Advances in Farming, Technology, and Trade

Transcription

1 Section 3 Standards-Based Instruction Section 3 Advances in Farming, Technology, and Trade Standards at a Glance Section 2 focused on the religious life of Tang and Song China. Here students will explore aspects of Chinese agriculture, technology, and commerce. Section Focus Question How did developments in agriculture, technology, and commerce influence the economy of China? Before you begin the lesson for the day, write the Section Focus Question on the board. (Lesson focus: The rise of rice farming and advances in the use of irrigation, the inventions of gunpowder and printing, and the growth of trade and industry all helped China s economy grow.) Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge Introduce the concept of change by asking students what they think was the most important invention in human history. Point out that many people believe that it was the printing press, which made it possible for books to be printed in large quantities. As a result, society changed: People who were not wealthy now could gain access to books and, thus, to education. Explain that the printing press appeared in China hundreds of years before it appeared in Europe. Set a Purpose Read aloud each statement in the Reading Readiness Guide. Ask students to mark the statements true or false. Reading Readiness Guide, p. 17 Have students discuss the statements in pairs or groups of four and then mark their worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads strategy (TE p. T38) to call on students to share their group s perspectives. The students will return to these worksheets later. H-SS Describe agricultural, technological, and commercial developments during the Tang and Song periods. H-SS Historical Interpretation 2 Students understand and distinguish cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events, including the longand short-term causal relations. A shift to new farming techniques in southern China brought an increase in population and food supply. 280 Chapter 10 China s Golden Age Universal Access L1 English Language Learners L1 Less Proficient Readers L1 Special Needs Tracking Reading Suggest to students that they use a ruler to help them keep their place as they read, line to line, down a page. Reading Preview Reading Skill Distinguish Sequence After you have placed events in time and can connect events across time, study how they are connected. Did one event cause another? Did two or more events take place at the same time? If so, is there a reason that explains this? Ask these questions as you read Section 3, to better distinguish sequence and to understand its importance to the history. High-Use Terms alter (AWL ter), p. 281 compound (KAHM pownd), p. 282 Key Terms and People land tenure (land TEHN yuhr), p. 281 literacy (LIHT er uh see), p. 282 money economy (MUHN ee ih KAHN uh mee), p. 284 porcelain (POR suh lihn), p. 285 Background Knowledge The Tang and Song eras were times of great prosperity in China. Much of that growth was fueled by advances in farming, technology, and trade. In this section, you will read how these improvements helped China develop the world s most advanced economy. Farming Under the Tang and Song, many changes affected Chinese farming. The center of agriculture, or farming, shifted to the south. Meanwhile, advances made farming more productive. Southern Rice Farming You have read about the shift to the south during the Song Dynasty. One reason for this change was the rise of rice as China s most important crop. In the past, Chinese agriculture had been based on dry-land crops like wheat and barley. These crops grew well in the arid north, but not in the humid south. The south, however, was perfect for rice farming. Noting the Unfamiliar Have students mark unfamiliar words or phrases (such as prosperity and advances on this page) with a sticky note or jot down questions that occur to them as they read. Periodically provide assistance to the students to clarify these issues. 280 Chapter 10

2 Rice grows in flooded fields, called paddies. To keep their rice paddies wet, the Chinese developed advanced irrigation systems, or systems providing water, that included pumps and other water-control devices. They also developed new strains of fast-ripening rice. With this rice, farmers could plant and harvest two, or even three, crops a year. Rice yielded more food per acre than other grains. With more food available, the population soared. Between 750 and 1100, the population of China doubled from 50 to 100 million. Land Tenure Under the Han, the Chinese government had claimed ownership of all farmland. All farmers received equal shares of land to farm. But during the Tang Dynasty, the government altered China s land tenure system. Land tenure refers to the way land is owned and distributed in a region. Under the Tang, the government allowed wealthy families to purchase much of the good farmland. Most peasants now worked as tenant farmers. A Chinese official