n European Space Initiative National Space Society France Eugene, Oregon

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1 n European Space Initiative National Space Society France Eugene, Oregon

2 Why going in space? A first answer : Creation of potential of activity

3 n historical example of creation of potential of activity :

4 Henry the Navigator Portugal

5 Portugal during the XVth century A great Mediterranean and catholic power. suffers an economic recession since More difficulties with middle east and Chinese empire trade a closed economy. threatened by Arabic and Muslim powers. Three kings : john I ( ) - Edouard ( ) - Alphonse V ( ).

6 Portugal and Mediterranean Sea

7 The necessity of opening new ways and markets for Portugal A solution : Colonization of west coast of Africa. The beginning of the Portuguese age of discovery

8 Henry the Navigator 1415 : first action : capture of Ceuta (morocco) - learns about african trade : named as Governor of Algarve Region - South West of the country, in face of Africa and Atlantic ocean : Master of the Portuguese military order : Order of Christ. His capital : City of Sagres.

9 Capture of Ceuta

10 Algarve region and the south of Portugal

11 Sagres

12 Turning Africa

13 Creating a potential of activity : An infrastructure. Recruits intellectuals : geography, astronomy, sailors, naval engineers, scientists, pilots, and navigators from all around the world. Builds a church, an observatory, a ship factory in Lagos and Sagres and a center for cartography. Lagos Harbor dedicated to the development of a new vessel : the caravel.

14 Creating a potential of activity : An infrastructure. A School of Navigation : based in Sagres, international students and speakers. Some students of the School : Christopher Columbus, Bartholomea Dias, Vasco da Gama or Magellan. A better and brighter brain trust around the prince Henry. The will of opening a new sphere of

15 Some developments : mapping

16 Some developments : instruments

17 Some developments : From the Barca ( ~ ) to the Caravel (~ )

First discoveries : the Atlantic 1420 : Madeira. 1422 : Canaries Islands.

18 First discoveries : the Atlantic 1420 : Madeira : Canaries Islands. islands Between 1424 and 1432 : Azores islands. Next step is the limit of the known world : Cape Bojador.

Cape Bojador - 1434 15 failures between 1427 and 1434.

19 Cape Bojador failures between 1427 and Using of an old type of vessel : the barca. Gil Eanes passed the cape during the summer of 1434 after 2 personal failures. The major lock for south expansion in Africa is broken.

20 From Rio de Oro to Guinea 1436 : Portuguese discover Rio de Oro river - First trades. Cape Branco passed in 1441 with caravels : First merchant private expedition black slaves brought back to Portugal : Cape Verde : Trade and refueling outpost created on Arguim Island : First licenses of exploitation on Guinea : Pope recognizes Portuguese domination 1459 : Fra Mauro map in Sagres by Toscanell

21 African expeditions :

.. 1460 - Henry the Navigator died A new

22 A lot of benefits and spinoffs for the country : spices, gold, ivory, silver, slaves Henry the Navigator died A new potential of activity opens for Portugal an open economy.

23 After Henry the beginning of the Portuguese empire. Vasco da Gama reached India in 1499 artholemea Dias assed Good Hope ape in Columbus

24 NOW... An European Space Initiative

25 Why proposes a European Space Initiative? To offer a new potential of activity to Europe. To open a new sphere of economy : in a spacefaring civilization frame. To propose concrete, new and larger political ideas (back to a real political vision). To initiate our space projects.

26 How to do it? The ESI is composed in two main parts : a short term plan called 15 propositions for 5 years and a middle and long term plan called beyond earth orbit. 15 propositions is a concrete, political and feasible plan for Europe. Its goal is to master regular human access to low orbit in 5 years.

28 15 propositions for 5 years First main goal : Human access to space activities on earth orbit. Initiate an industrial political, universities movement towards Europe for space. Second main goal : a parallel preparation of ESI middle term plan in the frame of a spacefaring civilization. Advanced studies for next generation ideas.

