Works Cited. "Civil Rights Pioneer E.D. Nixon." ADAH. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb

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1 Works Cited Primary Sources "Civil Rights Pioneer E.D. Nixon." ADAH. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a photograph of an old E.D. Nixon. I will use this to display one of the many photographs of him in the website. "Civil Rights Protest." Flickr. Yahoo, Web. 26 Jan < This image signifies the struggle between blacks and whites in the 1950s and 1960s. This photograph will be useful to explains the cause for the black protest, and how white Americans disagreed with their views. This picture will be used in the website project. "Dec. 5, 1955 Address to the Montgomery Improvement Association." The King Center. JPMorgan Chase, n.d. Web. 27 Oct < This is an address made by Martin Luther King Jr. to the Montgomery Bus Boycott and its treasurer, Edgar Nixon. This address follows both the arrest, trial and bail of Rosa Parks. The bail was made by her life-long friend, Nixon. According to other sources, the MIA was actually founded on the day of this speech, December 5, This was the first meeting, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. This is important because this begins to rile the black community up, to begin the boycott on the buses. "E.D. Nixon." Penn State Univeristy Libraries. N.p., Web. 8 Feb < This is a late-life image of Edgar Nixon. I will use this to display a picture of E.D. Nixon in the website.

2 E.D. Nixon. Roland Sheppard's Web Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a 1965 picture of E.D. Nixon. I will use this to display Nixon as an older man. "ED Nixon, MLKJ, and Rosa Parks." The Spark of E.D. Nixon. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a photograph of the three most influential figures in the civil rights movement. I will use this to show their bondage and power in the civil rights movement when they work together. ED Nixon: The Forgotten Hero. Montgomery Advertiser. archive.montgomeryadvertiser.com, Web. 17 June < Forgotten-Hero>. This is a 30-minute documentary about "the forgotten hero," Edgar Nixon. Included in the video are interviews from newspaper editor Joe Azbell, who wrote an article about Nixon's plans for boycott, Rosa Parks, Edgar Nixon himself, and other leaders from the time. The documentary gives me information about the plans of the movement and what his companions thought of him. I will use this to help prove my point that Edgar Nixon is the father of the civil rights movement, as some of his peers said. "5,000 at Meetin Outline Boycott: Bullet Clips Bus." Montgomery Advertiser: n. pag. Civil Rights Struggle in Modern Times. Web. 8 Feb < htm>. This is a newspaper article regarding the Montgomery Bus Boycott. I will use this for information on the boycott and an image for the boycott part of the website. Hotel for "Colored Only". Bing. N.p., Web. 8 Feb <

3 8B86F9E7A5C30E7CC&id=96A0B17E8CA7BDEE590D7951E341B4B62E318BF8&selectedi ndex=36&ccid=apmj1fxq&simid= &thid=hn &fi rst=1>. This is a photograph of a "colored hotel" in which no white people could stay. It shows one of the many examples of discrimination in Nixon's world. I will use this portray that exact image in the webpage. NOTE: The website that used to hold this picture no longer exists, so the search engine was used for the citation. "I AM a Man." Madeline's RCL Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a photograph of a group of men marching with signs saying "I AM a Man." I will use this in my website to show the power of protest and the anger of black citizens of Alabama. "I'm tired of being treated like a second-class citizen." BrainyQuote. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a quote from Rosa Parks. I will use this to portray her thought and feelings regarding segregation on the busses. Intergrated Bus Suggestions. Montgomery Bus Boycott. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct < y/doc3.html>. This is a document written by the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association), written by president Dr. Martin Luther King. Although not written by him, Edgar Nixon likely had an influence on the document and how it was written, as he was the treasurer. The document explains that the boycott was considered "unconstitutional", and Montgomery would be receiving "integrated buses." It proposes that people, black or white, can sit anywhere, and that people should be non-violent and promote goodwill. I can use this information to prove that

4 Edgar Nixon's plot to boycott the buses was a push forward in securing some rights for black people. King, Martin Luther, Jr. "MLK Report: Annaual Adress." The King Center. JPMorgan Chase, n.d. Web. 27 Oct < This is a brochure written up by Martin Luther King Jr. on December 3,1959, just over 4 years after the Rosa Parks arrest. This is yet another "address" to the MIA, in the form of a pamphlet. Nixon was a member of the MIA, so he was most likely at this convention. King talks about topics about the millions of white people not speaking out, "we want to be free," continuing the protests (fight against segregation, be willing to sacrifice to help the cause, etc.), Rosa Parks, and many other topics that are crucial to this movement in American history and black history. "March on Washington." Bet. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is an image of Martin Luther King's March on Washington. I will use this as a demonstration as a significant event in the civil rights movement. "Martin Luther King and E.D. Nixon." Smithsonian Insitution Traveling Exhibition Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a picture of E.D. Nixon and Martin Luther King Jr. standing next to each other, likely discussing the civil rights movement. I will use this to show their connection in the website. "Martin Luther King Jr." Wallpaper Maven. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a

