used in a secret. Then she led many slaves to the Underground Railroad and she got freedom for over 300 slaves. During the Civil War she was a spy for the North. She was also a cook and a nurse. After the Civil War was over and slavery she kept on helping black people.

3 Thurgood Marshall OLIVER Born: July 2 nd 1908 Died: January 24 th 1993 Era: Family: Wife, Cecilia, son, Thurgood Jr. and John Education: Studied law at Howard University He was the first African American in the US Supreme Court.

4 Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall was a lawyer, a civil rights activist, and associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States of America. He was the first African American member of the Supreme Court. Marshall was the son of William Canfield Marshall, a railroad porter and a Steward at an all-white country club. His wife was Norma Williams Marshall. He went to Lincoln University. Marshall also attended Howard University Law School (Pennsylvania). Upon his graduation from Howard in 1976, He privately studied law in Baltimore and joined the Supreme Court In He joined the Supreme Court so he could sue the University of Maryland for rejecting him simply because of his race. After he sued them he decided he liked being a jurist so he kept his job. His first legal victory was the Murray vs. Pearson in which he successfully sued the University of Maryland for denying an African American applicant, simply on the basis of race. Thurgood s most important case was the Murray vs. Pearson in He became part of the Supreme Court in 1976, the same year he graduated from Howard

5 Langston Hughes Born Feb 1, 1902 Died: 1967 Chris Era: Freedom without Equality and Civil Rights Family: Mom, Dad, Grandma Education: Central High School and went to Columbia College for a year Wrote poems about African American equality.

6 Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born on Feb 1, 1902.Langston had a rough childhood. When he was born his father left to become a businessman in Mexico, and his mother left him with his grandmother. Langston lived with his grandmother in Lawrence, Kansas, until he was twelve and his grandmother died. From there, he moved to Lincoln, Illinois. When he got there, his mother had already remarried and Langston had a step brother. In 1916, his parents decided to move to Cleveland, Ohio. At school, he became the class poet, and his poems were almost always in the school magazine. Hughes s dad hated African Americans, even though he is one. When Hughes wanted to go to college, he came to his dad for money to go to Columbia College but his dad wanted him to go to Switzerland College and become an engineer. Hughes protested and eventually he ended up going to Columbia College. Langston Hughes was an amazing poet. He was no ordinary poet; he was an African American poet. Langston didn t like it at Columbia. So he searched for a job. Finally he got a job as a poet in Harlem. He became very successful writing his poems about African Americans. He wrote these poems because at Columbia College it was all whites and no blacks. Another reason is because he wanted to prove to his father that African Americans are completely equal. Langston Hughes was truly an amazing man.

7 Garrett Morgan By: Bella Born: March 4, 1877 Died: July 27, 1963 Era: Freedom without Equality, Family: Parents, 7 th of 11 children Education: Ended school in 5 th grade to find a job Famous inventor of the gas mask.

8 Garrett Morgan Garrett Augustus Morgan was born on March 4, He was the 7th of 11 children, and they all lived in Paris, Kentucky. Garrett s parents were slaves in the past, but were set free before their children were born. He worked on farms and railroads with his family and went to a nearby school with other African American children. Like most African Americans, Garrett finished school in the fifth grade to find a job. Garrett found his job in Cincinnati, Ohio at age 14 and was looking for a job that involved machinery, which always interested him. He soon found work as a handyman on a rich man s farm. He worked there for 4 years and moved at age 18 to Cleveland, OH in That same year he found work sweeping floors and doing odd jobs at a clothing factory named Roots & McBride. Garrett s first creation happened after one of the sewing machines used in the factory wasn t working very well, so he created a better quality sewing machine. When he presented it to the factory, they paid him $150 for it, and he became the sewing machine repair man for the factory. Some of his other creations were: the traffic light after a severe car and carriage crash, hair straightening cream oddly after trying to fix a newer model of a sewing machine, the gas mask after a huge fire near his home, the pop-up in a toaster when it became hard to make toast, lipstick in a tube after he noticed that lipstick in a block was too messy, and the electric ignition in a car that activates with a key. Garrett won medals of bravery for his very important invention of the gas mask. His invention helped the lives of men that work with the community to stop danger easier. If it wasn t for him, firemen would of never been so brilliant. Garrett spent the rest of his life inventing helpful things to make the world a better place.

