MANU EXPEDITIONS BIRDING & WILDLIFE TOURS

Transcription

1 MANU EXPEDITIONS BIRDING & WILDLIFE TOURS A TRIP REPORT FOR A SHIORT BIRDING TRIP TO THE CENTRAL ANDES OF PERU PLUS A DEEP SEA PELAGIC November 18 th Nov 26 th 2017 Leader: Alex Durand

2 The High Andes No other Peru itinerary provides littler known and localized endemics as the Central Peru tour, though the better-known North Peru tour comes a close second. This little-known circuit takes us into the arid canyons of the Atacama Desert, shrubby mountain valleys, high-andean bogs, bleak open puna country, bromeliad-laden cloud-forests, gnarled elfin forests, and seashore habitats. By the end of the trip we came away with an impressive list of 30 True Peruvian endemics, quite a few other that barely reach into adjacent Ecuador or Chile, and a number of more widespread yet hard-to-come-by species. Highlights included great observations of the most sough-after Peruvian endemics Most nights are spent in good hotels though we did rough it at Apalla an unforgettable experience in all respects. Our camp chef Aurelio looked after us well with hearty field breakfasts and lunches. Scenery could not have been better from the great expanses of Lake Junín to the white glaciers of the Andes to our wonderful hotel retreat in the town of Concepcion.

3 SCHEDULE November 18 th : Arrival in Lima and transfer to the hotel November 19 th : Seven hour pelagic and a trip around the Palomino Islands with a brief stop at Arenillas and then to the Lima Hotel. November 20 st : Lima to Lomas de Lachay ( mts) all day birding where we got great views of the two important Peruvian endemics (Thick-billed Miner and Cactus Canastero). Overnight at Santa Eulalia (1050 mts) Department of Lima November 21 nd : Santa Eulalia all day birding with picnic lunch ( m) and overnight at San Mateo (3128 m). Department of Lima November 22 rd : San Mateo to Marcapomacocha (4875 m the pass) and late afternoon travel to Concepcion over Ticlio pass along the Central Highway with brief stops at some Lakes, then to our splendid Hotel in Concepcion (3250 m). Department of Junín. November 23 th : Parihuanca Road. Over Huaytapallana pass at 4597 m. (Huayata is Quechua for Andean Goose) to above Chilifruta for specialties. Birding around Chilifruta m. and above and back to Concepcion for the night. Department of Junín November 24 th : Satipo Road to Apalla/Calabaza. We stopped for breakfast at Comas at 3200 meters then onto Toldopampa (pass 4300 m) and then some fine birding at Puente Carrizales (where we had lunch) and below before continuing to our interesting accommodation at Calabaza/Apalla a community project. Department of Junín. November 25 st: Apalla/Calabaza to Concepcion with a detour on Andamarca road for weskii subspecies of Marcapata Spinetail where we were successful seeing two individuals, and then we birded the m zone on the Satipo road above Calabaza went over the pass and birded at 3700 meters before continuing back to our welcome hotel at Concepcion stopping briefly at Lake Pomacocha at 4350 meters. Department of Junín. Novenber 26th: Concepción Lake Junin (Chinchaycocha) (4100 m). Morning on the lake for Junín Flightless Grebe. Breakfast and Lunch at Cazapatos and after lunch the long drive to Lima Departments of Junín, Pasco and Lima

4 THE BIRDS Species which were heard but not seen are indicated by the symbol * RED IUCN RED LIST CATEGORY SACC = South American checklist Committee E = Peruvian Endemic NOTE FROM SACC: With passage of proposal 723, the linear sequence of orders in this classification now greatly differs from the traditional sequence with which most users are familiar, particularly the sequence between the traditional beginning (ratites) and the end (passerines). Multiple independent data sets indicate that the traditional division between waterbirds and landbirds has little phylogenetic basis, with some of the nonpasserine landbird orders more closely related to waterbird orders than to other landbird orders, and vice versa. To perpetuate the traditional sequence misleads ornithologists into thinking that waterbird s, for example, form a monophyletic group. So, we might as well get used to it now! TINAMIDAE Andean Tinamou Nothoprocta pentlandii Seen at santa eulalia velly a pair RR Ornate Tinamou Nothoprocta ornate 2 individuals seen at mirador in Junin VULNERABLE ANATIDAE Andean (Ruddy) Duck - Oxyura (jamiacensis) ferruginea A most handsome stifftail, seen at several high Andean lakes (nominate). The SACC says Andean populations of Ruddy Duck (O. jamaicensis) have often (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1948a, Siegfried 1976, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, AOU 1998, Ridgely et al. 2001, Jaramillo 2003) been treated as a separate species, O. ferruginea ("Andean Duck" or "Andean Ruddy- Duck"). However, see Adams and Slavid (1984), Fjeldså (1986), and McCracken & Sorenson (2005) for rationale for treating them as conspecific, as done previously (e.g., Blake 1977, Johnsgard 1979), and then followed by Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) and Carboneras (1992f). Siegfried (1976) and Livezey (1995) considered ferruginea to be more closely related to O. vittata than to O. jamaicensis, but McCracken & Sorenson (2005) showed that this is incorrect. Go and chew that one over! In short it is split from O. jamaicensis (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001; Jaramillo 2003); H&M recognize this SACC does not and so presumably Clements will not. Andean Goose - Oressochen melanoptera Another very common seen of high andes Marcapoma cochas and junin lake. (mtdna only; Bulgarella et al. 2014) suggest that Neochen jubata (Orinoco Goose) is the sister species to

5 Chloephaga melanoptera (Andean Goose, and thus is likely embedded in Chloephaga as currently circumscribed. SACC proposal passed to treat Chloephaga melanoptera and Neochen jubata as congeners; Oressochen Bannister 1870 becomes the name for these two when treated in a separate genus. Torrent Duck - Merganetta armata 3 individuals seen at Santa Eulalia Valley displaying two mals and one female fantastic views. How on earth does this species cope acoustically by living in such torrential waters? Merganetta: Gr. Mergus= a merganser, and netta=a duck. armata: L. armed, armoured, in reference to the carpal spurs in Torrent Ducks. Torrent Ducks Alex Durand Crested Duck - Lophonetta specularioides Very common of high andes - race alticola, on several occasions. The SACC says Lophonetta specularioides is often (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1948a, Johnsgard 1979) placed in Anas, but see Johnson & Sorenson (1999) for return to monotypic Lophonetta, as in Meyer de Schauensee (1970) and Blake (1977). Yellow-billed Teal - Anas flavirostris Some seen at Santa Eulalia and very common at junin lake. This is now a split form Andean Teal Anas andium (Ridgely et al 2001, Hilty 2003, and SACC). Birds we saw belong to the altiplano form oxyptera, differing from nominate flavirostris of southern South America in size and coloration. The two might best be considered species. Jaramillo (2003) suggested that the subspecies oxyptera may also deserve recognition as a separate species from A.

