What Is Engineering. There is no such thing as applied science. There is only the application of science. Louis Pasteur

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2 What Is Engineering There is no such thing as applied science. There is only the application of science. Louis Pasteur

3 Engineering Fundamentals We see the end results of engineering every day without even realizing it. Engineers formed the design and construction of the roads that we drive on. The cell phones that we so desperately rely on were designed by an engineer. The medicines that we use were manufactured under the guidance of an engineer. And the electricity that powers our school and homes was made possible by the work of engineers.

4 Engineering Fundamentals It s hard to find an aspect of our lives that are not influenced by the work of engineers. Engineering uses mathematics, science, and technology to create products and systems that help improve the world. Engineers are highly trained people who use both knowledge and skills to solve problems.

5 Engineering Defined Engineering uses math, science, and the use of materials and natural forces to solve problems. For example, engineers use mathematical and scientific principles of moving water to create hydroelectric dams. Other engineers use mathematical and scientific principles to design and create computer processors, which provide computing power to everything from handheld devices to large internet servers.

6 Problem Solving Engineers approach the problems they are given in a very specific manner. Engineers use an engineering design process to design and create solutions to problems. The engineering design process is a specific set of steps that lead the engineer from a problem statement to a final solution. The process is purposeful rather than based on trial-and-error.

7 Problem Solving Throughout the solving of a design problem, engineers have to make many decisions. These decisions must consider several design guidelines. The first set of decisions are the specifications. Specifications are the design requirements.

8 Problem Solving The second set of decisions are constraints. Constraints are the limitations of the design. Common constraints are things like materials, costs, size, and time. For example, a biomedical engineer creating a prosthetic hand must know how the hand is supposed to function (specifications). The engineer must also know what materials can be used, how much it can cost, and the weight that it cannot exceed (constraints).

9 Problem Solving The role of the engineer is to create the most optimal solution while balancing the specifications with the constraints. The optimal solution may be to create a product for maximum profit, or a product with the greatest range of motion at the least weight per unit. It is often very difficult to meet all the specifications while staying within the constraints. Optimization is a process that creates the most optimal solution within the specifications and constraints.

10 Problem Solving Sometimes engineers must make trade-offs. A trade-off is something an engineer gives up to meet other specifications while staying within the constraints. In the example of the hand, the engineer may find that it is impossible to design the prosthetic hand at an appropriate weight that works like they wanted. The trade-off is what is most important, function or weight.

11 Mathematical Knowledge Much of the work that engineers do requires the analysis of data. Engineers spend a considerable amount of time reviewing graphs, charts, and data tables to either understand the problem or to determine the appropriateness of their design. This type of work requires a strong background in all types of mathematics. Algebra may be used to determine the relationship between two variables in a system, like temperature and time.

12 Mathematical Knowledge Civil engineers use math to determine the amount of beam movement as they design a bridge. Engineers use calculus when they are concerned with the rate of change in an object or forces acting on an object. Engineers will use statistics to do a failure analysis to be sure of reliability, or to justify design decisions.

13 Scientific Knowledge Engineering is often referred to as the practical application of science. So, engineers must have a strong understanding of science in order to apply its principles. The scientific knowledge that is needed varies depending on the field of engineering. Civil and architectural engineers need to understand scientific concepts such as statics, force, load, and tension.

14 Scientific Knowledge Electrical engineers need to understand electrical principles such as atomic structure, and circuit theory. Other scientific principles that relate to engineering include thermodynamics, kinematics, fluid mechanics, and logic.

15 Technical Knowledge The work of engineers requires the use technical knowledge in the form of tools. Engineers use design technology such as computer-aided design (CAD) software, drawing tools, and simulation software. Engineers may also use tools such as gauges, meters, scales and statistical software as they design, implement, and operate solutions to problems. Lastly, engineers use a range of communication tools from to document preparation and presentation software.

