Waterbirds & Raptors of Coastal SEQ

Transcription

1 Waterbirds & Raptors of Coastal SEQ An Identification Guide Trevor Ford

2 Map of Coastal SEQ

3 Waterbirds & Raptors of Coastal SEQ An Identification Guide Trevor Ford 1

4 First published in This booklet may not be produced or transmitted in whole or part, in any form, without prior permission from the author. Printed by Platypus Graphics, Stafford, Brisbane, Qld. The photographs of the Australasian Grebe on the front cover and the roosting Royal Spoonbills on the back cover were taken by Robert Inglis. The photograph on page one is of an Eastern Osprey. The photograph below is of a mixed flock of ducks and geese. The Coastal SEQ map (inside front cover) identifies the five funding councils. W Jolly 2

5 Contents Page Introduction 4 Waterbirds 4 Raptors 5 Conservation 5 Birding locations 6 Sunshine Coast 6 Moreton Bay 7 Brisbane 7 Redlands 7 Gold Coast 8 Species identification 8 Identification guide 9 Waterbirds 10 Raptors 51 Index of species 66 Acknowledgements 68 3

6 Introduction This booklet provides an introduction to the waterbirds and raptors of coastal South East Queensland (SEQ), detailing conservation challenges and providing an outline of some easily-accessible sites where many of these species can be seen. The main section of the booklet is an identification guide, describing the waterbirds and raptors that are most likely to be encountered in the region. Hopefully, by raising the general awareness of these special birds and the problems that they face, actions will be taken to help them survive. Waterbirds The waterbirds covered in this booklet come from a diverse range of bird groups that includes grebes, cormorants, herons, spoonbills, ibises, ducks, geese, swans, cranes, gallinules, rails and crakes. Shorebirds, gulls and terns are covered in a companion booklet. Grebes, cormorants, ducks, geese and swans can be found on most bodies of fresh water in the region. Some species may favour a marine environment, such as Pied Cormorants. Grebes and swans can be somewhat reluctant to take flight but others are often seen airborne, displaying useful identification features. Herons, spoonbills and ibises are mostly found along the edges of freshwater wetlands, although some species are equally content in marine locations. Australian White Ibises are often found in urban areas, where they frequently become pests. Gallinules (swamphens, moorhens and coots) are commonly seen on most freshwater lagoons, whereas rails and crakes are possibly best observed at dawn or dusk on exposed muddy margins. 4

7 Raptors Raptors are diurnal birds of prey. They typically have keen eyesight and hearing, large powerful feet with sharp claws for catching prey and large hooked bills for tearing prey. Most species are truly spectacular when seen in flight. Those described in this booklet include hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and falcons. Raptors are highly dependent on the habitat that satisfies their feeding requirements. For example, Eastern Ospreys, Brahminy Kites, Whistling Kites and White-bellied Sea-Eagles favour coastal environments, Collared Sparrowhawks, Brown Goshawks and Grey Goshawks require forested areas and most falcons need open areas over which to hunt. Conservation The destruction of wetlands is reducing waterbird numbers considerably. As ever-increasing demands are placed on land, important areas are lost forever. Wetlands are subject to many threats: they can be drained for development or to become farmland, polluted by chemicals or sewage or used for recreational purposes such as boating, fishing or shooting. Even preserved wetlands can face subsequent challenges if their source of inflowing water becomes polluted or diverted. The degradation of a wetland can often be a gradual process that may not be noticeable for many years, possibly until it is too late to be reversed. Wetlands are fragile parts of an ecosystem and once they are fractured, the whole ecosystem is at risk. Note that Australia is a signatory to several international agreements promoting the conservation of wetlands. 5

8 Raptors provide an excellent indication of the health of the environment, being at the top of many food chains and ingesting potentially contaminated prey from lower down the chain. High population numbers and a good variety of species suggest that all is well. However, pesticides, metals such as mercury and lead and persistent synthetic organic chemicals can build up in their systems over a period of time. It is therefore essential that population trends are monitored carefully, especially for those species known to be threatened or in decline, and effective management plans put in place and actioned if we are to conserve these species effectively. Most disturbances to raptors are caused by human activity, mainly through the destruction of habitat for development. Hopefully, egg-collecting and illegal falconry are now things of the past. Birding locations The following is a selection of locations that are attractive to a variety of waterbirds. Raptors can be seen almost anywhere, so are only mentioned if an area is especially good for them. There are, of course, many other locations to find and explore. Sunshine Coast Between Cooroy and Noosa, Lake MacDonald holds an interesting selection of waterbirds, including grebes, cormorants and ducks, and there are good walking paths. Ewen Maddock Dam near Landsborough has a similar range of waterbirds and the chances of seeing raptors are good. Paths through botanical gardens lead to the water. Baroon Pocket Dam near Maleny is also good for waterbirds and has walks around the lakeside. A visit to Maroochy Wetlands at Bli Bli, which has an information office and boardwalks, may be productive. 6