9 Mae Jemison Born: Oct. 17, 1956 Died: Still alive Era: Post- civil rights Marriage and Family: Mom-Dorothy, Dad- Charles Education: Anthropology, Archaeology, Evolution, and Astronomy She was the first African American women to go to space.

10 Mae Jemison Mae Jemison was born on October 17, When Mae was 3 years old her family moved from Alabama to Chicago, Illinois. Over there her uncle introduced her to science. She started taking interests in anthropology, archaeology, evolution, and astronomy. Mae loved to read as a child. In third grade, Mae got a science project she worked on til sixth grade. Mae loved science and dreamed about going to space someday. After all the hard work she did, in 1977, Mae went to medical school in Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. She volunteered for a summer in a Cambodian refugee camp. After that she studied in Kenya in She graduated from medical school in She became a medical officer for the Peace Corps in West Africa. She managed health care for the U.S. embassy and the Peace Corps and worked in conjunction with the National Institute of Health and Centers for Disease Control. Jemison applied for NASA to become an astronaut. In October 1986, she was one of the 15 chosen applicants out of 2,000. She completed her training with NASA in She first became an astronaut office representative with the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, then she was assigned to support a mission between the U.S. and Japan to conduct experiments. She was the first African American women to go to space. She formed the Jemison group to develop and market advanced technologies.

11 Marian Anderson By Serena Born: 1897 Died: 1993 Era: Civil Rights Marriage and Family: She wasn t married and she didn t have children. Education: Music school in Europe She became an opera singer during the Civil Rights Era.

12 Marian Anderson Marian was born in Philadelphia in the 1897s. Marian s family members were her mom and her dad. Marian lived in Pennsylvania when she was a child. Marian loved to sing as a child. There were few jobs for African Americans, making life hard for Anderson. Her tutor encouraged her. Marian Anderson became an opera singer in the Civil Rights Era. The DAR in Washington, DC wouldn t let Marian sing at the Constitution Hall because she was black. Instead, Marian sang at the Lincoln Memorial. Thousands of peoples listened to her. Everyone said she had a beautiful voice. White peoples thought they were better than African American peoples. There were laws, called segregation laws, parting white peoples and African American peoples. There were signs, saying, Black people here. White people here. No mixing. No crossing. No sharing public drinking fountains. Marian died in 1993.

13 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Born: January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, GA Died: Apil 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN Era: Civil Rights Marriage and Family: He married Coretta Scott in They had Four children. Education: He graduated from Morehouse College in He studied for 3 years at a seminary in Pennsylvania. He received a degree from Boston University in Martin Luther King, Jr. helped to change unfair laws in peaceful ways.

14 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. By Andres Martin Luther King, Jr. grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. He liked to play baseball, football, and basketball. His father was a Pastor of a church. Martin liked to sing in his father s church. Martin liked to read. He read books about Frederick Douglas, George Washington Carver and Harriet Tubman. Martin had friends. He had two friends who were white. One day they could no longer play with Martin because he had dark brown skin. Martin was sad. He did not think this was fair. Martin was a good speaker. When he was in high school he won a big speech contest. Martin went to College to become a minister. He was a pastor in Montgomery, Alabama. One day a woman named Rosa Parks was arrested for sitting in the white only section of the bus. Dr. King led a peaceful protest saying it was not fair. Dr. King led peacful protests against white only waiting rooms, lunch counters and restroom. He was marching for freedom. In 1963 Dr. King led a big march in Washington, DC. He gave a speech about I have a dream that all children will play together. In 1964 Dr. King won the Nobel Peace Prize and the Civil Rights Act became a law. Martin Luther King, Jr. was killed on April 4, We celebrate Martin Luther King Day in January.