16 Types of Skills and Traits Problem solving often requires creative approaches and solutions. Drawing and design skills are important as well as good interpersonal skills. Communication skills are important because engineers work with many other people. Engineers must be able to plan and give effective presentations.

17 Types of Skills and Traits Being a good listener also falls under communication skills. Strong writing skills are important because much of an engineer's time will be spent writing technical reports, memos, and s. Lastly, time management and project management skills are necessary. The schedule and number of projects that an engineer may be working on at any given time maybe demanding.

18 Role of Engineers Engineering projects require the work of many people. Not everyone involved in a project is an engineer. Building of a skyscraper, for example, requires engineers to focus on many different aspects of the design and construction. Structural engineers design the building so it is safe and uses materials efficiently.

19 Role of Engineers Architectural engineers design the electrical, plumbing, and heating systems in the skyscraper. Civil and Construction engineers oversee the actual construction of the project. Systems engineers coordinate and manage the entire project from beginning to end.

20 Role of Engineers Each stage of the project requires more than just engineers. Engineers generally work with teams of people. The teams may include other engineers, but could also include engineering technicians and trades people. Each person on the team has a specific role in the design, creation and operation of an engineering project.

21 Engineering Technicians Engineering technicians are people who carry out much of the technical work of an engineer. They generally use more technology and less scientific and mathematical knowledge than engineers. They complete tasks like drafting, computer modeling, troubleshooting, materials testing, technical writing, and surveying.

22 Tradespeople Tradespeople are workers who actually do the building. They follow the plans that have been created by the engineer and put on paper by the engineering technician. For example, a mechanical engineer who has designed a new gearbox would use a tradesperson, such as a CNC operator or machinist, to build the physical part. Tradespeople have specific technical knowledge and skills in material processing or construction. Welders, CNC operators, electricians, machinists, and installers are all examples of craftspeople.

23 Engineering Disciplines Engineers, engineering technicians, and tradespeople work in several different engineering disciplines. These fields include materials engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, biotechnical engineering, computer engineering, aerospace engineering, manufacturing engineering, and chemical engineering.

24 Materials Engineering Materials engineering focuses on designing and testing new materials and finding new ways to use existing materials. Engineers in all fields need to know a great deal about materials and their uses, but materials engineers understand the nature of materials at a deeper level. Materials engineers often focus on a specific type of material such as metals, plastics, ceramics, or composites. Materials engineers may be employed to develop a specific material for a specific application, such as designing a material that would be strong enough to withstand the impacts that a mountain bike takes, but still be light enough to be feasible for use in a bike.

25 Materials Engineering Materials engineers may design materials for use in prosthetics. They may design materials to be easily recyclable, or they may even design a new alloy for a specific application. Materials engineers must understand material properties such as atomic structure, strength, stress, strain, and elasticity.

26 Electrical Engineering Electrical engineering is one of the widest fields of engineering, in terms of the products that are designed. Electrical engineers design and develop electrical and electronic systems and products. Electrical engineers work on projects as large as power generation stations to devices as small as handheld consumer electronics. Several electrical engineers design electrical systems for vehicles such as hybrid automobiles, aircraft, and spacecraft.

27 Electrical Engineering Other electrical engineers are work in the telecommunications industry developing satellite systems, in the energy sector working on alternative power systems, and in the medical field designing new devices and instruments. The wide use of electricity and electronic devices has led to a range of areas of specialization within electrical engineering. Electrical engineers must understand and be able to apply principles such as the nature of electricity; voltage, current, and resistance; circuit design; and electrical measurement.

28 Civil Engineering Civil engineering is concerned with both the structures that we build and the use and control of natural resources, especially water. Civil engineering is considered the oldest of the engineering fields as its principles have been used for thousands of years. Civil engineers plan and coordinate large-scale construction projects such as airports, highway systems, and municipal water and sewage systems. Structural engineering is one of the largest sub-fields in civil engineering.