9 Moreton Bay In Caboolture, the Centenary Lakes are worth checking for grebes, cormorants and ducks. Buckley s Hole Conservation Park on Bribie Island attracts many waterbirds, including occasional rarities. Grebes, ducks, swamphens and moorhens are plentiful and, when the water level is low, rails and crakes often appear. A hide overlooks the lagoon. Also look for waterbirds and coastal raptors in nearby Pumicestone Passage. South of Dayboro is the excellent Lake Samsonvale. A wide variety of waterbirds and raptors can be seen in good numbers in this large area, and scarcer species occur regularly. Brisbane At Fisherman Islands, the Port of Brisbane Visitor Centre (open weekdays) overlooks wetlands that hold many waterbirds, and viewing facilities are excellent. Many common waterbirds can be seen at Metroplex Wetlands, just south of the Gateway Bridge, and bitterns, rails and crakes have all been recorded. Walkways border the lagoons. Further south are the lagoons of Minnippi Parklands. Whilst not containing large numbers of waterbirds, the walk around the lagoons can be productive. Sherwood Arboretum in southwest Brisbane has two small lagoons that hold the familiar waterbirds and, occasionally, bitterns, rails and crakes. Nearby, Oxley Creek Common is good for waterbirds that favour marshy areas. Redlands Near Capalaba, at the Leslie Harrison Dam, pelicans, grebes, swans and a wide variety of ducks including Plumed Whistling- Ducks can be found. The area near the bridge over Tingalpa Creek is particularly good. Crystal Waters Park in Thornlands has two lagoons that are attractive to waterbirds such as grebes, breeding Magpie Geese, ducks, herons, egrets, ibises 7

10 and spoonbills. Pathways lead around the lagoons. At Victoria Point, the Egret Colony Wetlands is excellent for breeding Magpie Geese, herons, egrets, ibises and spoonbills. A variety of ducks can also be seen. The Geoff Skinner Reserve at Wellington Point holds cormorants, pelicans, herons, egrets, spoonbills and a variety of ducks. There is a bird hide available. Gold Coast Just south of the Emerald Lakes golf course in Carrara is a shallow wetland that is good for egrets and spoonbills. This site has good access via sealed pathways. The golf course itself has fairly deep lakes that can hold a variety of ducks. The Robina Lakes are good for grebes, cormorants, egrets and ducks and there is a breeding colony of Pied Cormorants. Lake Lomandra to the south of Robina is quite small but holds a good variety of waterbirds, especially ducks, and there are pathways and viewing platforms. Eagleby Wetlands near Beenleigh is good for both waterbirds and raptors. Species identification The main points to consider when identifying waterbirds and raptors are: Size and shape - Note the overall size and shape, comparing this with any familiar birds nearby. Colour - Note the colour above and below and whether there is any obvious pattern. Bill and legs - Note the size, shape and colour of bill and legs. Behaviour - Note as many of the bird s actions as possible, such as how it feeds and how it flies. Habitat - Note the bird s favoured habitat types. 8

11 When identifying ducks, note the wing patterns in flight or while stretching their wings. For example, see the following flight views of Chestnut Teal (left) and Australasian Shoveler (right). N Bowman These males can look similar when swimming, especially if their heads cannot be seen clearly, but they look very different in flight. Also note whether a duck feeds by upending or by diving, and be aware of any differences between the sexes. When identifying rails and crakes, it is especially important to note the bill and leg colour and whether there is any pattern under the tail. When identifying raptors, note the underwing and undertail patterns (whether plain, barred, banded, etc.), the wing shape (whether broad, long, kinked, etc.) and the tail shape (whether rounded, square-tipped, wedge-shaped, etc.). Also note the bird s hunting strategy and whether it is soaring, hovering, gliding, etc. Identification guide W Jolly The following pages contain detailed accounts of over fifty waterbird and raptor species that are seen regularly in the region, together with brief overviews of over twenty scarcer species. There are pages dedicated to comparisons of cormorant and egret bills and a page of photographs depicting some immature raptors. 9