wrote: The lands of the rich extend on and on... and there is nothing to stop them. Day by day the poor scatter and die from starvation.... If nothing is done... more people will scatter and die. Cheng Hao, from Sources of Chinese Tradition How did changes in agriculture boost commerce? HI 2 Distinguish Sequence Explain the sequence of changes in Chinese farming. What caused these changes? What happened because of those changes? alter (AWL ter) v. to change Irrigated Rice Farming In the image below, farmers use a treadmill to lift water to an irrigation canal. The image at left shows farmers transplanting rice in a flooded paddy. Critical Thinking: Apply Information Why would irrigation be important to rice farmers? Teach Farming H-SS 7.3.2; HI 2 Instruction High-Use Words Before teaching this lesson, preteach the high-use words alter and compound, using the strategy on TE p Key Terms Have students continue to fill in the See It Remember It chart (p. 7). Read Farming with students, using the Oral Cloze strategy (TE p. T36) for pp and the Structured Silent Reading strategy (TE p. T36) for the rest of the section. Ask: Why is rice such a useful crop? (It produces more food per acre than any other food.) How did it affect the development of China? (It supported a much larger population.) Make sure that students understand the term land tenure, and discuss how wealthy Chinese families came to own most of the land. Ask: How do you think this change affected the structure of Chinese society? (Possible answer: It made the rich richer and the poor poorer.) Independent Practice Have students begin to fill in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide. Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 10, Section 3 (Adapted version also available.) As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure individuals understand the role of agriculture in Chinese society. Provide assistance as needed. History Background The Rice Legend Chinese folklore tells that during a time of terrible floods, the people grew hungry. There were no crops and few animals to hunt. One day, a dog came to the people across a flooded field. Section 3 Advances in Farming, Technology, and Trade 281 Hanging from the dog s tail were long rice seeds. When the people planted the seeds, rice grew, ending the great hunger. Chinese tradition holds that rice is even more precious than pearls and jade. Answers Reading Skill Possible answer: The development of irrigation techniques and new strains of rice led to more harvests each year. This development supported a growing population. However, the land was acquired by the wealthy, which placed great hardship on the poor. Apply Information Rice needs a lot of water to grow. Possible answer: Wealthy families bought more land to farm. Chapter 10 Section 3 281

3 Technology H-SS 7.3.2; HI 2 Instruction Read Technology with students. Remind students to look for causes and effects as they read. Ask: What advances involving seafaring did the Chinese develop? (large oceangoing ships and the compass) How did these advances help the Chinese economy? (Possible answers: They made it easier for traders to travel to acquire and sell goods; they may have created more jobs for shipbuilders and sailors.) As students read the next subsection, display the color transparency Weapons Using Gunpowder. After students have answered its questions, ask: How did these weapons change over time? (They became more destructive.) Color Transparencies, Weapons Using Gunpowder Discuss the fact that, with block printing, a new block had to be carved for each page. Then, ask: How did movable type eliminate this problem? (Each character had to be carved only a few times; then the characters could be moved around to create pages.) How did movable type change society? (Possible answers: Books became more available; the literacy rate rose; more commoners gained hope of rising beyond their class.) Chinese inventions during the Middle Ages included gunpowder, printing, the compass, and improved ways of building ships. compound (KAHM pownd) n. combination of different chemical ingredients Technology Agricultural advances during the Tang and Song dynasties were part of a larger boom in Chinese technology. During this era, the Chinese pioneered a number of key inventions. Among these were gunpowder, printing, and new technologies in shipbuilding and navigation. Ships and Navigation The Chinese led the world in shipbuilding technologies. They built large oceangoing ships that could hold 500 people. These ships had multiple decks and masts, or tall posts that carry sails. They also had watertight compartments. If a leak occurred in one place, a compartment could be sealed off so that the ship would not sink. Rudders, or movable plates, at the back of these ships made them easy to steer. Another key invention was the magnetic compass. Chinese sailors used the compass to navigate the open seas. It allowed them to travel to distant lands without getting lost. As a