6 flavirostris. The SACC suggest a change of the English name to Yellow-billed Teal and this has been followed by the IOC Yellow-billed Pintail - Anas georgica Fairly common in the highlands, seen at Junín lake Blue wingef teal Anas discors. One seen at junin Lake very good views. Puna Teal - Anas puna Common at junin or chinchaycocha lake CRACIDAE Andean Guan Penelope montagnii 3 individuals seen at Apalla Calabaza. Penelope is the name of the wife of Ulysses, King of Ithaca, but why this name was bestowed on this genus of Neotropical guans is unknown. PHOENICOPTERIDAE Chilean Flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis This Flamingos is the most common we saw more the 800 at Junín lake (Chinchaycocha is the correct Inca name for this lake), apparently the northernmost breeding locality of this species. A few more at Laguna Paraiso. PODICIPEDIDAE White-tufted Grebe Rollandia 6olland Seen 4 individuals at Junin lake. Named for Master Gunner Rolland of the French Corvette L Uranie which circumnavigated the globe Silvery Grebe Podiceps occipitalis Good looks at Santa Eulalia high parte some small lake and also seen many more at Junín and few other localities, providing good comparison with the next species. The subspecies here is the northern and high-elevation juninensis, which in plumage is closer to Junín Grebe than to the southern, nominate race. Two species are probably involved and the SACC says Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) and Jaramillo (2003) suggested that the northern Andean subspecies, juninensis, might merit recognition as a separate species from Podiceps occipitalis. E Junín Grebe Podiceps taczanowskii 6 individuals seen at Junin Lake some displaying very good looks and at 10 meters. The species is named after Wladyslaw Taczanowski, a 19 th century Polish Ornithologist who wrote Ornithologie du Pérou (he has several species and subspecies named after him). Junín Grebe is confined to Lake Junín in the highlands of Junín, west-central Peru. It was extremely

7 abundant in 1938, and the population was probably well over 1,000 birds in In the early and mid-1980s there were c.250 birds, but only 100 were counted in 1992, falling to around 50 in New extrapolations in early 1995, using a different methodology, estimated 205 individuals. The and breeding seasons were unsuccessful, but two broods apparently fledged in In August 1998, over 250 Podiceps sp. Were found in 4 km of the lake (suggesting a total of birds) and all those identified (over 20) were P. taczanowskii. Counts in late 2001 suggested a total population of c.300 birds, though this extrapolation from line transects may be overly optimistic, especially as counts in 2001 suggested a population of less than 100. Even if correct, this estimate is of total individuals following a good breeding season, and the number of mature individuals is likely to be far smaller, perhaps half as many. At present, the current global population is best estimated at between 100 and 300 individuals. You need a boat to see this bird. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Junin Grebe Alex Durand COLUMBIDAE Spot-winged Pigeon - Patagioenas maculosa Very good views at Santa Eulalia

8 Band-tailed Pigeon - Patagioenas fasciata Seen most common bird of andes small forest, ranging from British Columbia (Canada) down into northern Argentina, though the southern races crissalis, roraimae and albilinea (= the one we saw) are sometimes regarded as a separate species, White-necked Pigeon C. albilinea. Also note that recent research has shown that the genus Columba is paraphyletic, with New World taxa being more closely related to Streptopelia than to Old World Columba pigeons. This is consistent with differences between New World and Old-World Columba in terms of morphology, serology and behavior. The suggestion was made to place all New World forms in the genus Patagioenas, and the AOU recently adopted this change. Eared Dove - Zenaida auriculata A frequently seen open country species recorded almost daily. Here the race hypoleuca, with white tail tips. West Peruvian Dove - Zenaida meloda Common along the coast. A species of arid areas ranging from western Ecuador into northern Chile. The melancholic song is very different from that of the White-winged Dove Z. asiatica, from which it has been split. White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi Seen at Santa Eulalia. Named for the impressive sounding John Baptiste Edouard Verreaux ( ) French Natural History dealer and collector. Bare-faced Ground-Dove - Metriopelia ceciliae Very good views at Santa Eulalia below the bridge (where we had breakfast). Named for Cecile Gautrau daughter of French naturalist Rene Lesson Black Winged Ground Dove Metriopelia melanoptera. Seen at Santa Eulalia and also in Junin lake CAPRIMULGIDAE Band-winged Nightjar Systellura longirostris. One seen around Comas roosting on roadside very good views APODIDAE Andean Swift - Aeronautes andecolus Great views at Santa Eulalia Valley White collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris. Common with one big flock seen

9 TROCHILIDAE With some 330 currently recognized species, these amazing birds form one of the largest avian families in the New World, surpassed only by the Tyrant-flycatchers (Tyrannidae), the latter comprising over 370 species. Amazing little creatures, hummingbirds have a resting heart rate of 1000 beats per minute (compare this to the average human rate of around beats per minute!). This carries tremendous amounts of oxygen and energy to the relatively massive breast muscles. In addition, birds have to have a huge lung capacity in order to keep up with the large amounts of oxygen needed. Their respiratory system is so highly developed that they can actually breathe in and out at the same time. Amethyst-throated Sunangel - Heliangelus amethysticollis One seen around the Carrizales. Here the race decolor, with a deep violet throat. Speckled Hummingbird - Adelomyia melanogenys A few seen around Calabaza feeding on flowers Long-tailed Sylph - Aglaiocercus kingi Seen along the Carrizales also around Apalla/Calabaza, here of the southern race smaragdinus. Named after Rear Admiral Philip Parker King ( ), British marine surveyor, collector and traveler in the American tropics. He subsequently commanded the survey vessel HMS Adventure, and in company with HMS Beagle, spent five years surveying the complex convoluted coasts around the Strait of Magellan ( ) at the southern tip of South America. At the same time, King put together a unique collection of Patagonian objects from local tribes living in Tierra del Fuego, which was later donated to the British Museum in London. In addition to written records, King also lent his hand to drawing and watercolour painting for illustrations, some of which were later used to illustrate his accounts. The result was presented at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society in His eldest son, also named Philip Gidley King, [7] accompanied his father and continued as a midshipman in HMS Beagle ( ) on the continuing survey of Patagonia under Robert FitzRoy, in the company of noted scientist Charles Darwin ( ). King owned a property at Dunheved in the western suburbs of Sydney where he entertained Charles Darwin on Darwin's last night in Sydney in January E Bronze-tailed Comet - Polyonymus caroli Great views at Santa Eulalia. A localized endemic. E Black-breasted Hillstar - Oreotrochilus melanogaster One seen at Marcapomacochas Black-tailed Trainbearer - Lesbia victoriae One Seen road to Pariahuaca. From the Greek Lesbias A woman of Lesbos

