Harvest Control Rules in Modern Fisheries Management

Transcription

1 Harvest Control Rules in Modern Fisheries Management S. Kvamsdal, A. Eide, N.-A. Ekerhovd, K. Enberg, A. Gudmundsdottir, A.H. Hoel, K.E. Mills, F. Mueter, L. Ravn-Jonsen, L.K. Sandal, J.E. Stiansen, N. Vestergaard SNF Centre for Applied Research at NHH NHH Norwegian School of Economics 17th Russian-Norwegian Symposium Bergen, March 17-18, 2016

2 Purpose Discuss the conceptual and institutional background of harvest control rules (HCRs). 2/11

3 Purpose Discuss the conceptual and institutional background of harvest control rules (HCRs). Discuss how HCRs have changed the structure of fisheries management (ICES). Adoption of a HCR can be viewed as a transition from model-based to rule-based managment. 2/11

4 Purpose Discuss the conceptual and institutional background of harvest control rules (HCRs). Discuss how HCRs have changed the structure of fisheries management (ICES). Adoption of a HCR can be viewed as a transition from model-based to rule-based managment. HCRs takes many guises. We briefly review some fisheries that are managed by HCRs. 2/11

5 Purpose Discuss the conceptual and institutional background of harvest control rules (HCRs). Discuss how HCRs have changed the structure of fisheries management (ICES). Adoption of a HCR can be viewed as a transition from model-based to rule-based managment. HCRs takes many guises. We briefly review some fisheries that are managed by HCRs. Discuss existing and future challenges. 2/11

6 Harvest Control Rules Punt (2010): A harvest control rule provides the scientific basis for the tactics employed in a fishery and depends on explicit or perceived management objectives and the data available to which to base the scientific management advice. 3/11

7 Harvest Control Rules Punt (2010): A harvest control rule provides the scientific basis for the tactics employed in a fishery and depends on explicit or perceived management objectives and the data available to which to base the scientific management advice. Eikeset et al.(2013): A harvest control rule is an algorithm and a a tactical management tool that translates biological information into management information such as a total allowable catch limit. 3/11

8 Harvest Control Rules Punt (2010): A harvest control rule provides the scientific basis for the tactics employed in a fishery and depends on explicit or perceived management objectives and the data available to which to base the scientific management advice. Eikeset et al.(2013): A harvest control rule is an algorithm and a a tactical management tool that translates biological information into management information such as a total allowable catch limit. Key words: Tactical. Objectives. Biological data. Management. 3/11

9 Conceptual Background The groundbreaking works of Beverton & Holt (1957) and Schaefer (1957) prepared the ground for the conceptual development of HCRs. 4/11

10 Conceptual Background The groundbreaking works of Beverton & Holt (1957) and Schaefer (1957) prepared the ground for the conceptual development of HCRs. The concept of a harvest control rule, a mapping from stock measures to harvest policy, was developed in fisheries economics (Crutchfield & Zellner 1962, Clark & Munro 1975). 4/11

11 Conceptual Background The groundbreaking works of Beverton & Holt (1957) and Schaefer (1957) prepared the ground for the conceptual development of HCRs. The concept of a harvest control rule, a mapping from stock measures to harvest policy, was developed in fisheries economics (Crutchfield & Zellner 1962, Clark & Munro 1975). After the publication of `Mathematical Bioeconomics' (Clark 1979), HCRs was a fundamental result in standard fisheries economics models. HCRs have subsequently been developed in increasingly general models, for example under stochasticity (Sandal & Steinshamn 1997). 4/11

12 Institutional Development The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) put sustainable development on the international political agenda. 5/11

13 Institutional Development The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) put sustainable development on the international political agenda. UN Rio Declaration (1992) included the precautionary principle, Agenda 21, the Biodiversity Convention, and the Framework Convention on Climate Change. 5/11

14 Institutional Development The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) put sustainable development on the international political agenda. UN Rio Declaration (1992) included the precautionary principle, Agenda 21, the Biodiversity Convention, and the Framework Convention on Climate Change. UN Fish Stocks Agreement ( , 2001): Base management on scientific evidence. The precautionary approach required establishment of limit and target reference points. 5/11

