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1 Slide 1 - Slide 1 The steps illustrated in this demonstration are the third part of a series covering the stress analysis of a thin-walled pressure vessel. Click here to view the list of tutorials in this series. This section covers the creation of elements - the FE mesh. The question, of course, is what type of elements should we use? Shells or Solids? Shells are Page 1 of 99
2 a better choice for this particular model, but we create both types of elements in this session. Log on to the Technical Discussion Forum for a background on this problem, and to access the related IGES and HM files. Steps In This Demonstration Page 2 of 99
3 Slide 2 - Slide 2 Press ENTER to move forward from one slide to the next, or click on the blue button at the bottom right of this window Use the controls at the bottom to pause, rewind or skip forwards If you have any questions, edusupport-student@india.altair.com Page 3 of 99
4 You will need access to HyperWorks 9.0. Some of the functions described in this tutorial are not available in earlier versions. You should also have access to the Student Guides - you may want to refer to them later both for theory and for advanced use of the software. Instructions For Use Page 4 of 99
5 Slide 3 - Slide 3 The surfaces have been organised already, so mesh-generation is really pretty easy. We also see how to create property collectors for the elements and how to update existing elements to refer to a property collector. The images below show what we want to achieve in this session - the shells on the left and the solids on the right. The Problem Statement Page 5 of 99
6 Slide 4 - Slide 4 There are several aspects of this step that you may want to reviiew: what are the pros and cons of using shell elements instead of hexahedral elements? if hexahedral elements are used, what are the pros and cons of hexahedra (bricks) over tetrahedra? how many elements should be used? why was the saddle omitted from the mesh? Page 6 of 99
7 would the element type chosen change if the saddles were included? As with many questions in design, decisions on which route to take usually depend on a variety of things. There's rarely any single right answer. You should review the answers to these questions after solving the problem and looking at the results. Steps In This Session Page 7 of 99
8 Slide 5 - Slide 5 We are resuming from the previous session, where we saved the HM file - the model has 3 component collector, two of which contain the original IGES geometry. The model also has 1 material collector. Page 8 of 99
9 Slide 6 - Slide 6 Shell elements, whether they're quadrilaterals or triangles, need additional "property" data - the thickness. HyperMesh uses a PSHELL property collector to store this data. To create the property collector, right-click in the Model Browser and select Create Page 9 of 99
10 Slide 7 - Slide 7 Select Property Page 10 of 99
11 Slide 8 - Slide 8 Enter the name, then click on the color icon Page 11 of 99
12 Slide 9 - Slide 9 Colors for property and material collectors are useful, as we'll see towards the end of this session. Page 12 of 99
13 Slide 10 - Slide 10 The card image refers to the data associated with this collector Page 13 of 99
14 Slide 11 - Slide 11 Select PSHELL Page 14 of 99
15 Slide 12 - Slide 12 Each finite element refers to a property collector, which in turn refers to a material collector - this is how the way, the property data and material data for each element are defined. Page 15 of 99
16 Slide 13 - Slide 13 Select the material created earlier Page 16 of 99
17 Slide 14 - Slide 14 Click on Create/Edit Page 17 of 99
18 Slide 15 - Slide 15 Click on T to enter the thickness of elements that refer to this property collector Page 18 of 99
19 Slide 16 - Slide 16 Enter the thickness and click on return. Note that your units of length and force must be consistent! Page 19 of 99
20 Slide 17 - Slide 17 Expand the list of Property Collectors in the model Page 20 of 99
21 Slide 18 - Slide 18 To create shell elements, select the 2D menus Page 21 of 99