12 Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Very common resident cm Greyish-brown above and pale below. Plump and buoyant. In breeding plumage, has black head with chestnut stripe on side and yellow patch at base of bill. In non-breeding plumage, has pale face and dark cap. Rufous flanks in both plumages. Often gives far-reaching trilling call. Similar species: The rare Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus is larger with streaked head in breeding plumage (compare with stripe-headed young Australasian Grebe). 10

13 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus Uncommon resident cm Greyish-brown above and white below. Long neck and long slender bill. In breeding plumage, has black crown with distinctive black crests, and chestnut-and-black cheek frills that can be expanded to become a ruff. When immature or not breeding, crest and frills absent or reduced. Pair in their courtship display. Note their raised crests and expanded cheek frills. 11

14 Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus Very common resident cm Unmistakeable and huge. Black and white with large pink bill and massive pink bill-pouch. Male is larger than female. In flight shows white wing panels and white V on rump. Flies with neck unextended and soars on flat wings, circling in thermals. Dispersive, influenced by climatic conditions. Sometimes fishes co-operatively. 12

15 Australasian Darter Anhinga novaehollandiae Common resident cm W Jolly Male (below and above right) black with white on face and chestnut neck markings. Female (above left) paler with white underparts. Long snake-like neck, sharp pointed bill and long rounded tail. Often swims partially submerged with only neck visible. In flight has cross-shaped silhouette with tail fanned. Often spreads wings to dry. Distinctive rattle-like call. 13

16 Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius Very common resident cm Black and white with long slender horn-coloured bill. Blue eyering when breeding, facial skin yellow between eyes and bill and pinkish on chin. White on face extends to just above eyes; flanks show wide black patches when perched (compare with Little Pied Cormorant). Often spreads wings to dry. Refer to page 18 for bill comparisons. 14

17 Little Pied Cormorant Microcarbo melanoleucos Very common resident cm C Barnes Black and white with stubby yellow bill. White on face of adults extends above eyes to bill, and flanks of adults lack black patches (compare with Pied Cormorant). Note that white on face of immature birds does not extend above eyes and that they have black flank patches. Often spreads wings to dry. Refer to page 18 for bill comparisons. 15

18 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Uncommon resident cm Mostly black with yellow on face and throat. Long and slender greyish bill. In breeding plumage, glossier black with brighter and more extensive white on face, white flank patches and short black crest. Non-breeding and immature birds are duller. Often spreads wings to dry. Refer to page 18 for bill comparisons. 16

19 Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Very common resident cm Wholly black with greenish-bronze sheen; never with any unbroken white markings. Slim with slender grey bill. Adults have bright bluish-green eyes. In breeding plumage, more bronze with white flecks on head and neck. Often spreads wings to dry. Refer to page 18 for bill comparisons. 17

20 Cormorant bill comparisons Different bill lengths, shapes and colours, and facial patterns and colours, are distinguishing features of each species of cormorant that can help with identification. Pied Cormorant (left) has long horn-coloured bill and white of face extends to just above eye. Yellow patch between eyes and bill. Little Pied Cormorant (right) has short yellow bill and white of the face extends over eye to forehead. Great Cormorant (left) has long dark horn-coloured bill and yellow throat and face. When breeding has white on face. Little Black Cormorant (right) has shorter and narrower dark grey bill. 18 N Bowman

21 Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Uncommon resident cm Unmistakeable and strikingly elegant. Black and white with glossy dark green, blue and purple head and neck. Massive long and pointed black bill and long red legs. Male eyes blackish-brown, female eyes golden-yellow. Immature birds brownish above and pale buff below with grey legs. Adults spectacular in flight with black panels in long white wings and red legs extended. N Bowman 19

22 Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta Very common resident cm Wholly white plumage. Tall with extremely long neck. Most often seen in non-breeding plumage when bill and facial skin are yellow and legs and feet are olive-grey or blackish. In breeding plumage, bill becomes black, facial skin becomes bluish-green, upper legs become reddish-brown and plumes develop on lower back. Gape line extends past eye. Refer to page 28 for bill comparisons. Eastern Great Egret has black bill during its brief time in breeding plumage. 20