15 Institutional Development The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) put sustainable development on the international political agenda. UN Rio Declaration (1992) included the precautionary principle, Agenda 21, the Biodiversity Convention, and the Framework Convention on Climate Change. UN Fish Stocks Agreement ( , 2001): Base management on scientific evidence. The precautionary approach required establishment of limit and target reference points. These limit and target reference points is the start of HCRs in fisheries management at a global level. But HCRs was at the time already in use in several fisheries (Punt 2010). 5/11

16 Structure of Fisheries Management Schnute & Richards (2001) distinguish between model-based and rule-based management. Model-based management rely on a single, comprehensive management model. Rule-based management decouple and clarify the roles of science and policy. 6/11

17 Structure of Fisheries Management Schnute & Richards (2001) distinguish between model-based and rule-based management. Model-based management rely on a single, comprehensive management model. Rule-based management decouple and clarify the roles of science and policy. The broader perspective of modern day fisheries management (ecosystem considerations, legal issues, interdisciplinary research) has increased complexity of the management problem (Dickey-Collas 2014). Conflicting issues (shared fisheries, ecosystem services, existence values) add further difficulties (Brodziak et al. 2004). 6/11

18 Structure of Fisheries Management Schnute & Richards (2001) distinguish between model-based and rule-based management. Model-based management rely on a single, comprehensive management model. Rule-based management decouple and clarify the roles of science and policy. The broader perspective of modern day fisheries management (ecosystem considerations, legal issues, interdisciplinary research) has increased complexity of the management problem (Dickey-Collas 2014). Conflicting issues (shared fisheries, ecosystem services, existence values) add further difficulties (Brodziak et al. 2004). The science and practice of fisheries management have addressed many of these issues (Patrick & Link 2015), and HCRs are part of this. 6/11

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21 HCRs in Practice We review some fisheries that currently are governed by HCRs: Northeast Arctic cod (Gadhus morhua) North Sea cod Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) Icelandic capelin (Mallotus villosus) Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) 8/11

22 HCRs in Practice We review some fisheries that currently are governed by HCRs: Northeast Arctic cod (Gadhus morhua) North Sea cod Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) Icelandic capelin (Mallotus villosus) Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) Further cases discussed in literature: North Sea herring, blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) (Froese et al. 2011) Northeast Arctic cod (Eikeset et al. 2013) Western horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) (Roel & Oliveira 2007, Hegland & Wilson 2009) Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Enberg 2005, Tjelmeland & Røttingen 2009) 8/11

23 Variability in HCR-implementation Our cases demonstrate variability in implementation and practice of HCR-management. Different fisheries have different histories and have different institutional frames. 9/11

24 Variability in HCR-implementation Our cases demonstrate variability in implementation and practice of HCR-management. Different fisheries have different histories and have different institutional frames. Pacific sardine: Explicit reliance on environmental conditions. Icelandic capelin, Pacific sardine: Ecological considerations has indirect influence. All: Provisions (political safety fuses) limit direct feedback from indicators to management. 9/11

25 Variability in HCR-implementation Our cases demonstrate variability in implementation and practice of HCR-management. Different fisheries have different histories and have different institutional frames. Pacific sardine: Explicit reliance on environmental conditions. Icelandic capelin, Pacific sardine: Ecological considerations has indirect influence. All: Provisions (political safety fuses) limit direct feedback from indicators to management. Remains a considerable chasm between the theoretical concept and its practical implementation. 9/11

26 10/11 Challenges Assessment uncertainty: Measurement uncertainty often unknown. Uncertainty in modelled indicators typically large. HCRs should be robust to assessment uncertainty, but difficult to fully account for. Provisions, making HCRs less efficient in obtaining objectives. Limited realization of benefit from revised structure: For Norwegian Sea pelagic stocks, sharing agreement is required for HCRs to function. Vagueness in indicators and objectives.

27 11/11 Future Challenges Model-based versus directly measurable indicators. Learning: Update reference points. Future HCRs should consider ecosystem effects to achieve sustainable resource use (Guerry et al. 2015, Peck et al. 2014). Climate change poses a range of challenges (Hoel 2008). Learning & updating. Increased prediction uncertainty. Environmental measures seldom taken explicitly into management advice (Skagen et al. 2013, Pershing et al. 2015). Time scale mismatch but critical transitions must be considered (Scheffer 2009).