15 Rosa Parks By: Hoang Born: 1913 Died: 2005 Era: Alabama Marriage and Family: She married Raymond but she don t have kid Education: Montgomery Industrial School She wanted equality for African American people

16 Rosa Parks Rosa Parks was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, in She family moved to Pine Level, Alabama when she 2 years old. When she was 11, she studied in the Montgomery Industrial School for girl and she is a good student. When she was in high school, her grandmother is ill so she left school to care for her. Then her mother became sick and Rosa cared for her until she died. Finally Rosa finished high school when she was adult. She worked as a seamstress at the Montgomery Fair department store and she married Raymond Park. In a one day, Rosa came on a bus but she sat in the front of the bus. The man driving the bus said she must go to the back of the bus because she had black skin. But she still sat in the front. So the man driver called the police. After Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat, police locked in jail. She even can t make a phone call. When her friends tried to check on her, the police wouldn t tell them where she was. So her paid her bond and freed her from jail. Later she was arrested again, for supporting the bus boycott. Rosa and her husband both lost their jobs because of their support of the bus boycott. In Montgomery no one hire them. They received marry against. They decided to move to Detroit, her brother help Raymond get a jobs in the auto industry. Later Rosa worked for Congressman John Conyers. She died in 2005, when she was 92.

17 By: Dallas Born: 1864 Died: Jan.5 Era: Freedom without equality Marriage and Family: Education: Iowa State University He was one of the 1 st black scientists

18 George Washington Carver George Washington Carver was born in 1864 in Missouri his childhood was hard because he grew up working in on a laboring farm. When he grew old enough to go to college he had a tough time finding a good scholarship until he enrolled in Iowa State University. He studied plants and farming in school. He taught farmers to plant peanuts and sweet potatoes instead of cotton because they kept on planting cotton over and over again. This made the soil not very healthy. He found out lots of ways to use peanuts for food. He learned how to make ice-cream, ink, bread and other stuff with peanuts. He also used sweet potatoes to make other things.

19 Madam C.J. Walker Madison Born: December 23, 1867, big plantation in Louisiana Died: May 25, 1919 in Hudson River, New York Era: Freedom without Equality Married to Moses McWilliams One daughter: Lelia Self-Educated First African American Self-Made woman millionaire

20 Madam C.J. Walker Sarah Walker was born on December 23, Two days before Christmas. She was raised by her two parents, Owen, and Minerva Breedlove. Her life as a kid was a bit of a challenge. They lived in a large plantation in Louisiana, had no home, no job, and especially no money. She also did not get to go to school. The only thing they knew how to do was farm. And when they did get a bit of money, it went to the land owner in exchange for food. A few years later in 1874, her parents died of Yellow Fever (a disease caused by mosquitos) Later, she moved to Missouri with her brother, Alex, and got married to Moses McWilliams, and together they had one daughter, Lelia. But then Moses died two years after the marriage. When she got lonely and moved with her brother, she had found out he had already died. Life was hard for her and she needed a job. Lelia got to go to school, and while she did, Sarah worked at a Laundromat. Soon, she got bored of it, and went to go see Margaret Murray Washington speak at the National Association of Colored Women. After watching her speak, it motivated her to try something new. She noticed that her hair was thin and dry and tried to come up with a material to fix it. She added in special creams and soaps and tried it on her hair. And it worked! Later on it became a success. Everyone wanted her hair product. Soon she made factories and stores. Everyone loved to put the material on their hair. She soon became a millionaire! Later, after her invention, she decided to inspire other African Americans that if they work hard at something they love, it can end up in success. Sarah died on May 25, Since then, she has always been known as a wonderful, inspiring woman.

21 Ida B. Wells-Barnett Born: July 16, 1862 Died: March 25, 1931 Era: Slavery Abolition BY: Chantal Marriage and Family: Her father, James Wells, mom Elizabeth Warrenton Wells, four younger brothers and three little sisters Education: Rust University in Holly Springs She was united for helping women work together for vote. She helped with the Civil Rights Movement.

22 Ida B. Wells-Barnett Ida Bell Walls was born in the United States on July 16, She was born a slave. Just Six month later, President Abraham Lincoln would sign the Emancipation proclamation. Signing that piece of paper on January 1, 1863, was an effort to free the slaves in the south. Ida spent her life fighting for the rights of African American. She was a strong and courageous woman. As a writer, she used her pen as a tool to fight for equality. Ida B. Wells- Barnett believed in equal rights for African Americans and for women. She became a leader working for a change. Throughout her life, she never stopped working of what she believes in.

23 Asa Philip Randolph Kevin Born:1889 Died: 1979 Era: civil rights and freedom without equality Married to Lucille Campbell Green No children Education: city college of new York Fought for civil rights.