23 Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia Common resident cm T Tarrant Wholly white plumage. Medium height with long neck. Most often seen in non-breeding plumage when bill and facial skin are yellow and lower legs and feet are blackish, upper legs are browner or more yellow. In breeding plumage, bill becomes red with yellow tip, facial skin becomes green, legs become red and plumes develop on back and breast. Gape line does not extend past eye. Refer to page 28 for bill comparisons. Bright red legs and colourful bill are features of Intermediate Egret during its brief time in breeding plumage. 21

24 Cattle Egret Ardea ibis Very common resident cm Shorter-necked than Intermediate Egret, with squat, hunched appearance. In wholly white non-breeding plumage, has yellow bill and black legs. In breeding plumage, head, back and breast become orange-buff and bill and legs briefly become reddish before turning yellowish. Sociable. Habitually feeds in fields close to livestock. Refer to page 28 for bill comparisons. Cattle Egret is bright and colourful in breeding plumage. 22

25 Little Egret Egretta garzetta Very common resident cm Wholly white plumage. Delicate and sleek with long neck. Slender black bill with pale yellow on lower mandible, and black legs with yellow soles of feet. In non-breeding plumage, has yellow facial skin. In breeding plumage, facial skin briefly becomes pink, two ribbon-like plumes grow on head and further plumes develop on back and breast. Refer to page 28 for bill comparisons. White plumes develop as Little Egret attains breeding plumage. 23

26 White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae Very common resident cm Light blue-grey with long neck and distinctive white face. Greyish bill and yellow legs. In breeding plumage, grey plumes develop on nape and back and pale brown plumes develop on breast. In flight, dark flight feathers contrast with paler grey of rest of underwing and underparts. N Bowman Similar species: The rarer White-necked Heron Ardea pacifica is larger with white head and neck and black spots down foreneck. Slate-black body and wings with maroon sheen on breeding plumes. Conspicuous white patches on forewings. 24

27 Striated Heron Butorides striata Common resident cm Stocky with short neck, large bill and short legs. Dark blue-grey above and paler grey or buffish below. Black cap extends onto nape. Has line of black and white markings down foreneck. Grey bill, yellow lower mandible, and yellowish legs. Immature birds are dark brown above with whitish flecks on wings and bold streaking below. Similar species: The rarely-seen Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis is larger and darker; immature (left) and adult (right). Distinctive yellow patches down sides of neck. Compare with immature Striated Heron. C Barnes P Gregory 25

28 Eastern Reef Egret Egretta sacra Uncommon resident cm Stocky, long-necked and short-legged. Has two colour morphs. Both white and dark morphs have robust yellow and grey bills and yellow legs. Dark morph has thin whitish streak on throat. In breeding plumage, bill and legs can become brighter and plumes develop on head, back and breast. Refer to page 28 for bill comparisons. Dark morph is dark slate-grey. 26 T Siggs

29 Nankeen Night-Heron Nycticorax caledonicus Uncommon resident cm Stocky with short neck and short legs. Rich cinnamon above and whitish-buff below. Black crown, blackish bill, greenishyellow facial skin and yellow legs and feet. In breeding plumage, develops two or three white nuptial plumes at back of head. Immature birds are brown above with white streaks and spots and white below with brown streaks. T Tarrant Similar species: Australian Little Bittern Ixobrychus dubius is much smaller. Male has chestnut face and neck, black cap and back, and buff wing patches. Female duller. Immature birds are browner and more streaked. Rare and very secretive. 27

30 Egret bill comparisons Eastern Great Egret, breeding (left) and non-breeding (right). Note that gape extends behind eye. Intermediate Egret, breeding (left) and non-breeding (right). Note that gape does not extend behind eye. Cattle Egret non-breeding (left), Little Egret non-breeding (centre) and Eastern Reef Egret (right). 28

31 Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia Common resident cm C Barnes Mostly white. Tall with black facial skin, black spatulate bill and black legs. Yellow marks above eyes and small red patch on black forehead of adults. In breeding plumage, develops yellowish-buff breast patch and white plumes behind head. Has characteristic flat profile in flight. Similar species: The rarer Yellow-billed Spoonbill Platalea flavipes is slightly larger with pale yellow bill and legs. In breeding plumage, develops buffy breast plumes and dark lacy plumes appear on inner wings. 29