5 photograph of Martin Luther King Jr. I will use this as one of my "hyperlinks" in my website to lead to his page. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec < wer/>. This is a telegram to President Eisenhower regarding the peaceful protest of blacks in Montgomery, led by "Edward Nixon" and Dr. King, being disrupted by violence and bombings. This will help because it proves the point that the black community is treated unfairly in ways beyond segregation or seats on a bus. This also shows the first realization of the government about Montgomery's condition. "Montgomery Bus Arrest May Bring Test of Segregation." Unknown: n. pag. Legendary Auctions. Web. 8 Feb < lot16379.aspx>. This is a newspaper article about the Montgomery Bus Boycott and tension building in Montgomery. I will use this in a timeline of events as tension builds in the South as they prepare for the bus boycott. Montgomery Bus Boycott. Jbrownmetaphors. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is an image of many men and women standing in front of a boycotted bus. I will use this image to display the courage of the black men and women who participated in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. "The Montgomery Improvement Association." Documented Rights. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is the cover of a booklet about the MIA. I will use this to show a graphic of one of the organizations Nixon joined.

6 Montgomery Improvement Association. "Letter to the Public of Montgomery." The King Center. JPMorgan Chase & Co., n.d. Web. 26 Oct < This document is another list of complaints written by the Montgomery Improvement Association. Topics include seating, arrests, extra fees, and other topics that aggravate the Montgomery community. This could be important because as more of these events occur, the more angry the people get, which leads to the Montgomery Bus Boycott "The Montgomery Bus Protest." The King Center. JPMorgan Chase & Co., n.d. Web. 26 Oct < This is a document written by the Montgomery Improvement Association, listing complaints about the Montgomery City Lines. It also includes some information on solutions, such as carpooling instead of riding buses. This list lists some fears these black people have about what happens if they don't "follow the rules," such as jail time. This is useful because it gives opinions on the movement and what these people in Montgomery can do to resolve it. Montgomery Bus Boycott: Newspaper Article. ADAH: Alabama Moments in American History. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct < This article, by Joe Azbell, gives information about how the black citizens of Montgomery are becoming angrier as the amount of arrested ascends, the main person being Rosa Parks. This article is important because it states the build of tension in Alabama, and that the people there are ready to peacefully "attack" by boycotting the Montgomery City Lines. I will use this for more information about the stress put on black people to start this revolt.

7 Nixon, E. D. Videoconference interview by Blackside, Inc This is an interview conducted by Blackside, Inc. for a movie production about the Civil Rights movement. This interview gives me information on Nixon's associates, his actions, why he picked Martin Luther King for his boycott, and other information that gives the boycott a lasting legacy. I can use this information to find out, from Nixon himself, what he accomplished that makes him so important. "A. Philip Randolph." Black History in America. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a photograph of A. Philip Randolph, founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, an organization in which E.D. Nixon Belonged to. I will use this in Nixon's timeline on the webpage to show one of his early civil rights steps in life. Rosa Parks and E.D. Nixon. Academy of Achievement. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a picture of Rosa Parks standing next to E.D. Nixon. I am using this picture to display their everlasting friendship in the website. "Rosa Parks Arrest Photo." The Smoking Gun. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a mug shot of Rosa Parks. I will use this in my website to show her arrest. "Rosa Parks on the Bus." Unknown. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < /bus.gif>. This is an image of Rosa Parks sitting on the seat in which she would be arrested for

8 sitting in. I will use this in the website to portray what exactly Rosa Parks did to "get herself arrested," and Nixon bailing her out of jail. Seating Arrangement on Busses and Black/White Drinking Fountain. Segregation 101. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < These are two photographs showing examples of segregation during the civil rights movement. I will use these to display discrimination during this period. Segregation. Blue Cheddar. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This shows an example of a protest of segregation. I will use this as a "hyperlink" to the civil rights movement page. Segregation Photos. Wikipedia. Wikimedia, Web. 8 Feb < These are two photos showing examples of colored/white separation in the 1950s. These will be used to show discrimination during the civil rights movement. "Today in History: Rosa Parks Arrested." TPS-Barat. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is the bail document of Rosa Parks. Since, E.D. Nixon was the one who bailed her, this is an important document to show his legacy. Trading Card of E.D. Nixon. Ebay.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < CARD-/ >. This is a trading card put up for auction on Ebay.com of E.D. Nixon, given out by the Library of Congress. I will use this as one of the pictures portraying Nixon in the website.