22 Slide 19 - Slide 19 Click on automesh Page 22 of 99
23 Slide 20 - Slide 20 If the button doesn't show surfs, click here to pull down the list of entities and select surfs. Page 23 of 99
24 Slide 21 - Slide 21 Click on the surfs button to select the surfaces to be meshed Page 24 of 99
25 Slide 22 - Slide 22 Select displayed - this means masked surfaces won't be selected. Neither will surfaces in collectors that are hidden. Page 25 of 99
26 Slide 23 - Slide 23 Click on the field for the element size Page 26 of 99
27 Slide 24 - Slide 24 Enter a value, then click on this button to toggle from elements to current comp... Page 27 of 99
28 Slide 25 - Slide to elems to surf comp. This determines whether the elements that we're going to create will reside in the current collector or the collector in which the surfaces are. Toggle the value back to elements to current comp... Page 28 of 99
29 Slide 26 - Slide 26 Forgetting to set the toggle is a common mistake when using HyperMesh. In this case, of course, the current collector (shown in bold) is the same as the collector in which the surfaces are. Page 29 of 99
30 Slide 27 - Slide 27 Pull down the list of mesh types Page 30 of 99
31 Slide 28 - Slide 28 Select quads - for solid-mechanics, quadrilaterals are a better choice than triangles. Page 31 of 99
32 Slide 29 - Slide 29 Click on mesh Page 32 of 99
33 Slide 30 - Slide 30 The elements look too large - they do a poor job of representing the surfaces. To change the size, click on the field for the elem size... Page 33 of 99
34 Slide 31 - Slide 31 Enter the new value, then click on recalc all Page 34 of 99
35 Slide 32 - Slide 32 Click on mesh Page 35 of 99
36 Slide 33 - Slide 33 This mesh looks a lot better. To accept it, click on return Page 36 of 99
37 Slide 34 - Slide 34 Click on this icon to hide the surfaces in the collector - note that the collector now contains both geometry and elements Page 37 of 99
38 Slide 35 - Slide 35 Select the File menu Page 38 of 99
39 Slide 36 - Slide 36 Select Save As Page 39 of 99
40 Slide 37 - Slide 37 And save the file under a new name. Page 40 of 99
41 Slide 38 - Slide 38 Shell elements are often used as a basis to build hexahedral elements. For the geometry in this model, this is a particularly convenient way to generate solid elements. Note that solid elements do not require the thickness-data to be entered, since the nodes define the volume represented by the element. However, HyperMesh uses a PSOLID property collector for solid elements - not only is this used to link the elements to the material, but it also contains Page 41 of 99
42 some additional options that we'll ignore. See the Online Help for details on these options. Hexahedral Elements Page 42 of 99
43 Slide 39 - Slide 39 To create the property collector, right-click in the Model Browser Page 43 of 99
44 Slide 40 - Slide 40 Select Create Page 44 of 99
45 Slide 41 - Slide 41 Select Property Page 45 of 99
46 Slide 42 - Slide 42 Enter the name, then click on the card image Page 46 of 99
47 Slide 43 - Slide 43 Scroll down Page 47 of 99
48 Slide 44 - Slide 44 Select PSOLID Page 48 of 99
49 Slide 45 - Slide 45 Pull down the list of materials Page 49 of 99
50 Slide 46 - Slide 46 Select the material created earlier Page 50 of 99
51 Slide 47 - Slide 47 Click on Create/Edit Page 51 of 99
52 Slide 48 - Slide 48 Note that there's no additional data required. Click on return Page 52 of 99
53 Slide 49 - Slide 49 Right-click in the Model Browser to create a new component collector, one that refers to this PSOLID property collector Page 53 of 99
54 Slide 50 - Slide 50 Select Create Page 54 of 99
55 Slide 51 - Slide 51 Enter the name and pull down the list of property collectors Page 55 of 99
56 Slide 52 - Slide 52 Select the collector that was just created Page 56 of 99
57 Slide 53 - Slide 53 Click on Create Page 57 of 99
58 Slide 54 - Slide 54 Note that this newly created collector is, by default, made the current collector. HyperMesh shows the current collector both in the Model Browser and on the status bar Page 58 of 99