32 Australian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca Very common resident cm C Barnes White body with bare black head and neck. Long downcurved black bill and greyish-pink legs. Bare pink skin on underwing, black wing-tips and lacy black wing plumes. Flies with neck extended. In breeding plumage, develops yellowish-white breast plumes and pink marks on nape and hindneck. The bare pink skin on underwing becomes scarlet in breeding plumage. N Bowman 30

33 Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis Common resident cm T Tarrant Iridescent black with green and violet sheen above and on sides of breast; white below. Black head with white nape and sides of neck, with straw-like plumes on foreneck and breast. Long downcurved black bill and reddish legs. Flies with neck extended and shows white tail and wing linings. Similar species: The rarer Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus is smaller with overall dark appearance. In good light and at close quarters, the glossy iridescent sheen of bronze, green and violet can be appreciated.. 31

34 Plumed Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna eytoni Fairly common resident cm Tall, upright and long-necked. Pale brown, including crown and nape, with feathers of upper back edged buff. Very long cream flank plumes edged black, with sides of chest rufous-chestnut, finely barred black. Pink bill patchily mottled black. Pink legs and feet. Congregates in large numbers on margins of farm dams, lagoons, creeks, etc. Feeds on grasslands. Whistling calls. 32

35 Wandering Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna arcuata Fairly common resident cm W Jolly Body posture typically lower than Plumed Whistling-Duck. Rufous-brown with dark crown and nape contrasting with pale face, front of neck and upper breast. Brown wing feathers edged rufous-buff. Short cream flank plumes and brown scalloping on chest. Black bill, legs and feet. Congregates in large numbers on margins of swamps and rivers. Feeds on aquatic vegetation. Whistling calls. 33

36 Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata Fairly common resident cm Distinctive and ungainly. Black neck, head and shoulders with distinctive knob on crown (larger in males). White body with contrasting black flight feathers and tail. Bill and facial skin pink, legs and feet orange. In flight, shows white body and underwing with black trailing edges to wings and black wingtips. Often congregates in large numbers. N Bowman 34

37 Black Swan Cygnus atratus Very common resident cm Unmistakeable. Graceful on water. Black body, neck and head, with white in wings sometimes visible when at rest but mostly when in flight. Red bill with white spot. Male has neck and bill longer and straighter than female. In flight, shows black body and underwing with contrasting broad white wingtips. Often congregates in large numbers. 35

38 Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata Very common resident cm Goose-like appearance. Dark brown head and neck and pale grey body with two black stripes along back. Male (below) has black mane and mottled breast. Female (above) has paler brown head with pale stripes above and below eyes and mottling that extends onto flanks. Stubby dark grey bill. In flight, shows grey underwings with dark wingtips and white trailing edges. Dark iridescent wingbars. Nasal calls. 36

39 Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis Uncommon resident cm Low-floating and distinctive. Massive dark bill blends to sloping forehead. Male has grey-blue head with vertical white crescent on face, dark-spotted chestnut sides, white flank patches and bright orange legs. Male in eclipse plumage duller. Female brownish with duller legs. In flight, shows dark outer wings and pale blue, white and green on inner wings. W Jolly 37

40 Grey Teal Anas gracilis Common resident cm Compact and elegant. Plain, being mostly greyish-brown, with body feathers edged pale buff, giving overall mottled appearance. Red eyes and black bill. Distinguished from female Chestnut Teal by white face below eye, giving capped appearance, white throat and foreneck and generally paler plumage. Sexes similar. 38

41 Chestnut Teal Anas castanea Common resident cm Compact and elegant. Male colourful, with bottle-green head, chestnut body and white flank patches. Female plain and brownish with body feathers edged dark buff. Red eyes and black bill. Female distinguished from Grey Teal by darker crown, browner face below eye, browner throat and foreneck and generally darker plumage. 39

42 Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa Very common resident cm Distinctive and striking head pattern. Dark brown plumage with buff edges to feathers. Face and throat buffy-white with black crown and two black stripes across face, one going through red eye. Dark grey bill and yellowish legs. In flight, shows dark green or purple in wings. Quacking calls, especially by female. Sexes similar. 40

43 Hardhead Aythya australis Fairly common resident cm Compact diving duck. Chocolate-brown plumage with white on belly and under tail. Male has richer colour, with white eyes and blue-white band on black bill. Female is browner with brown eyes and band on bill less distinctive. In flight, shows prominent white wingbars along rear of wings. Often mistaken for Blue-billed Duck because of colour of band on bill. 41