9 Unknown Author. "What Did the Supreme Court Actually Rule?" Unknown: n. pag. Print. This is an article describing the Civil Rights Act passed by Congress. I will use this as an image and for information on the Civil Rights Act. Secondary Sources 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. Unknown. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a graphic of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments. I will use this in the webpage to display what rights in the Constitution were violated during this time in Montgomery. "Black History Month 2014: Edgar Nixon." Social Justice for All. Michael Hulshof- Schmidt, n.d. Web. 10 June < This is a website with basic information on Nixon. I will use it for background for the website. "Civil Rights Act of 1964." Wikipedia. Wikimedia, Web. 8 Feb < This is an article about the Civil Rights Act of I will use this to find background on this and the civil rights issues solved by it. "Civil Rights Timeline." Pinterest.com. N.p., Web. 8 Feb < This is a civil rights timeline, dating from s. It will give me background information for the civil rights movement and will be used as an image for the website. Discrimination Definition. Purple. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is the definition of discrimination. I will use this as a "eye-popping" graphic to show what exactly this word means in the website.

10 Dividing Lines: Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Google. Web. 8 Feb < false>. This is a preview for a civil rights book, over 500 pages long. It will give me background information on ED Nixon and the condition of African Americans in Montgomery for use in the website. "Edgar Daniel E.D. Nixon." The Montgomery Bus Boycott Web. 5 June < This is a site with lots of background on Edgar Nixon. I will use it for background for the website. Edgar Daniel Nixon, an Alabama Icon. African American Registry. African American Registry, Web. 17 June < This is a website that gives insight to some of his greatest accomplishments. I will use this for the background on these accomplishments "E.D. Nixon." Biography.com. A&E Television Networks, Web. 2 June < This is an "article" showing insight to Nixon's major accomplishments. It outlines his life and the events that helped become the leader who he is. This article will give me background information on E.D. Nixon for the background paragraph of the essay. "E.D. Nixon." Encyclopedia of Alabama. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Web. 5 June < This is an

11 encyclopedia article about Edgar Nixon, and highlights his life and major accomplishments. I will use this for information about his life on the website., "E.D. Nixon." The Montgomery Bus Boycott: They Changed the World. N.p., Web. 13 June < This is an article about E.D. Nixon and the highlights of his life. It describes his activism in the civil rights movement. I will use this information for background and proving any of the 4 arguments. E.D. Nixon Quote. QuotePixel. N.p., Web. 8 Feb < This is an image of one of E.D. Nixon's quotes. I will use this to display a "brighter" way of introducing one of his sayings. Fred Gray Quote. Ruts Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a graphic of a quote by Fred Gray, an attorney. I will use this to portray E.D. Nixon as a respectable leader in the civil rights movement. History.com Staff. "Montgomery Bus Boycott." History.com. A&E Television Networks, Web. 5 June < This is an image of the bus Rosa Parks was arrested on. I will use this to portray the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which E.D. Nixon led. Key, Barclay. "Fred Gray." Encyclopedia of Alabama. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Web. 8 Feb < This is an article about Fred Gray. One of the quotes in the website is stated by him. I will use this to find background information on this attorney.

12 "NAACP Logo." WJBF.COM. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is the NAACP logo. I will use this to display one of the many organizations Nixon belonged to and worked in. "Nixon, E.D. ( )." BlackPast.org. N.p., Web. 2 June < This is a webpage that highlights the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Civil Rights Movement as a whole. It gives me information on the boycott, Nixon, and his peers. I will use this information about his life and accomplishments for the website. "Nixon, Edgar Daniel ( )." Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 June < >. This is an article describing E.D Nixon's success in the MIA and with King. It describes his relationship with MIA members and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. I will use the information in this for Nixon's relationships and success in these organizations, and the people in them. "POLLSTER UPDATE: The Data behind the Supreme Court's Voting Rights Act Decision." HuffPost Pollster. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This website shows a chart with African American voting data since in Civil Rights Act. I will use this as an effect from the Montgomery Bus Boycott and E.D. Nixon's work. "Pullman Porter." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Web. 17 June < This is an article about Pullman Porters. Since I

13 previously did not know what a Pullman porter was, I needed extra information on what it is. I used this article for that purpose. "Pullman Porter Hat." Museum of the American Railroad. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < llerytype/slideshow/itemid/148/albumid/20/default.aspx>. This is a picture of a Pullman porter hat. I will use this to display one of Nixon's early jobs in life and how he "started" his "civil rights career." "Rosa Parks Bus." Wikipedia. Wikimedia, Web. 26 Jan < g>. This is an image of the bus Rosa Parks was riding before she was arrested. This will be useful in my research because it will help illustrate the struggle African Americans faced at the time. This photo will be used in the website project. "Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycott." RosaParksFacts.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct < Article about arrest bail, how MIA was founded on Dec.5 two days after the trial. Skyline of Montgomery. PRLOG. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb < This is a picture of Montgomery, AL. I will use this image as a "hyperlink" to the historical frame of reference page.