European Red List Status VU -- Vulnerable, (IUCN version 3.1)
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1 Aythya ferina -- (Linnaeus, 1758) ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- ANSERIFORMES -- ANATIDAE Common names: Common Pochard; Fuligule milouin; Northern Pochard; Pochard Assessment Information European Red List Status VU -- Vulnerable, (IUCN version 3.1) European Red List Assessment Year published: 2015 Date assessed: Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Symes, A. Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L. Assessment Rationale European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) EU27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU) This widespread diving duck is undergoing rapid population declines across Europe. It is therefore classified as Vulnerable (A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd) in both Europe and the EU27. Occurrence Countries/Territories of Occurrence Native: Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland, Rep. of; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Canary Is. (to ES); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom Vagrant: Faroe Islands (to DK) Population The European population is estimated at 198, ,000 pairs, which equates to 397, ,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU27 is estimated at 85, ,000 pairs, which equates to 171, ,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. In Europe and the EU27 the population size is estimated to be decreasing by 30-49% in 22.8 years (three generations). In winter, the population size in Europe is estimateed to be decreasing at the same rate. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Trend Habitats and Ecology This species requires well-vegetated eutrophic to neutral swamps, marshes, lakes and slow-flowing rivers with areas of open water and abundant emergent fringing vegetation. It also breeds on saline, brackish and soda lakes and occasionally even in sheltered coastal bays (Kear 2005). The breeding grounds are reoccupied from early March (in the south) to early May (in Siberia) (Scott and Rose 1996) with breeding starting from April-May. The nest is a depression or shallow cup in a thick heap of vegetation positioned on the ground or over water and concealed in thick waterside vegetation (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), or on floating mats of reeds or other vegetation (Johnsgard 1978). Clutches are usually eight to ten eggs. The species is omnivorous, its diet consisting of seeds, roots (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), rhizomes (Kear 2005) and the vegetative parts of grasses, sedges and aquatic plants, as well as aquatic insects and larvae, molluscs, crustaceans, worms, amphibians and small fish (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014). Northern populations of this species are highly
2 migratory, with those breeding in the milder parts of western or southern Europe being sedentary or only making short-distance dispersal movements (Snow and Perrins 1998) governed by harsh weather conditions (Scott and Rose 1996). Habitats & Altitude Habitat (level 1 - level 2) Importance Occurrence Artificial/Aquatic - Excavations (open) suitable non-breeding Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas suitable non-breeding Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over ha) suitable non-breeding Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes suitable non-breeding Marine Neritic - Estuaries suitable non-breeding Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp suitable non-breeding Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged) suitable non-breeding Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel suitable non-breeding Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs suitable non-breeding Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy suitable non-breeding Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud suitable non-breeding Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands suitable breeding Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands suitable non-breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over ha) suitable breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over ha) suitable non-breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under ha) suitable breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under ha) suitable non-breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) suitable breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) suitable non-breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes suitable breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes suitable non-breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools suitable breeding Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools suitable non-breeding Altitude Occasional altitudinal limits Threats The species is threatened by disturbance from hunting (Evans and Day 2002, Kear 2005, Carboneras and Kirwan 2014), water-based recreation (Fox et al. 1994, Kear 2005) and from machinery noise from urban development (Marsden 2000). It is also threatened by habitat destruction (Carboneras and Kirwan 2014) on its wintering grounds due to eutrophication (partially as a result of nutrient run-off from agricultural land) (Kear 2005). The species suffers from nest predation by American Mink (Neovison vison) in Poland (Bartoszewicz and Zalewski 2003), and adults are poisoned by ingesting lead shot (Spain) (Mateo et al. 1998). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease (Melville and Shortridge 2006). This species is hunted in Northern Ireland (Evans and Day 2002), Spain (Mateo et al. 1998) and Italy (Sorrenti et al. 2006), and the eggs of this species d to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979). Threats & Impacts Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources (unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]) Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals (intentional - species is the target) Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals (unintentional effects - species is not the target) Ongoing Minority (<50%) No decline Low Impact ; Species disturbance Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Causing/Could ca fluctuations Medium Impact
3 Threats & Impacts Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Human intrusions & Recreational disturbance activities Ongoing Majority (50-90%) No decline Low Impact Species disturbance Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases Pollution Residential & commercial development American Mink (Neovison vison) Avian Influenza Virus (H subtype) Agricultural & forestry effluents (nutrient loads) Housing & urban areas Future Majority (50-90%) Rapid Declines Low Impact Ecosystem degradation Ongoing Minority (<50%) No decline Low Impact Species disturbance Conservation Conservation Actions Underway EU Birds Directive Annex II. CMS Appendix II. The cyclical removal of adult fish from an artificial waterbody (gravel pit) in the U.K. attracted nesting pairs to the area by causing an increase in invertebrate food availability and an increase in the growth of submerged aquatic macrophytes. The removed fish (dead or alive) were sold to generate funds (Giles 1994). In the Trebon Basin Biosphere Reserve, Czech Republic, it was found that artificial islands and wide strips of littoral vegetation are the most secure breeding habitats that can be created for the species (nest survival in littoral habitats was improved by reduced nest visibility, increased water depth, and increased distance from the nest to the habitat edge, and nest survival on islands was improved with increased distance to open water) (Albrecht et al. 2006). The of lead shot in Europe is being phased out. Conservation Actions Proposed This species would benefit from the protection and maintenance of wetland habitat. Lead shot should continue to be prohibited and legislation properly enforced. Accurate monitoring of bag numbers in countries where this species is hunted should be implemented and maintained. Bibliography Albrecht, T., Horák, D., Kreisinger, J., Weidinger, K., Klvana, P. and Michot, T.C Factors Determining Pochard Nest Predation Along a Wetland Gradient. Journal of Wildlife Management 70(3): Bartoszewicz, M. and Zalewski, A American mink, Mustela vison diet and predation on waterfowl in the Slonsk Reserve, western Poland. Folia Zoologica 52(3): Carboneras, C. and Kirwan, G.M Common Pochard (Aythya ferina). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds.) Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from on 28 March 2015). Evans, D.M. and Day, K.R Hunting disturbance on a large shallow lake: the effectiveness of waterfowl refuges. Ibis 144(1): 2-8. Giles, N Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) habitat and brood survival increases after fish removal from gravel pit lakes. Hydrobiologia 279/280: Gudmundsson, F The past status and exploitation of the Myvatn waterfowl populations. Oikos 32(1-2):
4 Bibliography Hagemeijer, W.J.M. and Blair, M.J The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. T & A D Poyser, London. Johnsgard, P.A Ducks, geese and swans of the World. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London. Kear, J Ducks, geese and swans volume 2: species accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. Marsden, S J. and Bellamy, G.S Microhabitat characteristics of feeding sites d by diving duck Aythya wintering on the grossly polluted Manchester Ship Canal, UK. Environmental Conservation 27(3): Mateo, R., Belliure, J., Dolz, J.C., Aguilar-Serrano, J.M. and Guitart, R High prevalences of lead poisoning in wintering waterfowl in Spain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35: Melville, D.S. and Shortridge, K.F Migratory waterbirds and avian influenza in the East Asian- Australasian Flyway with particular reference to the H5N1 outbreak. In: Boere, G.; Galbraith, C., Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds around the world, pp The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK. Scott, D.A.; Rose, P.M Atlas of Anatidae populations in Africa and western Eurasia. Wetlands International, Wageningen, Netherlands. Snow, D.W. and Perrins, C.M The Birds of the Western Palearctic vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sorrenti, M., Carnacina, L., Radice, D. and Costato, A Duck harvest in the Po delta, Italy. In: Boere, G.; Galbraith, C., Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds around the world, pp The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK. Map (see overleaf)
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