24 Asa Philip Randolph Asa Philip Randolph was born in 1889 and he died a tragic death in He was happily married to a girl named Lucille Campbell, and she was definitely the love of his life. During his long childhood he lived in New York City, New York and Crescent City, Florida and in each of those places his father was a minister. Now sadly this was an African American family in the terrible times where they were not treated fairly and were badly uncared for so he set off to work to help make the world a better place for everyone. He is famous for leading civil rights marches against many areas and was Martin Luther King Jr. s predecessor. He was motivated by the book: The Souls of Black People and by whether people wanted black people to be treated fairly or not. This wonderful man did a good job of keeping many African Americans from dying of starvation or thirst or even from being scared to death. This smart and cunning man made a huge impact on the world and had been helping people even before Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. was the successor for Randolph once Randolph died. Both of them are remembered even now. Randolph was the true hero; even now he inspires us all!

25 Phyillis Wheatly Meagan Born: 1754 Died: December Lived in: Boston Massachusetts Family: 4 family members Her 3 children and her husband Era: Slavery Abolition Education: She was taught to read by her owner s children She was the first African American woman to get a book published.

26 Phyillis Wheatly Phyllis was the first African American to get a book of poems published. She grew up in Africa and was taken on a slave boat at the young age of 7. She was sold to the Wheatly family in Boston. The Wheatlys taught her how to read, write, and how to follow the kings laws the colonists had to follow and Bible. She was asked to come to the council and prove she could write poetry. She was tested by the council to see if she could actually write and it wasn t a fake. She got the test right in After doing the test, she went on her second voyage. It was very different from the first. She was going to England. She was going on this trip to meet with her publisher and all the other people reading her poems. She also met the King. While she was in England she figured out Mrs. Wheatly was sick. She returned back to the colonies. She was invited to meet George Washington. After returning back to the colonies she married a Boston shop keeper. She had 3 children. Things got worse from there Mr. and Mrs. Wheatly both died. She had two of her children die. Then her husband was sent to jail because he couldn t pay his bills. She died and then the last of her three children died a few hours later. But she still proved African Americans could write.

27 Wilma Rudolph Katia Born: June 23, 1940 in Clarksville, Tennessee Died: November 12, 1994 Era: Civil Rights Family: 21 siblings, married, had 4 kids Education: Tennessee State University Achievement: Fastest runner in the world Wilma Rudolph won 3 gold medals in the Olympics.

28 Wilma Rudolph Wilma Rudolph was born on June 23, She had 21 siblings and a mom and dad. She was quite lively as a child and as soon as she could walk, she ran or jumped instead. But she always got sick as a child, if one of her siblings got a cold, she would get pneumonia. Just before age 5, Wilma got scarlet fever and polio, which caused her leg to turn inward. People thought she wouldn t be able to walk again. Wilma hopped around to get to places, and worked hard at exercises with doctors, and soon, they thought she would be able to wear a brace. One day, when she was going to church, she took off her brace, and walked. Wilma could now walk again. Wilma Rudolph played basketball in high school, and their team won game after game. Eventually, she got to the Tennessee state championships, but her team lost. Wilma was used to winning, and was very disappointed. At that game, there was a college coach who was impressed by Wilma, especially the way she ran. He wanted her to be on his track-and-field team. That led Wilma to getting a full athletic scholarship to Tennessee State University. In the summer of 1960, Wilma was at the Olympics. She focused on winning, and although she twisted her ankle, she took home the gold medal in the 100-meter dash. On the 200-meter dash, she already was famous. The crowd chanted her name, and she won again. On the 400-meter dash, she was more determined to win. She almost lost, but with her long legs, she won again!

29 Booker T. Washington By: Matthew Born: 1856, plantation in Virginia Died: 1915, while still president of Tuskegee Institute Era: Slavery & Abortion, and Freedom without equality Marriage and Family: His mom, Brother John, and his sister Amanda. Not Married. Education: In 1872 to 1875 attended Hampton institute in Virginia 1881 Booker opened up a school now called Tuskegee University

30 Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington was born on 1856, in a plantation in Virginia. In 1865 Slaves were freed, and he moved with his family to Malden, West Virginia. Then Booker got a lob in the salt mines to earn some money. In 1871, Booker got a job to work for Mrs. Viola Ruffin, the mine owner s wife. She helped him learn and let him go to school after work. In 1872 to 1875, Booker attended Hampton Institute in Virginia. In 1879 Booker became a teacher at Hampton Institute. In 1881 Booker became head of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. In 1901 Up from Slavery, Booker s famous autobiography was published. In 1915 Booker died while he was still president of Tuskegee Institute.