44 Ducks rarely encountered in coastal SEQ Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus with bright and greener male (left) and dull and browner female (right). Pink-eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus (left) and Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa (right). W Jolly Pink-eared Ducks at times show brilliant pink ear, which at other times is less apparent. 42 W Jolly

45 Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis with breeding-plumaged male (left) and female/immature displaying stiff tail (right). Musk Duck Biziura lobata with male displaying flap below bill (left) and female/immature (right). Male Musk Ducks have a most unusual half-submerged courtship display (left) during which they splash, grunt and whistle. 43

46 Brolga Grus rubicunda Uncommon resident cm Tall, graceful and unmistakeable crane. Silvery-grey plumage. Bare head with pale grey crown and red across face from bill to nape. Dark flap of skin (dewlap) under chin, larger in males. Yellow eyes and straight horn-coloured bill. Long grey legs. Majestic flight reveals dark flight feathers. Dancing display and bugling call, often given in duets. 44

47 Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio Very common resident cm W Jolly Blackish above with broad dark blue collar and dark blue to purple below. White under tail, which it flicks habitually. Robust scarlet bill and forehead shield and long reddish legs and feet. Laboured flight. Aggressive, with rasping and nasal calls. Young birds duller and blacker. 45

48 Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis Common resident cm Colourful and elegant. Mottled black and brown above with white spots, and barred black and white below, extending under tail. Grey breast with buff-orange band. Rich chestnut streaks from bill through eyes to nape. White eyebrows, red eyes, red bill and pinkish legs. N Bowman W Jolly Similar species: Lewin s Rail Lewinia pectoralis is smaller and darker, lacking white eyebrows and buff breastband. Barring extends on to wings. Proportionately longer pink bill (compare with crakes). Rare and secretive. 46

49 Baillon s Crake Porzana pusilla Uncommon resident cm W Jolly Tiny. Tawny above with black streaks and fine white flecks. Pale grey face and breast with black and white barring on flanks and under tail. Red eyes, greenish bill and olive-green legs. Secretive but sometimes seen in open on edge of reedbeds or foraging on floating vegetation. Habitually flicks tail. T Tarrant C Barnes Similar species: Larger and rarer Australian Spotted Crake Porzana fluminea is darker above and below, with white under tail. Green bill has red base. Similar habits to Baillon s Crake. 47

50 Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis Uncommon resident cm T Tarrant Compact and dark. Plain olive-brown above and blackish below with distinctive black and white barring under tail. Red eyes, black bill and pinkish-red legs. Secretive and easily alarmed, but sometimes seen foraging in open on muddy margins of swamps and reedbeds. Flicks tail. Similar species: Black-tailed Native-hen Tribonyx ventralis (left) and Pale-vented Bush-hen Amaurornis moluccana (right). Both of these rarely-seen species are larger than Spotless Crake.. 48 G Jones

51 Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa Very common resident cm Dusky-brown above and dark slaty-grey below with white under tail. Dark eyes, yellow-tipped bright red bill and red forehead shield. Reddish legs and feet. White patches each side of undertail help to distinguish from Eurasian Coot. Young birds duller and browner. 49

52 Eurasian Coot Fulica atra Common resident cm Plain sooty-grey with darker head. Conspicuous snowy-white bill and forehead shield. Red eye, silvery-grey legs and feet. Lobed toes. Lack of white patches on undertail help to distinguish from Dusky Moorhen. Young birds paler. Habitually dives for plant material. 50

53 Eastern Osprey Pandion cristatus Very common resident cm T Siggs Fish-eating hawk. Dark brown above and white below. Black band through eye continues to neck and separates pale crown from white throat. Female has obvious brown-streaked necklace. Eyes pale yellow, bill and legs greyish. In flight, underwings white with barred flight feathers and black carpal patches. Wings long and kinked. 51

54 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris Fairly common resident cm W Jolly Pale grey above with pure white head, body and tail and black shoulders. Red eyes with black patches in front and thin black lines above and behind. Blackish-horn bill and yellow legs. In flight, underwings white with blackish wing tips. Habitually hovers. Refer to page 61 for photograph of immature bird. C Barnes 52

55 Pacific Baza Aviceda subcristata Fairly common resident cm Slate-grey above with brown wash on wings and back. Small dark crest on plain grey head. Pale grey breast and white belly barred with dark brown bands. Rufous-buff thighs and undertail. Yellow eyes, greyish bill and legs. In flight, underwings white with rufous-buff leading edges, black-barred wing tips and black trailing edges. Descending double-whistle call. W Jolly 53