10 Green-tailed Trainbearer Lesbia nuna First seen at Hotel Loma Verde in eucaliptus trees. nuna: Nouna-Koali, a graceful Indian virgin in Jean F. Denis s novel (1829) Ismaël Ben Kaïzar ou la découverture du Nouveau Monde. RR Olivaceous Thornbill - Chalcostigma olivaceum Very good views of one individual at Marcapomacocha Olivaceous Thornbill Alex Durand Blue-mantled Thornbill Chalcostigma stanleyi. A pair seen at upper Carrizales in little purple Flowers E Fire-throated Metaltail Metallura eupogon Seen fews at Carrizales. Greek Eu = Good. Pogon = Beard. This is about the best place in the world to see this species E Black Metaltail Metallura phoebe One at Santa Eulalia in Polilepys Forest very good views. Phoebe was an alternate name for the goddess Diana. In Roman mythology, Diana (lt. heavenly or divine ) was the goddess of the hunt and moon and birthing, being associated with wild animals and woodland, and having the power to talk to and control animals.

11 Tyrian Metaltail Metallura tyrianthina Fairly common of andes in comas and Carrizales. Named after the color Tyrian purple; variously known as Royal purple, Tyrian purple, purple of the ancients, this ancient dyestuff, mentioned in texts dating about 1600 BC, was produced from the mucus of the hypobranchial gland of various species of marine mollusks, notably Murex. Although originating in old port of Tyre in modern day Syria (hence the name), man s first large scale chemical industry spread throughout the world. With the decline of the Roman Empire, the use of the dye also declined and large-scale production ceased with the fall of Constantinople in It was replaced by other cheaper dyes like lichen purple and madder. Shining Sunbeam Aglaeactis cupripennis Common around the Comas at eucalyptus trees and also around Pariahuanca Sapphire vented puffleg Eriocnemis luciani sapphiropygia 1 individul seen at Carrizales Collared Inca Coeligena torquata Seen 1 around Carrizales here the white-breasted form. The orange-breasted form farther south Gould s Inca Coeligena inca is considered conspecific with Collared Inca C. torquata (SACC 2004) Giant Hummingbird Alex Durand

12 Violet-throated Starfrontlet Coeligena violifer Seen on two occations 1 below Comas where stops for breakfast and also at Calabaza. Mountain Velvetbreast Lafresnaya lafresnayi Seen on Pariahuanca road and on our way to Apalla/Calabaza Giant Hummingbird Patagona gigas This big hummingbird seen at Santa Eulalia Valley and many more around Comas Purple-collared Woodstar - Myrtis fanny Great views seen at Lomas de Lachay and also in Santa Eulalia Valley very good looks. Peruvian Sheartail Thaumastura cora A female at Santa Eulaia which I think I called Short-tailed Woodstar by error Oasis Hummingbird Rhodopis vesper Fairly common at Lomas de Lachay wher we had great looks RALLIDAE Plumbeous Rail - Pardirallus sanguinolentus One seen at Junin Lake Very good Views Common Gallinule -Gallinula galeatus We saw the large race garmani in the highlands, here of the smaller race pauxilla. Note that this species is a recent split from Common Moorhen of the old world (Gallinula chlorops) on the basis of morphological, genetic, and vocal differences (Groenenberg et al 2008) Andean (Slate-colored) Coot Fulica ardesiaca Common at Pomacocha Lake and Lake Junín. Giant Coot - Fulica gigantean A pair see up to high andes in Santa Eulalia and alsoticlio pass another lakes CHARADRIIDAE Andean Lapwing -Vanellus resplendens Most common Bird of the high Andes at Marcapomacocha and Junin. Diademed Sandpiper-Plover - Phegornis mitchellii Wonderful views of 2 individuals at Marcapomacocha HAEMATOPODIDAE Blackish Oystercatcher- Haematopus ater

13 One of this stunning bid on the Palomino Islands Diademed Sandpiper Plover Alex Durand SANDPIPERS AND SNIPES Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica 3 seen at Junin lake on our boat trip - great views Ruddy Turnstone - Arenaria interpres Around 10 on the quay at callao dock Surfbird -Aphriza virgata Around 6 on the quay at callao dock Greater Yellowlegs -Tringa melanoleuca Seen at Junin lake in our boat trip Lesser Yellowlegs tringa flavipes Seen at Junin lake fairly common Solitary Sanpiper Tringa solitaria Seen at Junin lake on our boat trip

14 Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres One Seen at Junin lake inour boat trip Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos. Seen a pair at Junin lake Hudsonian Godwit Alex Durand Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla. Seen 10 individuals at Junin lake in our boat trip great views Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus. Seen 3 individuals - fantastic views at Junin lake. Wilson s phararope phalaropes tricolor. Fairly common at Junin lake seen a 100+ White Rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis. A few at junin lake with togethers with Sanderling, Stilt Sandpiper, Least Sandpiper and others Baird s Sandpiper - Calidris bairdii 8 seen on Lake Junín on our boat trip Sanderling Calidris alba Fairly common seen at Junin lake on our boat trip

15 Stilt Sandpiper Alex Durand THINOCORIDAE Gray-breasted Seedsnipe - Thinocorus orbignyianus Great views at Marcapomacocha Least Seedsnipe - Thinocorus rumicivorus 3 individuals seen at Lomas de Lachay one male and two females - great looks Least Seednipe Alex Durand