31 Jesse Owens Justin Born: September 12, 1913 Oakville, Alabama Died: March 31, 1980 Era: Freedom without equality Marriage and Family: Married Minnie Ruth Solomon and had 3 daughters Education: Went to Ohio State University He broke many records and proved that Germans were not the best/master race.

32 Jesse Owens Jesse Owens was born on September 12, 1913 in Oakville, Alabama. As a child he had many diseases. Another challenge was that his family was extremely poor, with no money, the entire family worked. Soon Jesse Owens went to high school at Fairmount Junior High School. One day the school s track team coach saw him running. The coach started to teach Jesse. The coach taught him to train not only for today but for even 4 years from today. While still in high school he set records for the high jump and long jump. In his later high school years he set records for the 220-yard dash. In college at Ohio State University he set 3 world records and tied another all within 45 minutes. Several weeks later he married Minnie Ruth Solomon. They had 3 daughters. In 1936 Jesse Owens went to the Olympics. Hitler said that Germans were the master race and they couldn t be beaten. Jesse Owens proved them wrong. He won 4 gold medals and tied a world record of 10.3 seconds for the 100 meter race. He also set the record of 20.7 seconds for the 200 meter race. With a long jump of 26 feet, Jesse Owens set many new records. When Jesse Owens returned to the U.S., there was much discrimination. He couldn t live where he wanted and couldn t sit where he wanted on the bus. Jesse Owens started to do various things such as being a band director, giving speeches, and writing a couple books. Many people gave him awards Gerald R. Ford gave him the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Jimmy Carter gave Jesse Owens the Living Legends Award. Eventually Jesse Owens died of lung cancer on March 31, 1980, but he will be remembered for his acts against discrimination.

33 Maya Angelou Eva Born: April 4, 1928 Died: Still alive Era: Civil rights Family: Brother, grandmother, and parents Education: went to George Washington highschool American author and poet

34 Maya Angelou Maya Angelou had a very tough childhood. As a child she experienced the brutality of racial discrimination. She kept switching between who to live with but she mostly lived with her grandmother, and moved around a lot. She tried many different jobs. At one point she even worked with Martin Luther King but she decided that writing and speaking was her passion. She wrote a series of autobiographies. That was a huge part in her life because in her era African Americans did not write autobiographies, let alone a woman but she wrote 6 of them. Her poems were very famous. They were so famous she even read one at President Bill Clinton s inauguration in Today she does very many lectures and holds many honorary doctorates from American universities. She is now known as Dr. Maya Angelou. She decided to marry a South African man and moved to Cairo. In 1981 she became a professor of American studies at Wake Forest University Winston-Salem in North Carolina. Last, in 2011 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

35 Bessie Coleman Christina Born: Jan 26, 1892 in Waxahachie, Texas Died: 1926 after crashing her plane Era: Freedom without Equality Family: Mom, Dad, 11 siblings, married Claude Glenn in 1918 No children Bessie Coleman was the first African American woman pilot! Education: Went to elementary, middle and high school. Also did one semester of Langston College but couldn t afford the others

36 Bessie Coleman Bessie Coleman inspired many African Americans to become pilots. She became the first African American woman pilot after traveling to France and getting a flying teacher after being turned down by many American flying teachers. She crashed her plane and broke several ribs and her leg, but was still determined to stay in the air. Bessie Coleman was born on January 26, 1892 and had twelve siblings. She lived in a one room cabin and went to an African American school where they often ran out of supplies. Her dad who is part Native American moved to a Native American reservation to try to find a job leaving Bessie s mom to take care of the twelve kids. Bessie loved math and was good at it too. Her family picked cotton for a living so when they would sell the cotton Bessie would make sure that whoever bought it would give them the right amount of money. She graduated middle and high school and went to Langston College for one semester but could not afford the others. Bessie moved to Chicago with two of her brothers and got married to Claude Glenn in Bessie looked for someone to teach her to fly in America but was turned down by everyone because she was African American or because she was a woman. She eventually moved to France and got a teacher. Then Bessie discovered that she loved flying. She did stunts like flips and somersaults and turns. Thousands of people paid to see her fly. She crashed in a show and broke her leg and a few ribs but the second she healed she wanted to fly again. She inspired many to become pilots and wanted to start a flying school. Sadly she crashed after the engine in her plane got jammed and died in 1926 when she was only 34. In memory of her, there was a flying school named after her.