29 Civil Engineering Structural engineers spend their time studying how forces interact within a structure. The structure may be a building, a bridge, a tunnel, or even the International Space Station. Civil engineers also design solutions for solid waste removal or for a city to design a water treatment plant or city water system.

30 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering is the designing, building, and maintaining of mechanical, thermal (heat), and fluid systems. These systems include products such as tools and machines; engines and turbines; heating, cooling, and refrigeration systems; vehicles; and household products and devices. Mechanical engineers are employed by automakers to design engines, by manufacturing facilities to design and control robotic devices, and by power generation companies to design and maintain devices that generate electricity. Other mechanical engineers design machine tools that are used to build other machines.

31 Bioengineering Bioengineering is the use of engineering concepts to attend to problems relating to biology. Two subfields of bioengineering are biomedical engineering and agricultural engineering. The two are often linked because they both deal with biological problems; biomedical engineers focus on humans, and agricultural engineers focus on plants and animals. Biomedical engineers design devices such as artificial organs, prosthetics, and medical imaging systems.

32 Bioengineering These engineers may be called on to design new devices for use in surgeries, or for new medical diagnostic tools. Agricultural engineering is the application of engineering concepts to issues related to the food supply. Agricultural engineers design machines, processes and products for all aspects of farming. This could include farm machinery biofuels and fertilizers, farming processes such as hydroponics, and even devices and processes for soil and water management.

33 Computer Engineering Computer engineering is the design, development, and testing of computer systems. This includes computer hardware, printers, computer software, and computer network devices. Computer engineers develop or improve operating systems by creating innovative ways for the computer hardware to interact with the software or with the user. They may also help to design devices that use computer chips such as toys, smart devices, or even industrial robots.

34 Computer Engineering Computer engineers are continuously working to improve computer performance and to find ways to fully utilize computer capabilities. A subfield of computer engineering is software engineering. Software engineers design computer applications while computer engineers focus more on the hardware and operating systems.

35 Aerospace Engineering Aerospace engineering is the design, testing, and manufacturing of air and space vehicles. Aerospace engineers design, build, analyze, and troubleshoot components of aircraft, spacecraft, missiles, and spaceplanes. Aerospace engineering is divided into two main categories. Aeronautics is the design of aircraft, and astronautics deals with the design of spacecraft.

36 Manufacturing Engineering Manufacturing engineering is the design and coordination of all aspects of the production of products. Manufacturing engineers design assembly lines. They organize material handling processes and supervise the quality control of manufacturing processes. They focus on producing products in the most efficient ways possible. They work in all industries that manufacture products.

37 Chemical Engineering Chemical engineers use their knowledge to solve problems dealing with chemicals, other materials, and large-scale production. Many chemical engineers are employed in the petroleum, pharmaceutical, and food processing industries. Other chemical engineers may work with plastics, paper, food additives, sustainable energy products, synthetic materials, biomedical products, and cosmetics. They often design new production techniques, aid in the design of chemical manufacturing facilities, and work to improve the safety of such facilities.

38 Other Engineering Disciplines There are several additional engineering disciplines that create valuable products and solve important problems. Environmental engineers design environmentally friendly products and work to improve air and soil quality. Nuclear engineers design ways to safely use nuclear materials as power sources. Petroleum and mining engineers find new ways to extract raw materials from the earth that are safe and economical.

39 History of Engineering Engineering has been an activity that humans have been involved with for thousands of years. Engineering as a defined profession is only several hundred years old, but the engineering of buildings and structures dates to 2000 BCE. The builders of these structures would resemble civil engineers today. However, not all fields of engineering can be traced back thousands of years.

40 Early Civilizations The development of the field of engineering follows the development of human and society needs. Humans began to engineer products, buildings, and structures as they needed water for farming, protection from other civilizations, and ways to honor their leaders. The Mesopotamians and Egyptians were the first civilizations to build structures that would have used engineering principles. Over 5000 years ago, the Mesopotamians constructed temples and the Egyptians constructed massive pyramids to honor their rulers.