29 Regular human access to earth orbit

30 1. First at all : a strong political, economical, cultural and strategic will for the ESI

31 2. Wake up all European space partners. Presentation of ESI - making of a 5 years roadmap. Awakening of all space partners (working around space activities - in a large definition) : private companies, national agencies, departments, universities, and politics. Definition of a European Universities Space Initiative.

32 3. Reliability of Ariane V for three versions : ESC-A, Evolution and Human 10 tons

33 4. Launching and using of the automatic cargo vehicle ATV utomatic Transfer Vehicle) for ISS First launch Sept. 2004

34 First studies on ACEV - Human version of ATV.. First lessons in space : docking, orbital driving and handling

35 5. Advanced Developing studies on ARD, CTV/CRV, X-38, Pre-X, Sphinx Angel, Socrates, l IXV, Hercules...

36 6. Building Columbus, European experiments module for ISS

37 . Renegotiations for European use f ISS. Proposing a larger using of Space Station : Our first space academy and harbor.

38 . Industrial development and tests for human module using Ariane V Goal : Send and bring back safel astronauts 5 to 6 times per years

39 8. First European launch of stronauts to orbit by our own way. earning of space flight techniques

40 In the same time: Parallel preparation for ESI middle term plans

41 1. Future Launchers Preparation Plans (FLPPs) works: Studies speeding up about FLPPs : EXTV (European experimental Test Vehicle), VERHA (Dassault Aviation) or ARES (EADS). European space politic Coordination about future launchers (Next Generation Launchers Studies). Choice between ELV or RLV.

42 1. Future Launchers Preparation Ares project by EADS Plans (FLPPs) works: FLPPs Works

43 2. Studies about winged reusable vehicles Resume of all studies about winged reusable vehicles : SSTO, TSTO, Hermes, FESTIP, HOTOL, Sanger, X- 33, financed tests for Ares (Fr) and Vehra (Fr) or Phoenix 2 (Germany).

44 3. Alternative propulsion studies Resume of nuclear propulsion studies. Studies about Hydro Magnetic Dynamic propulsion (ONERA, SupAero, CNRS). Studies about Electric Kinetic Propulsion (Naudin and Brown).

45 4. Studies about Space cable or Space elevator c See B. Edwards and Westling or Liftport Group.

5. Preparing the next generation : Launch of a Space Techniques Universities Initiative. Creation of a Brain Trust, building a better and brighter generation.

46 5. Preparing the next generation : Launch of a Space Techniques Universities Initiative. Creation of a Brain Trust, building a better and brighter generation. Founding and helps for university teams or technical institutes working on space program. Encourage, by all means, studies on space activities. Developing Science program.

47 . Promotion of all kind of European pace private enterprise initiatives. Political Zero Tax, Zero Gravity act.

48 7. Launching the Future... First agencies studies about Moon and Mars exploration to come : advanced versions for ESA Aurora program. Moon and Mars exploitation studies. Developing the ISS use. Development studies on next space propulsion ( an European Prometheus?).

49 Beyond earth orbit. Middle and long term plan : a space faring civilization frame.

50 Beyond earth orbit : everything is possible. Learn and developing space activities: the middle term plan. Open and study each possibilities for future. Next generation of propulsion and vehicle required. International cooperation. Creation of an International Managing Space Programs Office

51 The main goal: Moon and Mars. Moon : the earth harbor and facility. Lunar installation and exploitation. Works of H. Koelle (Ph.D. Berlin University), SSI (Princeton University), P. Eckart. Mars : the next step. R. Zubrin, Case for Mars or entering space. Mars direct initiative developed. Studies about colonization.

52 Moon and Mars.

53 Development of a spacefaring civilization. New potential of activities and new sphere of economy open.

ESA Human Spaceflight Capability Development and Future Perspectives International Lunar Conference September Toronto, Canada

ESA Human Spaceflight Capability Development and Future Perspectives International Lunar Conference 2005 19-23 September Toronto, Canada Scott Hovland Head of Systems Unit, System and Strategy Division,