37 Bessie Smith Evelyn Born: 1894 in Chattanooga, TN Died: 1937 Era: Freedom without Equality Family: Parents died when she was young, raised by siblings Education: Not enough money to go to school Achievement: Getting famous for singing the blues Bessie Smith is famous for being a great blues singer.

38 Bessie Smith Bessie Smith was born on April 17, She grew up very poor, with both parents gone at a very young age. Her older sister, Viola, took care of Bessie and her seven siblings after their parents passed away. She grew up in Chattanooga, Tennessee. At age nine, Bessie started singing on the street to make money for her family. She grew up while there was freedom without equality, so it was very hard for her to make a living. Also, her life was during the Great Depression of Later in her life, she got luckier. She worked for many of the best jazz musicians including Louis Armstrong, Charlie Green, James P. Johnson, Jack Teagarden, and Benny Goodman. Her wonderful blues singing earned her the nickname Empress of the Blues. If you listen to her songs you ll see why. Also, her amazing singing inspired artists like Mahalia Jackson and Billie Holiday. She sold almost 100,000 copies of her records per week was a devastating year for Bessie and her family. Bessie died at the age of 43. She was very famous and will be remembered forever as a great blues singer.

39 Paul Robeson Jay Born: April 9, 1898 Princeton New Jersey. Died: January 23, 1976 Had a mother, father, and 3 brothers. Education: High school and masters in acting Spoke out against racism

40 Paul Robeson Paul Robeson was born in Princeton New Jersey on April 9, Paul Robeson was a singer, actor, and athlete. During his childhood Paul was very close to his father after his mother was burned to death while cleaning. Paul s brothers taught him to stand up for his rights and how to play football and rugby. When Paul left to go to high school he got a chance to audition for a play and he got the main role as an African general. After the play the audience gave him a standing ovation. Paul liked acting but did not want to act for a living, so he decided to sing instead. While touring the world he noticed how black people were treated and started to speak after his concerts about why racism was bad and few listened but he still kept speaking out. Paul got sick and the US made him return then forbid him to leave again. When Paul was better he left the US and continued to speak against racism and the US then considered him to be an enemy. Paul still gave concerts in other countries over the phone or TV and thousands of people came to hear him from only one phone! Once he stood on a stage in the US and his audience sat on benches in Canada! Paul died on January twenty third in nineteen seventy six of ill health. In conclusion Paul Robson was a racism hater, singer, actor, and athlete.

41 Mary McLeod Bethune Abbie Born: July 10, 1875 Died: 1955 Era: Civil Rights Family: Parents: Samuel and Patsy McIntosh McLeod Education: Scotia Seminary, in Concord, North Carolina African American Teacher

42 Mary McLeod Bethune African American life was hard after the end of slavery. Many were struggling for freedom, money for their families, shelter, and much more. But there were leaders who worked for equal rights. They struggled against so much. One of those leaders was Mary McLeod Bethune. She started a school for African Americans. Mary was one in fifteen children in her family. She was born on July 10, She died in Mary was born in Maysville, South Carolina. Her parents, Samuel and Patsy McIntosh Bethune, were previously slaves. Mary was the first in her family to go to school, and she enjoyed having the opportunity. Mary McLeod Bethune started her school because many African Americans were not allowed to go to school, and if they could, their families couldn t afford it. Mary thought different though. She believed that every African American should have a chance to go to school. She wanted to help them. Mary s school established in 1904 and she started with five girls and $1.50. Mary was working hard to teach and provide school supplies. At the beginning she used empty cardboard boxes for a desk. Even though Mary s school had become a success, she struggled to get there. The biggest issue she faced was money. Mary talked to many people, mostly wealthy. Some of them were mean; some of them were kind and gave her money for the school. Mary tried everything she could to raise money. She held bake sales, and planned concerts. But even though she had a little, she was able to do a lot. Mary did not waste anything at all. She used all of her resources to make her school a better place. Mary McLeod Bethune was a strong leader. She believed in peace between African American and Caucasian American. Mary became a civil rights leader, while trying to teach at her school. She fought hard so that all African Americans could do the same as everyone else. Mary s goal was the same as every other African Americans: equal rights. As a result of these actions that Mary did, she succeeded in quite a bit. If you re confused, then put yourself in Mary s shoes. She wasn t allowed to go to some places, she fought for equal rights, and at the same time, she was working hard to turn her school into a better place. With very little money, she accomplished a lot. Now do you see how hard it must have been to be Mary? Now put yourself back in her shoes, but instead of looking at the bad side, look at what she accomplished! Look at how our laws have changed so that no matter if you re African American or Caucasian American, you can go to the same places! Mary would be very proud!