16 STERCORARIIDAE Pomerine Skua - Stercorarius pomarinus 6+ on the pelagic LARIDAE Belcher s Gull Larus belcherii Common inshore on the pelagic. Admiral Sir Edward Belcher, KCB (27 February March 1877), was a British naval officer, hydrographer, and explorer. [1] Born in Nova Scotia, he was the great-grandson of Governor Jonathan Belcher. He was briefly married ( ) to Diana Jolliffe, stepdaughter of Captain Peter Heywood, that marriage ending upon her application for legal separation for his having infected her with venereal disease Gray Gull- Larus modestus Around 10 seen in Callao dock. The Gray Gull is one of the most common species on the Pacific Coast influenced by the Humboldt Current. For years it was a mystery as to where this species bred. They were seen copulating on the coast, vocalizing and displaying, but no nests were found. Given the many thousands present on shore it was a paradox that no colonies had been discovered. It was not until the early 1970s that it was confirmed that this gull breeds deep in the absolute desert of northern Chile. Kelp Gull - Larus dominicanus A few seen on our way to Lomas the Lachay and on the pelagic, quite common along the Pacific coast. For those of you visiting southern Africa - note that the subspecies found along the coast there has now been proposed to be a different species, the Cape Gull L. vetula. Gray-headed Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus One at Arenillas Andean Gull - Chroicocephalus serranus Very common at higher elevations. Called Kellwa in native Quechua. Franklin s Gull - Leucophaeus pipixcan Thousands. One has no idea how abundant the Franklin s Gull is until one visits the Pacific Coast of South America during the migration of this species. During mid to late November along the coast of Chile and Peru this species is constantly in view, moving south in small to large flocks, thousands upon thousands of them. Then during the middle of Boreal winter, major wintering concentrations in estuaries of Chile reach are in the thousands Sabine s Gull Xema sabini 20+ on the pelagic. During the non-breeding season, it becomes entirely pelagic, seldom being seen from shore. In addition, it is a long-distance migrant one of only two species of gulls in the New World that winters in the opposite hemisphere. Due to its pelagic winter

17 habits, its specific wintering distribution is almost entirely unknown. In South America, most are found offshore from Peru to central Chile; although some may winter farther south than this. RR Swallow-tailed Gull Creagrus furcatus 2 on the pelagic. The Swallow-tailed Gull is one of the most distinctive and aberrant species in its family. Though superficially similar in appearance to other species, certain aspects of its biology are quite distinctive. It breeds mainly on the Galapagos Islands and one island off Colombia and when not breeding travels along the off-shore waters of South America s Pacific coast from central Colombia to central Chile. It breeds asynchronously all year long in many different colonies located on steep slopes or broken cliffs. While breeding, both parents remain at the nest during the day, alternating brooding duties. At night, the nonbrooding parent will take to sea and forage the entire night for squid. This is the most nocturnal gull and its large eyes are specifically adapted for this strategy. Sandwich Tern -Thalasseus sandvicensis 4 seeen on the pelagic. Named after the rown od Sanwich in Kent, England. Thalasseus eurygnathus ("Cayenne Tern") is here considered conspecific with sandvicensis following most recent treatments (e.g., Blake 1977); it is often considered a separate species. Populations of eurygnathus breeding in southern South America may deserve separate taxonomic treatment from Caribbean populations (Voous 1968, Escalante 1973). Efe et al. (2009) found some evidence that New World populations (T. s. acuflavidus and T. s. eurygnathus) might be more closely related to T. elegans than to Old World (nominate) T. s. sandvicensis, but this was based on small sample sizes and limited geographic sampling, and was treated as inadequate evidence by Chesser et al. (2013). Elegant tern Thalasseus elegans Very common inshore on the pelagic. Historically, at least a dozen breeding colonies existed, but commercial egging and the introduction of mammalian predators appear to have eliminated most of them. Only 5 nesting colonies remain, and 90-97% of the world's Elegant Tern population breeds on Isla Rasa, Mexico. Such limited distribution makes the species highly vulnerable South American Tern Sterna hirundinacea One in summer plumage on the pelagic Arctic Tern - Sterna paradisaea 2 on the pelagic RR Inca Tern - Larosterna inca Common at sea and in harbour

18 SPHENISCIDAE Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti Around 30 seen mostly on the Plaomino Islands VULNERABLE Humboldt Penguin Dave Krueper PROCELLARIIDAE White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis 15+ on the pelagic Procellaria comes from two Latin words, procella "storm" and arius "pertaining to", with reference to the birds' association with stormy weather. VULNERABLE Pink-footed Shearwater Ardenna creatopus 6 on the pelagic VULNERABLE Sooty Shearwater Ardenna grisea Perhaps 400+ on the pelagic RR Peruvian Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides garnotii Around 25 seen well Peruvian Diving-Petrel is endemic to the Peruvian and Chilean coasts of South America; throughout most of its range it is the only diving-petrel, but in Chile it narrowly overlaps with Magellanic Diving-Petrel (Pelecanoides magellani). Unlike most shearwaters and petrels, which are very aerial and spend much of their time in flight, divingpetrels seem to fly rarely, and then only very low over the water. Diving-Petrels instead

19 spend most of their time swimming on the surface, diving below the water - to as deep as 50 m - to capture prey, such as small fish and crustaceans. Peruvian Diving-Petrel breeds colonially on offshore islands with, currently, over 80% of its population breeding on San Gallán Island near Paracas off the south Peruvian coast. Peruvian Diving-Petrel formerly was abundant, but its numbers have declined drastically, and it now is considered to be Endangered. ENDANGERED HYDROBATIDAE Wilson's Storm-Petrel Oceanites oceanicus One or two amingast the Elliots. Wilson s Storm-Petrel is commonly regarded as one of the most abundant seabirds, if not one of the most abundant birds in the world, with a population reaching several million pairs. Elliot's Storm-Petrel Oceanites gracilis The commonest small Petrel 100 s. Elliot's Storm-Petrel is a poorly known seabird of the Humboldt Current off Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. The only confirmed breeding site (O. g. gracilis) is Chungungo Island off Chile. Presumably this subspecies breeds elsewhere off Chile or perhaps Peru, while O. g. galapagoensis likely breeds on the Galapagos, although no nests have been found Elliot s and Black Storm Petrel - David Fisher Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma tethys At least 4 of this bigger Storm Petrel on the pelagic Black Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma melania Only one but seen very well