41 Early Civilizations The Egyptians also designed and built irrigations systems, dams, and aqueducts for the distribution of water for use in agriculture. Several thousand years later, in the first century BCE, the Romans not only built aqueducts to move water great distances, but also developed city water systems. The Romans also built an extensive system of roadways, some of which still exist today. The engineering developments of the early civilizations were not confined only to civil engineering projects.

42 Early Civilizations The use and manufacture of metal tools and weapons can be found in many civilizations as early as 5000 years ago. Bronze was the first metal to be used in tools, followed by iron. Vehicles, in the forms of carts, chariots, boats, and ships, were also created by these early civilizations. Mechanical devices, such as waterwheels, were used in ancient times by the Greeks, Romans, and Chinese.

43 Industrial Revolution The formalization of many forms of engineering can be found during the Industrial Revolution ( ). During the Industrial Revolution, scientists and engineers learned to harness scientific principles for use in mechanical and industrial devices. Many of these advancements were made possible by James Watt's improvements to the steam engine. This allowed the steam engine to be the main source of power for many devices.

44 Industrial Revolution Steam engines transformed factories, as they became the main source of power for machines. Steam engines made travel on rail possible through the development of the steam locomotives. Mechanical engineering was not the only field of engineering to advance during the Industrial Revolution. Great advances in electricity and electrical engineering were made throughout the nineteenth century.

45 Industrial Revolution Magnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday and Alessandro Volta built the world's first battery at the beginning of the nineteenth century. By the end of the nineteenth century, Thomas Edison had invented the lightbulb and built an electrical power station in New York City. At the same time, Nikola Tesla invented the electric induction motor, and electrical engineering was beginning to be offered at American and European universities. Advances were also made in the scientific understanding of chemicals.

46 Industrial Revolution During this time, 70 of the 118 known chemical elements were discovered. This led to the engineering, development, and greater use of several new materials including vulcanized rubber, plastics, dynamite, artificial fertilizers, antiseptics, and other pharmaceuticals. The creation and mass production of these and other materials led to the growth of industrial chemistry, which would later become chemical engineering.

47 Industrial Revolution Many advances were also made in agriculture and agricultural engineering throughout the Industrial Revolution. The cotton gin, the reaper, and the steel plow were all developed during the Industrial Revolution. By the end of the Industrial Revolution, and the nineteenth century, many aspects of the world were changing due to the work of engineers.

48 Twentieth Century Advances Incredible engineering advances were made in the twentieth century. In civil and architectural engineering, buildings and structures reached new heights, massive engineering projects such as the Panama Canal were completed, and extensive highway systems were built. Chemical engineers developed production facilities to produce and refine many of the products that we use today including plastics, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, paints, and food products. In the twentieth century, electrical engineers developed the radio, television, computer, electronics, satellite technology, and the infrastructure to support these technologies.

49 Twentieth Century Advances Electrical engineering in the twentieth century also led to new branches of engineering including computer engineering, software engineering, and electronic engineering. Aerospace engineering is another field of engineering that has been developed almost entirely in the twentieth century. While humans have dreamed of flight for thousands of years, it was not until the early 1900s that it became a reality. In the past 100 years, since the Wright Brothers' first flight, aeronautical engineering has enabled air travel to be a common part of our lives.

50 Twentieth Century Advances Air travel and other aeronautical engineering advances have impacted recreational, commercial, and military aspects of our lives. The reality of flight and improvements in rocket science during World War II led to the twentieth century birth of aerospace engineering. ln less than 75 years, aerospace engineers have been able to land spacecraft on the moon and Mars, and have explored numerous parts of the solar system.

51 Twentieth Century Advances Much of the ease of communication we enjoy today is a direct result of the satellite systems developed by aerospace and electrical engineers. Many of the twentieth century advances in medicine, especially in medical imaging, have been made possible by biomedical engineers.

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