43 Charles Drew By: Peter Born: June 3, 1904 Death: April 1, 1950 Era: Freedom without Equality Family: Mom, Dad, 1 brother, 2 sisters Education: Went to Stevens Elementary School, Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, Amherst College, McGill University Charles Drew was a famous doctor. He was the first African American to be a certified doctor.

44 Charles Drew Charles Drew is famous for being a doctor in World War 2 and finding a faster, better, and safer way to donate blood for people who needed it. Also he was the first African American to become a certified doctor. Charles was born on June 3, He grew up in Washington D.C. He went to Stevens Elementary an all-black school. When he left Stevens Elementary he went to Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. Then he graduated and went to Amherst College. At Amherst University he played track, football, and basketball. He was a captain on each team but whenever the team went out for dinner he was not allowed to eat with them because he was black. The team would even bring leftovers to the bus. After three years at Amherst he wanted to become a doctor. After getting turned down by Howard Medical School and Harvard giving him a guaranteed spot, for the next year he didn t know what to do because he didn t want to wait. Then he decided to apply for McGill University. He got accepted. As his time at McGill passed he met John Beattie, a teacher of his. John Beattie encouraged him to do whatever he wanted. After graduating from McGill he decided to work for the American Heart Association. At the American Heart Association he was one of the leaders and he discovered a new faster way to donate blood. When he was at American Heart the president of American Heart said they would not take blood from African Americans. He thought that was unfair so he decided to quit and get a new job. He surprisingly took a job at Howard Medical School the same school that had turned him down as a student. Some obstacles he faced were, when he was young his friends parents didn t allow him to play with them. Howard medical school did not accept him because of his race. Also in college he would get teased because everyone thought he could never become a professional doctor. Charles Drew is a important person in African American history by showing that he too could be a doctor and it wasn t only whites who could accomplish that job. That s why I think Charles Drew was an important African American.

45 Ralph Bunche Annabel Born: August 7, 1904 in Detroit Died: December 9, 1971 Era: Civil Rights Family: Wife Ruth, daughters Joan and Jane, son Ralph Jr. Education: UCLA and Harvard First African American to win the Nobel Peace Prize

46 Ralph Bunche African American Ralph Bunche s life was difficult. His family was poor, and his mother was sick through his childhood. But that didn t stop Ralph. Eventually, Ralph s parents died, and his grandmother took care of him. Ralph went to school, and was always the smartest student, but he wasn t given credit to join the honor society because he was black. Even though he wasn t always given credit for being smart, his good grades got him to UCLA. Later on he went to Harvard University and studied government. Ralph Bunche was extraordinary! After college, Ralph got a job teaching at Howard University. While he was there, he met Ruth Harris, who eventually became his wife. They had three children, Joan, Jane, and Ralph junior. After he taught at Howard, he went back to Harvard and got a Ph.D. in government. Next, he taught in Africa and traveled all over the world. When World War II started, Ralph worked for the U.S. government. After World War II, Ralph and others found the United Nations. One of Ralph s real jobs was to stop the Arab- Israeli War. His partner for this job was Count Bernadotte from Sweden. Eventually the United Nations stopped the fighting. But that wasn t the end of it. Later Bernadotte was killed and fighting start again. It was up to Ralph to talk about peace. Finally, a peace treaty was signed and Ralph was a hero. After he solved this huge conflict, Ralph and his family s pictures were on newspapers and magazines all over. People wanted to meet him and hear him speak. In 1950, Ralph was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for helping end war in the Holy Land. Ralph was also given the Gold Key Award by the National Education Association. After many years of working with the United Nations, he got sick and died. Ralph s life was a life of firsts and he was an American hero.