result, Chinese merchants opened up trade routes to India and Southeast Asia. Gunpowder and Printing The Chinese discovered the chemical compound we know today as gunpowder. They first used gunpowder in fireworks. By the Song era, however, they were using gunpowder to make bombs, rockets, and other weapons. The Chinese invented paper at least two thousand years ago. By the 800s, they had developed a way of producing books known as block printing. In this technology, workers carved pages of text into blocks of wood. Each block was then inked and pressed on paper to print a page. Later Chinese printers developed movable type. Each piece of type had one Chinese character carved on it. The pieces could be assembled as needed to print a page of text. This eliminated the need to carve a new block of text for every page of a book. Printing lowered the cost of books. With more books available, the number of schools expanded. Literacy, or the ability to read and write, also increased. For the first time in Chinese history, common people could hope that their sons might grow up to join the scholar-official class. How did improved printing methods affect Chinese life? 282 Chapter 10 China s Golden Age Universal Access Answer Possible answer: Improved printing methods made books readily available to common people, increasing the literacy rate. L3 Advanced Readers L3 Gifted and Talented Exploring Block Printing Invite students to investigate the uses and limitations of block printing for themselves. Ask them to work in pairs to carve raised letters or designs from half a potato or a bar of soap. (Explain that the letters or designs must be carved to show the mirror image of the image that students want to print.) Students can press their carved blocks onto an inkpad and then onto paper, printing their designs. Display the block prints in the classroom. Have students write a paragraph that explains how printing with this method differs from writing by hand and from using movable type. 282 Chapter 10

4 Instruction (continued) Display the transparency for the History Interactive feature. Color Transparencies, Explore a Chinese Ship Ask: How did shipbuilding technologies help the Chinese economy? (It allowed for more trade with other countries, bringing wealth to China.) Challenge students to think of modernday examples of technologies that have brought prosperity to countries around the world. Ask: What inventions and/or technologies are essential to your daily life? (Possible answers: computers, cars, television, cell phones) Independent Practice Have students continue to fill in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide. (Adapted version available.) Sealed compartments protected cargo from leaks in other parts of the ship. Shelving could be built into compartments. Rudder Fresh vegetables, grown in barrels, and crates of chickens supplied food for the crew. As students fill in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure individuals are clear about the uses of Chinese inventions. Provide assistance as needed. Rowboats were used as lifeboats or for landing where there were no docks. Chinese compass, with a needle hanging by a thread, always pointing north Chinese Ships The Chinese used the most advanced seafaring technologies of their time. Rudders allowed for better steering. Compasses helped captains find their way at sea. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions How would these technologies have helped sailors travel longer distances? Explore a Chinese Ship Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: mxp-5103 Section 3 Advances in Farming, Technology, and Trade 283 Economic Background Silver Sycee A form of currency called silver sycee was used in China for more than 1,000 years. (Sycee were small stamped silver lumps or ingots, not true coins, but they were the only silver currency used in China during this era.) During the Song Dynasty, silver production increased, and people began using silver as money. Silver sycee were used by the government and by wealthy individuals for large transactions, eliminating the need for large quantities of heavy copper coins. Sycee also were made by hand, so each one was not only valuable but unique. Each area had its own style of sycee, and often sycee from one area were not accepted in another area. Answer Draw Conclusions These technologies provided safer ships that could withstand long journeys and provided tools to guide sailors across long distances. Chapter 10 Section 3 283