56 White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster Common resident cm Majestic, powerful and adult unmistakeable. Grey above and white below, with white head and short wedge-shaped white tail, black at base. Heavy grey bill and unfeathered cream legs. Male smaller than female. In flight, broad wings conspicuous and underwings show distinctive black and white triangular patterns. Refer to page 61 for photograph of immature bird. W Jolly Soars with curved upswept wings, a distinctive feature. When soaring together, size difference between male and female is very apparent. 54 W Jolly

57 Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax Uncommon resident cm C Barnes Magnificent and huge. Blackish plumage with distinctive long wedge-shaped tail and large bill. Bill and feet creamy white, with heavily-feathered legs. Hackles on nape and band on upperwing tawny. Male smaller and darker than female. In flight, underwings show pale bases of flight feathers as wingbars. Refer to page 61 for photograph of immature bird. W Jolly Soars with upswept wings, a distinctive feature. Becomes blacker with age. N Bowman 55

58 Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus Very common resident cm Sandy-brown to gingery-brown plumage with brown wings and black outer flight feathers. Pale streaks on body and pale rounded tail. Greyish bill and unfeathered pale legs. In flight, shows pale M pattern on underwings, with pale leading edges, and dark trailing edges separated from dark wingtips by pale patches. Glides with bowed wings. Piercing whistled calls. Similar species: Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides is larger, has broad wings with chestnut leading edge and cleaner M pattern on underwings. Legs feathered. Two colour morphs. Rare winter visitor. 56

59 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Very common resident cm Handsome and unmistakeable. Rich chestnut-brown plumage with white head, neck and breast and black outer flight feathers. Eyes brown, bill and short unfeathered legs cream. In flight, underwings show pale and rich chestnut-brown triangular patterns with black wingtips, and short dark tail is pale-tipped. Refer to page 61 for photograph of immature bird. Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura is a rarely-seen breeding resident. C Barnes C Barnes 57

60 Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus Fairly common resident cm W Jolly Slate-grey to brown above with rufous half-collar and finely barred rufous and white below. Yellow eyes, greyish bill and yellow legs. Heavy hooded brows (beetle-brows) give fierce and menacing expression. In flight, shows long barred rounded tail. Thick stocky legs and toes with central toe longer. Acquires adult plumage after two years. Refer to page 61 for photograph of immature bird. C Barnes 58

61 Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus Uncommon resident cm T Tarrant Slate-grey to brown above with rufous half-collar and finely barred rufous and white below. Yellow eyes, greyish bill and yellow legs. Staring wide-eyed expression. Lacks hooded brows of Brown Goshawk. In flight, shows long barred squaretipped tail. Thin fine legs and toes with central toe much longer. Acquires adult plumage after one year. Refer to page 61 for photograph of immature bird. W Jolly 59

62 Grey Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae Uncommon resident cm T Tarrant Two colour morphs, one pure white, the other grey above and whitish below, with finely-barred grey breast and underwings. Both morphs have red eyes, blackish bill with yellow base and yellow legs. In flight, shows broader wings and shorter squarer tail than Brown Goshawk. More often seen perched in open than Brown Goshawk or Collared Sparrowhawk. T Tarrant Grey morph birds appear to outnumber white morph birds in the region. 60 P Walbridge

63 A selection of immature raptors White-bellied Sea-Eagle (left) and Brahminy Kite (right). Wedge-tailed Eagle (left) and Black-shouldered Kite (right). Brown Goshawk (left) and Collared Sparrowhawk (right). W Jolly W Jolly 61

64 Swamp Harrier Circus approximans Uncommon winter visitor cm T Tarrant Dark brown plumage with buff-streaked breast and prominent white rump. Distinctive facial disk. Yellow eyes, greyish bill and yellow legs. Male paler and greyer than female. In flight, underwings show brown on leading edges with rest of wings lightly barred. Tail rounded and barred. Buoyant flight, glides on long upswept wings. D Davies Similar species: Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis (left and centre) and Black Kite Milvus migrans (right). Both are rare. 62 W Jolly

65 Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides Uncommon resident cm Pale rufous-brown above and whitish-buff below. Black flight feathers and dark teardrop below each eye. Yellow eye-ring, greyish bill and yellow legs. Male has pale grey crown and tail (both rufous-brown in female). In flight, shows pale underwings with black wingtips and black band on white-tipped tail. Habitually hovers. Similar species: Brown Falcon Falco berigora is larger with various different colour morphs. Rare visitor, mostly in winter. T Tarrant 63