20 SULIDAE Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii Around 10 on the pelagic Peruvian Booby Sula variegata Thousands! PHALACROCORACIDAE RR Red-legged Cormorant Phalacrocorax gaimardi Around 20 of this pretty cormorant Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus Common RR Guanay Cormorant Phalacrocorax bougainvillii Incredible only around 20 I normally see 20,000 on a pelagic water warming up for sure! PELECANIDAE Peruvian Pelican Pelecanus thagus Common inshore ARDEIDAE Snowy Egret - Egretta thula Seen on the way to Lomas de Lachay and at Junin Lake Thula is an Araucano (Chilean) Indian name for the Black-necked Swan, erroneously given to the Snowy Egret! Great Egret - Ardea alba Seen some at junin lake. Formerly placed in either Egretta or the monotypic genus Casmerodius. Called Western Great Egret after the split of Ardea modesta (Eastern Great Egret) from A. alba (Sheldon 1987, Collar 2007, Christidis & Boles 2008). Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis Seen on our way to Lomas the Lachay. It only colonized the Americas from the Old World in the 20th century, one of the most striking examples of avian range expansions in historic times. Largely a terrestrial feeder, reports of stomach contents have shown that grasshoppers are their main prey item. Cocoi Heron Ardea cocoa One seen at Junin Lake Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax One at Junin Lake on our boat trip and few at Callao dock

21 THRESKIORNITHIDAE Puna Ibis - Plegadis ridgwayi Large numbers at high elevations including some great close-ups. Also on the coast this species has only become a regular visitor to the coast in the last 20 years. Andean Ibis Theristictus branickii Seen 2 in flight around the Chilifrutas Pariahuanca road. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered branickii as separate species (Andean Ibis) from melanopis (Black-faced Ibis); anecdotal observations (Vizcarra 2009) suggest that the two taxa segregate where they occur sympatrically during nonbreeding season. Del Hoyo & Collar (2014) treated branickii as a separate species CATHARTIDAE Black Vulture - Coragyps atratus Seen around Lima, Lomas de Lachay and also in Santa Eulalia Valley. After the opinions of a few 19th century taxonomists were long ignored, recent genetic studies have indicated that New World vultures are modified storks and don t belong with the raptors; an excellent example of convergent evolution. Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Also seen around the lomas de Lachay, Lima and Santa Eulalia Valley. Birds here belong to resident forms, and what is currently known as the wide-ranging Turkey Vulture may consist of more than one biological species. Jaramillo (2003) suggested that the resident tropical subspecies ruficollis and the southern subspecies group (jota and "falklandica") might merit recognition as separate species from the northern Cathartes aura group. Andean Condor - Vultur gryphus Two consecutive days seen at Santa Eulalia first 7 and second day 5 near Ticlio or Marcapomacocha great looks. Marvellous! ACCIPITRIDAE Harris Hawk - Parabuteo unicinctus. 5 seen at Lomas de Lachay and also in Santa Eulalia Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle - Geranoaetus melanoleucus Seen at Santa Eulalia and Marcapomacocha. Variable Hawk - Geranoaetus polyosoma The commonest raptor of the trip. Buteo polyosoma includes B. poecilochrous, (Puna Hawk) currently recognized by some but which SACC treats as conspecific. The form seen in the

22 inter-montane valleys and Lomas de Lachay was polyosoma and the big broad winged birds in the High Andes were poecilochrous, (Puna Hawk). STRIGIDAE Peruvian Pygmy-owl - Glaucidium peruanum 2 seen in the Santa Eulalia Valley great looks Yungas Pygmy-owl - Glaucidium bolivianum Great view of one seen at Apalla/Calabaza upper road to pocacocha Burrowing Owl - Athene cunicularia Fairly common seen at Lomas de Lachay and another one at Junín Lake RAMPHASTIDAE Grey-breasted Mountain-Toucan - Andigena hypoglauca Great looks around apalla / Calabaza. PICIDAE Crimson-mantled Woodpecker - Piculus rivolli* Heard around Calabaza. Named for another Frenchman Francois Victor Massena Prince d Essling and Duc de Rivoli ornithologist and collector E Black-necked Woodpecker - Colaptes atricollis One seen at Santa Eulalia Valley great look Andean Flicker - Colaptes rupicola Very common of high andes seen many. FALCONIDAE Mountain Caracara - Phalcoboenus megalopterus Another most common raptor of the andes we seen several times American Kestrel - Falco sparverius Seen very common coastal high andes and also cloud forest Apalla Calabaza, which likely has benefited from centuries of habitat destruction in the Peruvian Andes. Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis Great views at Lomas the Lachay and Santa Eulalia Valley Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus Seen one at Lomas de Lachay in flight

23 PSITTACIDAE Mountain Parakeet Psilopsiagon aurifrons Briefly seen at Santa Eulalia Valley Scaly-naped Parrot - Amazona mercenarius We seen at Calabaza in flight - small flocks GRALLARIIDAE Undulated Antpitta - Grallaria squamigera* Only heard at Pariahuaca Stripe-headed Antpitta - Grallaria andicola andicola 2 seen around toldo pampa village very good looks. The southern race punensis may deserve species rank E Bay Antpitta - Grallaria capitalis* Heard at apalla / Calabaza several times Stripe-headed Antpitta Alex Durand E Rufous (North Pruvian) Antpitta - Grallaria rufula obscura Great views of one above Chilifrutas on the Parihuanca road. The endemic race obscura. The Rufous Antpitta complex will fall apart into a number of species. A possible English name for G. obscura could be North Peruvian Antpitta.

24 - Grallaria rufula posible splits Rufous Antpitta (Sierra Nevada) - Grallaria rufula spatiator Rufous Antpitta (Perija) - Grallaria rufula saltuensis Rufous Antpitta (Rufous) - Grallaria rufula rufula Rufous Antpitta (Cajamarca) - Grallaria rufula cajamarcae Rufous Antpitta (North Peruvian) - Grallaria rufula obscura Rufous Antpitta (South Peruvian) - Grallaria rufula occabambae Rufous Antpitta (Bolivian) - Grallaria rufula cochabambae Rusty-breasted Antpitta - Grallaricula ferrugineipectus* Only heard at Apalla / Calabaza RHINOCRYPTIDAE E Millpo Tapaculo - Scytalopus sp. nov. A pair seen near the Toldopampa village great looks in open areas. This Tapaculo has been known for over 25 years and was collected near Millpo in Pasco department. It is mentioned in Birds of the High Andeans by Fjeldså and Krabbe which published in Milpo Tapaculo Alex Durand E Junin Tapaculo - Scytalopus gettyae One seen around Calabaza good looks. Only described in June The new species is named gettyae after Caroline Marie Getty in honor of her long-term dedication to nature