5 Trade and Industry H-SS 7.3.2; HI 2 Instruction Read Trade and Industry with students. Remind students to look for support for the Main Idea. Ask: What factors influenced the growth of trade? (an increase in farm production, a drop in transportation costs, and the development of a money economy) Have students name one industry that expanded during this time. (Possible answers: silk cloth, ceramics/porcelain, iron, salt) Then, ask: How did increases in industrial production help the Chinese economy? (Products were sold to other countries, bringing money into China.) Independent Practice Have students complete the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide. (Adapted version available.) Tell students to fill in the last column of the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for what they learned that confirms or invalidates each statement. Reading Readiness Guide, p. 17 Have students go back to their Word Knowledge Rating Form. Rerate their word knowledge and have them complete the last column with a definition or an example. Word Knowledge Rating Form, p. 14 Chinese Money The bronze coin at right was issued during the Song Dynasty. The Song were the first government in the world to issue paper money. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions How might paper money be easier to use than coins? Increased food production, better water transportation, and the use of money led to the growth of trade and industry during the Song era. Trade and Industry Other innovations encouraged the growth of trade and industry. This occurred even though Confucian officials looked down on merchants. They believed that making money from trade was an unworthy profession. Nevertheless, during the Song Dynasty, commerce expanded to new levels. The Growth of Trade Many factors helped the growth of trade. One was increased farm production. The creation of an agricultural surplus meant that there was more food to trade for craft items like pottery and cloth. Another factor was a drop in transportation costs after the completion of the Grand Canal in the early 600s. The Grand Canal is the world s oldest and longest manmade waterway. It connects China s two great rivers, the Huang He in the north and the Chang in the south. The 1,100-mile-long canal quickly filled with barges carrying rice and other goods. This led to the building of more canals. By the end of the Song period, China s canals and waterways stretched for thousands of miles. A third factor was the development of a money economy. This is an economy in which people use currency rather than barter to buy and sell goods. Copper coins, called cash, were the main currency during the Tang Dynasty. But they were heavy and hard to manage in large amounts. 284 Chapter 10 China s Golden Age Universal Access L1 English Language Learners L1 Less Proficient Readers L1 Special Needs Answer Draw Conclusions Paper money is much lighter in weight and takes up less space. It may be less costly to make. 284 Chapter 10 Analyzing Main Ideas To give students a better grasp of the content of pp , work with students to make a chart with three columns, writing one of the three factors in the growth of trade (agricultural surplus, drop in transportation costs, development of a money economy) at the top of each column. In each column, students can list details that relate to that factor. Encourage students to share their charts with the rest of the class, refining as necessary.

6 During the Song period, the government issued the world s first paper currency. Paper money was easy to use, especially in trade over long distances. Expanding Industries As trade increased, industries expanded as well. The production of silk cloth, for example, rose during the Song Dynasty. Another important industry was ceramics. During this time, China began to produce porcelain, a hard white pottery of extremely fine quality. Chinese porcelain became a major trade item that was prized around the world. One of the biggest industries was iron production. Iron was essential in many industries, such as salt production. It was also used in weapons, tools, nails, and even Buddhist statues. Section 3 Check Your Progress Comprehension and Critical Thinking 1. (a) Recall Why did Chinese farming shift to the south? (b) Analyze Cause and Effect Explain how new ways of farming increased farm production in China. 2. (a) List Name three technologies developed during China s golden age. (b) Draw Conclusions Which of these do you think had the greatest impact on Chinese society? Why? List three key industries in Song China. Looking Back and Ahead In this section, you have learned about farming, technology, and trade under both Tang and Song rule. In the next chapter, you will read about China during the Mongol and Ming dynasties. H-SS: 7.3.2, HI 2 Reading Skill 3. Distinguish Sequence Reread the first three paragraphs under the heading Farming, on pages How did Chinese farming change from the Tang era to the Song era? What caused it to change? Answer the following questions in complete sentences that show your understanding of the highlighted words. 