59 Slide 55 - Slide 55 Also, recall that the shell elements are in the collector named OuterSurfaces, which was created before the PSHELL collector was created. To update the OuterSurfaces component, select the Collectors menu Page 59 of 99
60 Slide 56 - Slide 56 Select Edit Page 60 of 99
61 Slide 57 - Slide 57 Select Components Page 61 of 99
62 Slide 58 - Slide 58 Click on the comps button Page 62 of 99
63 Slide 59 - Slide 59 Select OuterSurfaces Page 63 of 99
64 Slide 60 - Slide 60 Click on select Page 64 of 99
65 Slide 61 - Slide 61 Click on this toggle to change the no property... Page 65 of 99
66 Slide 62 - Slide to property, then click on the field for the property Page 66 of 99
67 Slide 63 - Slide 63 Select the collector that contains the thickness of the shell elements Page 67 of 99
68 Slide 64 - Slide 64 Note that the display now shows the correct material for this component Page 68 of 99
69 Slide 65 - Slide 65 Click on update to update the selected component to refer to this property collector Page 69 of 99
70 Slide 66 - Slide 66 Click on return to close this menu Page 70 of 99
71 Slide 67 - Slide 67 Pull down the list of paint-by options Page 71 of 99
72 Slide 68 - Slide 68 Select by prop to color the elements based on the property collector assigned to them Page 72 of 99
73 Slide 69 - Slide 69 Note that the color is now derived from the property collector. This is a useful way to check your FE model. Page 73 of 99
74 Slide 70 - Slide 70 Pull down the paint by options again Page 74 of 99
75 Slide 71 - Slide 71 Select by Mat Page 75 of 99
76 Slide 72 - Slide 72 The elements are now red, which is the color assigned to the Material Collector named Steel. Pull down the options again. Page 76 of 99
77 Slide 73 - Slide 73 Select by Comp Page 77 of 99
78 Slide 74 - Slide 74 To create solid elements, select the 3D menus Page 78 of 99
79 Slide 75 - Slide 75 Select elem offset to create hexahedral elements by offsetting the existing shell elements Page 79 of 99
80 Slide 76 - Slide 76 Select the solid layers option Page 80 of 99
81 Slide 77 - Slide 77 Click on the elems button to select the elements to offset Page 81 of 99
82 Slide 78 - Slide 78 Click on displayed to select all visible elements Page 82 of 99
83 Slide 79 - Slide 79 Click on the total thickness field to set the distance by which shell elements will be offset. Page 83 of 99
84 Slide 80 - Slide 80 Enter the value and click on offset+ to offset the shells in the direction of their normals. Note that the number of layers has been left at 1 - this determines how many layers of solid elements are created by this operation. Also note that the offset-distance must be in units that are consistent with the other dimensions of the model - meters or millimeters, etc. Page 84 of 99
85 Slide 81 - Slide 81 The graphics window shows the solid elements (red) and the shell elements (orange). Click on return to close this menu Page 85 of 99
86 Slide 82 - Slide 82 Click on this icon to toggle the visibility of elements in this collector Page 86 of 99
87 Slide 83 - Slide 83 Page 87 of 99
88 Slide 84 - Slide 84 Page 88 of 99
89 Slide 85 - Slide 85 Page 89 of 99
90 Slide 86 - Slide 86 Page 90 of 99
91 Slide 87 - Slide 87 Page 91 of 99
92 Slide 88 - Slide 88 Page 92 of 99
93 Slide 89 - Slide 89 Page 93 of 99
94 Slide 90 - Slide 90 The zoomed-in view shows the hexahedral elements. Note that the aspect-ratio of elements (ratio of height to length or width) affects the accuracy of the solution. The closer the shape of a hexahedral element is to a cube, the better. Page 94 of 99
95 Slide 91 - Slide 91 Fit the view Page 95 of 99
96 Slide 92 - Slide 92 Select the File menu Page 96 of 99
97 Slide 93 - Slide 93 Select Save As Page 97 of 99
98 Slide 94 - Slide 94 And save the file under a new name. Page 98 of 99
99 Slide 95 - Slide 95 This ends this section of the "solution". Click here to go to a list of the other steps in this series. End of Section 3 Page 99 of 99
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