25 preservation. She has devoted significant time and effort to conservation, serving on boards for numerous organizations, including the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF). E Tschudi s Tapaculo - Scytalopus acutirostris One seen around Chilifruta very good looks FURNARIIDAE Common Miner - Geositta cunicularia About 4 birds were seen by the Junin Lake in Junín department. Race juninensis E Grayish Miner - Geositta maritima Good views at Lomas de Lachay not always easy to see E Coastal Miner - Geositta peruviana One of this Peruvian endemic at Lomas de Lachay. The genus name literally means nuthatch of the earth. E Dark-winged Miner - Geositta saxicolina Great views of 4 individuals seen at Junin Slender-billed Miner - Geositta tenuirostris 2 individuals seen at the pass Huancayo to Carrizales Slender-billed Miner - Alex Durand

26 Olive-backed Woodcreeper - Xiphorhynchus triangularis 2 individuals seen around Carrizales Montane Woodcreeper - Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger 2 seen at Apalla / Calabaza in mixed flock s great views E Striated Earthcreeper - Geocerthia serrana We saw 3 individuals near Comas by the roadside very good looks Plain-breasted Earthcreeper Upucerthia jelskii One seen at santa Eulalia upper the polilepys forest fantastic Views. Cream-winged Cinclodes - Cinclodes albiventris The most frequently encountered member of this genus, here of the races longipennis and rivularis, both having whitish wing bars (but still not as contrasting as the wing bars on the next species). This is split from Cinclodes fuscus Bar-winged Cinclodes which now does not exist and is split as follows Buff-winged Cinclodes C. fuscus, Cream-winged Cinclodes C. albiventris & Chestnut-winged Cinclodes C. albidiventris. (Sanin et al 2009, SACC) E White-bellied Cinclodes - Cinclodes palliatus Amazing view of two individuals at Marcapomacocha CRITICALLY ENDENGERED White-bellied Cinclodes Alex Durand

27 White Winged Cinclodes Cinclodes atacamensis. A pair seen near the Toldopampa village in small river very good views. E Rusty-crowned Tit-Spinetail - Leptasthenura pileata 3 individuals seen at Santa Eulalia in polilypes forest great looks RR Streaked Tit-spinetail - Leptasthenura striata Good views at Santa Eulalia Valley E Streak-fronted (Mantaro) Thornbird - Phacellodomus (sp.nov) striaticeps We descended a bit to see this and finally saw a pair of this soon to be described taxon. Seen bellow Chilifruta near Pariahuanca in the Mantaro drainage. E Eye-ringed Thistletail - Asthenes palpebralis Seen one fantastic view at Puente Carrizales and also heard more. A Peruvian endemic with just a small range in Junín department. Southward it is replaced by Vilcabamba Thistletail S. vilcabambae. Streak-throated Canastero - Asthenes humilis This unusually grayish Canastero of bleak high Andean country was seen on several occasions. E Creamy-crested Spinetail - Cranioleuca albicapilla Fantastic response to playback, we couldn t have had any better views of this lovely endemic, here of the nominate race above Chilifruta. Unlike Synallaxis spinetails, members of this genus are typically arboreal, often favoring vine tangles in mid-storey and subcanopy. E Marcapata Spinetail - Cranioleuca marcapatae weskeii Fantastic views of on individual beyond Apalla/Calabaza on the Andamarca road where we did a detour just to look for this species and we were lucky to find a mixed species flock with a pair of this species, that responded really well to the tape. Dan Lane pointed out that these birds were practically identical to weskei race of Marcapata Spinetail in Cusco and Barry Walker has seen intermediates in the southern Vilcabamba Mountains. More analysis needed here. VULNERABLE E Cactus Canastero - Pseudosthenes cactorum 2 individuals seen at Lomas de Lachay. Another great Peruvian endemic Azara s (Mantaro) Spinetail - Synallaxis azarae* Heard aroud Chilefruta. This form here has a distinct voice and should be a new species Rufous Spinetail - Synallaxis unirufa Seen great views at apalla / Calabaza of one in Bamboo forest.

28 TYRANNIDAE Sierran Elaenia - Elaenia pallatangae Some seen around the Chilefruta Marcapata Spinetail Alex Durand Highland Elaenia Elaenia obscura. one seen road to Pariahuaca very good views White-throated Tyrannulet - Mecocerculus leucophrys A fews seen around Chilifruta White-banded Tyrannulet - Mecocerculus stictopterus Fairly common in mixed flocks in Apalla/ Calabaza RR Pied-crested Tit-Tyrant - Anairetes reguloides Very good views at Santa Eulalia Valley Yellow-billed Tit-Tyrant - Anairetes flavirostris Seen at Santa Eulalia very good looks Tufted Tit-Tyrant - Anairetes parulus A pair seen right at the breakfast spot above Chilifruta Pariahuanca road.

29 E Unstreaked Tit-Tyrant - Uromyias agraphia We saw 3 individuals at Apalla/ Calabaza roat to Andamarca Many-colored Rush-Tyrant - Tachuris rubrigastra 2 seen at Junín lake good views, apparently the northernmost high Andean breeding locality. Cinnamon Flycatcher - Pyrrhomyias cinnamomea One seen at Apalla / Calabaza. Black Phoebe - Sayornis nigricans One seen at Santa Eulalia Valley, more than one species possibly being involved. Vermilion Flycatcher - Pyrocephalus rubinus Seen at Lomas de Lachay and at Santa Eulalia Valley Andean Negrito - Lessonia oreas Numerous around Junín lake. Taczanowski s Ground-Tyrant - Muscisaxicola grisea Seen at Marcapomacocha White-fronted Ground-Tyrant - Muscisaxicola albifrons 7 seen really well at Marcapomacocha. Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant - Agriornis montana Seen at road to Pariahuanca at high elevations and also seen more before Carrizales Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant Myiotheretes striaticollis Two seen at Santa Eulalia Valley Smoky Bush-Tyrant - Myiotheretes fumigatus Great views at Calabaza. Rufous-bellied Bush Tyrant Myiotheretes fuscorufus. A pair seen below the Carrizales in a mixed flock. Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca rufipectoralis Common around Pariahuanca road and also Carrizale and Apalla / Calabasa. D Orbigny s Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca oenanthoides: One seen at Santa Eulalia Valley. Alcide d Orbigny was a 19th century French naturalist and collector who spent over half a decade in South America. In addition to birds he assembled