4. How did the system of land tenure change under the Tang? For: Self-test with instant help Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: mxa What important changes in the money economy did the Song make? 6. Why was porcelain an important product? Writing 7. Summarize material from this section that supports the following working thesis for a research paper. Working thesis: Advances and inventions in many fields greatly increased the strength of the Chinese economy under the Tang and the Song. Section 3 Advances in Farming, Technology, and Trade 285 Writing Rubrics Share rubrics with students before they write their summaries. Score 1 Summary is incomplete. Score 2 Summary is vague or fails to address the working thesis. Score 3 Summary includes some details that address the working thesis. Score 4 Summary includes details that clearly support the working thesis in a satisfactory manner. Assess and Reteach Assess Progress Have students complete Check Your Progress. Administer the Section Quiz. Section Quiz, p. 25 To further assess student understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparency. Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 10, Section 3 Reteach L1 If students need more instruction, have them read this section in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and complete the accompanying question. Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 10, Section 3 (Adapted version also available.) Extend To help students expand their understanding of Chinese ships based on the History Interactives, provide students with Web Code mxp Section 3 Check Your Progress 1. (a) The humid south was perfect for rice farming. (b) Advanced irrigation systems and fast-growing rice strains increased farm production. 2. (a) the compass, gunpowder, and movable type (b) Answers will vary. Students may suggest movable type because it allowed for mass production of books and increased literacy. 3. Agriculture shifted to rice farming. The cause was the rise of rice as the main crop. 4. Land tenure changed from equal shares for everyone during the Han era to private ownership during the Tang. 5. The Tang encouraged a change from a barter economy to an economy using currency. 6. Because of its high quality, porcelain became a major export item. 7. Students summaries should include main ideas from the section and should Answer support the working thesis. silk production, ceramics/ porcelain, and iron L3 Chapter 10 Section 3 285

7 Interpret a Line Graph Objective Line graphs show how one variable changes in relation to change in some other variable, usually, time. This analysis skill lesson will teach students to read and analyze a line graph to determine how and why something changes over time. Economic indicators are numbers that measure how an economy is doing. Average income and employment rates are economic indicators. Population may be an economic indicator if it reflects changes in the economy. Economic indicators can help you understand history. History-Social Science Historical Interpretation 6 Students interpret basic indicators of economic performance and conduct cost-benefit analyses of economic and political issues. Interpret a Line Graph Guided Instruction Have students read each step aloud. After each step, discuss the following. 1. Have students determine what the bottom and left-hand side of the graph show. (The bottom shows the time that is measured; the side shows the number or amount that changes.) 2. Practice the skill by following the steps on p. 286 as a class. Model each step as students identify the information. (1. China s population growth, ) (2. the Tang and Song) Then, have the students analyze the graph. (4. Increased food production allowed the population to increase, while a population increase led to increased manufacturing.) Learn the Skill Follow these steps to read a graph and interpret data. Tang Dynasty Song Dynasty Source: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Practice the Skill Answer the following questions about the line graph above. Ask students to do the Apply the Skill activity. Then, assign the Analysis Skill Worksheet. As students complete the worksheet, circulate to make sure individuals are applying the skill steps effectively. Provide assistance as needed. Analysis Skill Worksheet, p. 21 Reteach If students need more instruction, use the Social Studies Skills Tutor CD-ROM to reteach this skill. Social Studies Skills Tutor CD-ROM Analyzing Graphic Data L1 1. Read the title and identify the topic. What is the graph about? 2. Read the labels. Labels tell you the kinds of information the graph contains. 3. Consider other available data. Sometimes a graph is just one part of a larger topic. For example, a graph about one kind of economic indicator might be used along with other kinds of information, like general statements about an economy. 4. Interpret the data. Use the graph and other information provided. 286 Chapter 10 China s Golden Age 1. Read the title and identify the topic. What is the graph about? 2. Read the labels. Which dynasties are listed? 3. Consider other available data. (a) During the Tang Dynasty, manufacturing and trade made China wealthy. (b) During the Song Dynasty, food production increased. 4. Interpret the data. How did China s population reflect economic changes? Apply the Skill See page 289 of the Chapter Assessment. 286 Chapter 10