66 Australian Hobby Falco longipennis Fairly common resident cm Dark slate-grey above and rufous-buff below with dark rufous streaks. Black crown and cheeks give helmet-like appearance. Pale forehead, throat and half-collar and darker flight feathers. Bluish eye-ring, greyish bill and yellow legs. In flight, shows curved scythe-shaped wings and barred rufous underwings with contrasting white throat. T Tarrant Black Falcon Falco subniger is a rarely-seen visitor. 64 C Barnes

67 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Uncommon resident cm C Barnes Stocky and powerful. Slate-blue above and whitish below with breast to tail finely-barred black. Black crown and cheeks together with white bib give helmet-like appearance. Yellow eye-ring, yellowish black-tipped bill and yellow legs. In flight, shows buffy-white underwings barred black with contrasting white throat and bib. Rapid flight, stoops with wings closed. C Barnes 65

68 Index of species (See text for scientific names) Baza, Pacific Bittern, Australian Little Black Brolga Bush-hen, Pale-vented Coot, Eurasian Cormorant, Great... 16, 18 Little Black... 17, 18 Little Pied... 15, 18 Pied... 14, 18 Crake, Australian Spotted...47 Baillon s Spotless Darter Duck, Australian Wood Blue-billed Freckled Musk Pacific Black Pink-eared Eagle, Little Wedge-tailed... 55, 61 Egret, Cattle... 22, 28 Eastern Great... 20, 28 Eastern Reef... 26, 28 Intermediate... 21, 28 Little... 23, 28 Falcon, Black Brown Peregrine Goose, Magpie Goshawk, Brown... 58, 61 Grey Grebe, Australasian Great Crested

69 Grebe, Hoary-headed Hardhead Harrier, Spotted Swamp...62 Heron, Striated White-faced White-necked...24 Hobby, Australian Ibis, Australian White Glossy Straw-necked Kestrel, Nankeen Kite, Black Black-shouldered... 52, 61 Brahminy... 57, 61 Square-tailed Whistling...56 Moorhen, Dusky Native-hen, Black-tailed Night-Heron, Nankeen Osprey, Eastern Pelican, Australian Pygmy-goose, Cotton Rail, Buff-banded Lewin s Sea-Eagle, White-bellied... 54, 61 Shoveler, Australasian Sparrowhawk, Collared... 59, 61 Spoonbill, Royal Yellow-billed Stork, Black-necked Swamphen, Purple Swan, Black Teal, Chestnut Grey...38 Whistling-Duck, Plumed Wandering

70 Acknowledgements This publication was designed, written and compiled by Trevor Ford, who would like to extend heartfelt thanks to the many people who contributed both freely and enthusiastically. Their input was invaluable. Advice and support given by Bob James, Robert Inglis, Terry Dillon, Tom Tarrant, Sue Aspland and Kym Ford. Photographs provided by Robert Inglis, Bill Jolly, Tom Tarrant, Neil Bowman, Chris Barnes, Tim Siggs, Detlef Davies, Phil Gregory, Geoff Jones and Paul Walbridge. Funding provided by Caring for our Country, SEQ Catchments, Sunshine Coast Regional Council, Moreton Bay Regional Council, Brisbane City Council, Redland City Council and Gold Coast City Council. Reference Work: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Disclaimer: While this publication has been prepared with great care, readers are advised that no contributor can accept liability for any decisions or any actions taken on the basis of information included or excluded. 68

71 Identification tips - confusion species Northern Mallards have been introduced into Australia and their ability to hybridise with Pacific Black Ducks has caused concern. They also hybridise with domestic ducks and their offspring can display a wide range of plumage variations. Although Northern Mallards may now be extinct in the region, birdwatchers should be aware of the plumage of their pure form. Illustrated below are the male (left) and the female (right). N Bowman N Bowman Grey Falcon (left) and Red Goshawk (centre) are extremely rare in coastal SEQ and some reports may be cases of mistaken identity. Grey Goshawk is often misidentified as Grey Falcon. Square-tailed Kite and immature Little Eagle, both of which have rufous underparts, are often misidentified as Red Goshawk. Australasian Bittern (right) is also rare in coastal SEQ, so be aware of potential confusion with both immature Striated Heron and immature Nankeen Night-Heron. T Siggs W Jolly

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