30 specimens of many life forms, as well as a large collection of fossils. The latter led him to determine that there were many geological layers, revealing that they must have been laid down over millions of years. This was the first time such an idea had ever been suggested. White-browed Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca leucophrys 2 seen at Santa Eulalia and also seen upper Carrizales. Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus A few seen at Santa Eulalia COTINGIDAE Barred Fruiteater - Pipreola arcuate* Heard at Apalla or Calabaza andamarca road Red Crested Cotinga Ampelion rubrocristata. Very common bird of the andes road to Pariahuanca and Carrizales. HIRUNDINIDAE Blue-and-white Swallow - Pygochelidod cyanoleuca Most common Swallow at Lomas th Lachay and Apalla / Carrizales. Brown-bellied Swallow - Orchelidon murina Many good looks at this high elevation swallow (nominate). Andean Swallow - Orchelidon andecola Good views at Marcapomacocha. Birds here belong to the race oroyae, named after the mining town of La Oroya. TROGLODYTIDAE House Wren - Troglodytes aedon Numerous and widespread. Here found up to much higher elevations than in e.g. Ecuador. Mountain Wren - Troglodytes solstitialis Seen one around the Calabaza good views. E Peruvian Wren - Cinnycerthia peruana A pair seen at Calabaza with mixed flock and observed great looks. One Male and female. E Mantaro Wren Pheugopedius sp. Nov Superb views above Chilifruta, of this vociferous Pheugopedius wren in Chusquea bamboo on the higher slopes above the Rio Mantaro along the Pariahuanca road. The spotting below is reminiscent of that found on the under parts of some races of the geographically quite

31 remote Plain-tailed Wren P. euophrys but the voice is quite different from the latter (especially compared to the southernmost race schulenbergi), and moreover our birds had some faint barring on the tail. The song is not unlike that of Inca Wren T. eisenmanni (so far only known to occur farther south, in the Vilcanota and Vilcabamba mountains on both sides of the Urubamba valley) but the latter has plain underparts and is found in an area separated from where we were by the deep Apurimac Valley, a major biogeographic barrier. So for now I tentatively regard this taxon as a new species to science, though collection of specimens, detailed comparisons and preferably also genetic analysis are needed to really determine the taxonomic status of this new form. Note the genus change the SACC says Genetic data (Mann et al. 2006) indicate that the broad genus Thryothorus is polyphyletic, and that true Thryothorus is not found in South America; Mann et al. (2006) recommended recognition of three genera for South American taxa by resurrecting two from the synonymy of Thryothorus (Pheugopedius and Thryophilus) Mantaro Wren CINCLIDAE White-capped Dipper - Cinclus leucocephalus Only one seen at Santa Eulalia Valley TURDIDAE Andean Solitaire - Myadestes ralloides* Heard at Carrizales

32 Chiguanco Thrush - Turdus chiguanco Numerous and widespread, mainly in drier areas. Note that a detailed study of the Chiguanco/Great Thrush complex is needed to determine exactly how many species-level taxa exist. The name comes from the Quechua Chiwanco Great Thrush - Turdus fuscater Another common thrush, this one mainly being found in more humid mountainous areas. MIMIDAE Long-tailed Mockingbird - Mimus longicaudatus Common on the Pacific slope of the Andes Lomas de Lachay and Santa Eulalia Valley. MOTACILLIDAE RR Peruvian Pipit - Anthus peruano Fairly common seen at Lomas de Lachay. Near-endemic. In a recent article in the British Ornithologists Union journal IBIS (Ibis (2018), 160, ) A revision of species limits in Neotropical pipits Anthus based on multilocus genetic and vocal data by PAUL VAN ELS & HERALDO V. NORAMBUENA. There conclusions recommended elevating Pacific coastal populations of Yellowish Pipit to species rank, with the English name of Peruvian Pipit A. peruvianus THRAUPIDAE E White-browed Hemispingus - Hemispingus auricularis A fews seen in mixed flocks around the Apalla/ Calabaza in roadside birded. A Peruvian endemic recently split from Black-capped Hemispingus H. atropileus (though the new Peru field guide does not follow this split). The SACC says The subspecies auricularis is at least as distinct genetically and morphologically, and should presumably given equal taxonomic rank (García-Moreno et al. 2001, García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003). Hemispingus auricularis is split from H. atropileus (García-Moreno & Fjeldså 2003); SACC needs proposal Superciliaried Hemispingus - Hemispingus superciliaris Good views of one with a big mixed flock around Apalla/ calabaza. Here the all-grey race insignis. Drab Hemispingus Hemispingus xanthophthalmus. Good views at Apalla/ Calabaza in mixed flock. Rufous-chested Tanager - Thlypopsis ornate Seen at Santa Eulalia and apalla or Calabaza very common.

33 Rust and yellow Tanager Thlypopsis ruficeps A pair seen at Chilifruta very good views Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager - Anisognathus lacrymosus Great views seen this Tanager around the Carrizales and Apalla/ Calabaza on road to Andamarca. Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager - Anisognathus igniventris Another really good-looking tanager that was frequently seen (ignicrissus). Blue-grey Tanager - Thraupis episcopus Common around Santa Eulalia Palm Tanager - Thraupis palmarum 2 at Calabaza near the basic Hotel Blue-capped Tanager - Thraupis cyanocephala Seen in several locations at Pariahuanca and Carrizales. Blue-and-yellow Tanager - Pipraeidea bonariensis Seen at Lomas de Lachay, Santa Eulalia, and Carrizales common. Named after Buenos Aires, Argentina s capital. The southernmost ranging Tanager Beryl-spangled Tanager - Tangara nigroviridis A pair at Calabaza Blue-and-black Tanager - Tangara vassorii One seen at Calabaza Cinereous Conebill - Conirostrum cinereum Seen in several localities. We saw two races, littorale and nominate. Blue-backed Conebill - Conirostrum sitticolor A few in mixed flock below Comas and Carrizales. White-browed Conebill Conirostrum ferrugineiventre A pair seen at Carrizales with rain. Capped Conebill - Conirostrum albifrons Seen 4 individuals around the Apalla / Carrizales. Mustached Flowerpiercer - Diglossa mystacalis Very good views at Carrizales. Flowerpiercers are nectar thieves, as their name suggests piercing the flowers at their base without performing any pollination duties.

34 Black-throated Flowerpiercer - Diglossa brunneiventris This flowerpiercer most common of high andes. Masked Flowerpiercer - Diglossopis cyanea Good views near Comas and around Carrizales. Peruvian Sierra-Finch - Phrygilus punensis Seen at Santa Eulalia, Marcapomacocha and around Junin Lake common. Mourning Sierra-Finch - Phrygilus fruticeti A few seen at Santa Eulaia Plumbeous Sierra-Finch - Phrygilus unicolor Another common Band-tailed Sierra-Finch - Phrygilus alaudinus Good views at Lomas de Lachay a female. Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch - Phrygilus plebejus The most common bird of the high andes. White-winged Diuca-Finch - Diuca speculifera Great views at Marcapomacocha E Great Inca-Finch - Incaspiza pulchra Very nice view 6 individuals at Santa Eulalia Golden-billed Saltator - Saltator aurantiirostris Seen at Hotel Loma Verde in the garden. RR Collared Warbling Finch Poospiza hispaniolensis A fews seen at Santa Eulalia Valley very good views. Bright-rumped Yellow-Finch - Sicalis uropygialis Good numbers were found at Marcapomacocha, around Junín lake where they nest in the eaves of houses. Band-tailed Seedeater -Catamenia analis Fairly common at Santa Eulalia and high andes. Plain-colored Seedeater - Catamenia inornata Common around Carrizales.

35 E Raimondi s yellow Finch Sicalis raimondii* We heard at Lomas the Lachay. EMBERIZIDAE Rufous-collared Sparrow - Zonotrichia capensis Most common all of the High andes and also Tarapoto and Moyobamba Yellow-browed Sparrow - Ammodramus aurifrons Slaty Brushfinch - Atlapetes schistaceus A big flock seen at Calabaza road to Andamarca E Rusty-bellied Brushfinch Atlapetes nationi Great views at Santa Eulalia a Peruvian endemic, this one only occurring in the department of Lima. It showed beautifully at Santa Eulalia. E Black-spectacled Brushfinch - Atlapetes melanopsis Fantastic views of 2 individuals near Chillifruta before Breakfast. Originally described as A. melanops, this species is an endemic of the Rio Mantaro valley, and was only recently discovered and described by Dr. Thomas Valqui. ENDANGERED Black-spectacled Brushfinch Alex Durand

36 Gray-browed Brushfinch - Arremon assimilis Two seen at Carrizales very good views. The relationships among the forms assigned to the atricapillus and torquatus groups are controversial, with virtually no relevant data available. Wetmore et al. (1984), Paynter (1970a), and Remsen & Graves (1995) treated the atricapillus group as conspecific with B. torquatus largely because of the intermediate phenotypes shown by subspecies such as tacarcunae and costaricensis. Hellmayr (1938), Meyer de Schauensee (1966), Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Ridgely & Tudor (1989) treated them as two species because of the close geographical approach of nominate atricapillus and B. t. assimilis without signs of gene flow. Donegan et al. (2007) found B. [t.] atricapillus and B. [t.] assimilis to replace one another elevationally in the East Andes of Colombia (Santander and Boyaca departments), without any evidence of hybridization, suggesting that treatment of this complex within a single species is not supportable. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered B. torquatus and B. atricapillus, along with Middle American B. virenticeps, to form a superspecies. Buarremon virenticeps was considered conspecific with B. torquatus by Paynter (1970a) and Wetmore et al. (1984), but was treated as a separate species by Paynter (1978), AOU (1983, 1998), and Ridgely & Tudor (1989). Cadena & Cuervo s (2010) analysis of voice, plumage, and genetics in the group indicates that as many as eight species should be recognized in this complex. SACC proposal passed to revise species limits. Common Chlorospingus - Chlorospingus opthalmicus Common around Carrizales and Calabaza with mixed flocks. CARDINALIDAE Golden Grosbeak - Pheucticus chrysogaster Fairly common in the Santa Eulalia Valley PARULIDAE Citrine Warbler - Myiothylpis luteoviridis Very good views around the Calabaza in the forest with mixed flock. Pale-legged Warbler Myiothlypis signata Fairly common seen below Comas Spectacled (Redstart) Whitestart - Myioborus melanocephalus Great looks around chilifruta and also Carrizales, delightfully common in montane forest habitats throughout the trip. Here the black-capped nominate race. ICTERIDAE Dusky Green Oropendola - Psarocolius atrovirens Seen several around the Calabaza or Apalla

37 Scrub Blackbird - Dives warszewiczi Common at Sata Eulalia Valley and along the west slope of the Andes, here of the southern race kalinowskii. Peruvian Meadowlark Sturnella bellicose. Seen 6 individuals at Lomas de Lachay Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis A few seen at Lomas the lachay and also at Santa Eulalia Valley. Yellow-billed Cacique Amblycercus holosericeus* Heard at Calabaza upper road to Andamarca. FRINGILLIDAE Hooded Siskin - Carduelis magellanica Most common bird. West slope birds were likely referable to the more yellow paula, birds elsewhere to the endemic peruana. Black Siskin - Carduelis atrata Seen at Marcapomacocha and around Junin Lake. Very smart bird. Yellow-rumped Siskin Spinus uropygialis A couple seen at Santa Eulalia. MAMMALS Llama Lama glama A domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since pre-hispanic times. Alpaca Vicugna pacos The alpaca is a domesticated species of South American camelid. It resembles a small llama in appearance. Alpacas are considerably smaller than llamas, and unlike llamas, they were not bred to be beasts of burden, but were bred specifically for their fiber. Alpaca fiber is used for making knitted and woven items, similar to wool. These items include blankets, sweaters, hats, gloves, scarves, a wide variety of textiles and ponchos in South America, and sweaters, socks, coats and bedding in other parts of the world. There are two breeds of alpaca; the Suri alpaca and the Huacaya alpaca.

38 Vicuña Vicugna vicugna Many of these elegant wild camelids were seen south of Junín lake through the frosty bus windows. The vicuña is one of two wild South American camelids, which live in the high alpine areas of the Andes; the other being the guanaco. It is a relative of the llama, and is now believed to be the wild ancestor of domesticated alpacas, which are raised for their coats. Vicuñas produce small amounts of extremely fine wool, which is very expensive because the animal can only be shorn every three years, and has to be caught from the wild. When knitted together, the product of the vicuña's wool is very soft and warm. The Inca valued vicuñas highly for their wool, and it was against the law for anyone but royalty to wear vicuña garments. Mountain Viscacha Lagidium peruanum This cuddly rabbit-like rodent showed well iat Santa Eulalia

39 Lake Junin