SHIPBROKING + TECHNICAL + LOGISTICS + ENVIRONMENTAL

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2 Subsea Processing Technology Nita Oza 20 th April 2017 FORE

3 Subsea Processing Why? What? Where in the world? What risk?

4 Why Consider Subsea Processing? Life of Field Reservoir Characteristics Flow Assurance Project Economics

5 Why Consider Subsea Processing? Life of Field Increase Hydrocarbon Recovery Integrated production modelling Maximise hydrocarbon recovery With Subsea Pumps With Subsea Processing

6 Increment Recovery Factor ( with Subsea Separation) Why Consider Subsea Processing? Reservoir Characteristics Deep Water Low Reservoir Pressure Deep Reservoir High Well Productivity Index (PI) (barrel of oil per psi IMPACT OF SUBSEA PROCESSING drawdown) m water depth 2400m water depth 3350m water depth m water depth m water depth 0 l l l l l l Reservoir Depth (m) (from sea level) Source Data from BHP BilIitonSource: Sulzer

7 Subsea Technology Subsea Pumping: Boost production from the seafloor to the host platform. Image Source: Sulzer

8 Subsea Boosting Technology Type Applicability for Subsea Boosting Single Phase ( Centrifugal) Hybrid Mudline ESP HSP Highest differential pressure capability Only handles low Gas Volume Fraction ( <15%) Combination of helico-axial and centrifugal impeller stages. Generally used down stream of the separator, GVF, 38% Widely deployed technology GVF < 50% Compact hydraulic drive pumps GVF < 75% Multiphase GVF tolerance 30-95% Twin Screw Good handling on high GVF up to 95% Image Courtesy of Sulzer

9 Cumulative Production Subsea Compression Shell Ormen Lange Subsea Compression Pilot Statoil Asgard Subsea Compression Increase in cumulative production Time Image Source: Offshore Energy Today

10 Image Source: AkerSolution

11 Image Source: AkerSolution

12 Image Source: AkerSolution

13 OneSubsea Helico-Axial Pump. OneSubsea s multiphase pump stages in a vertical configuration. Recent testing and successful qualification work, in the HiBoost MPP Joint Industry Project, have greatly increased differential head capability. Image Source: OneSubsea Aker Solutions Aasgard Subsea Compressor Train with 11.5 MW Compressor Module, Separator, Cooler and Pump Module Image Source: Aker Solutions

14 Where in the World? GOM King Navajo Cascade & Chinook Jack & St Malo Julia Stones Appomattox Perdido Barents Sea Snohvit Shtokman West Of Shetlands Schiehallion North Sea Machar Field Lyell Lyell Retrofit Brenda & Nicol Fields Columba E Highlander Field Argyll Mediterranean Prezioso Montanazo & Lubina Middle East Zakum Offshore Norway Ormen Lange Gas Compression Troll Peon Vigdis Asgard Midgard& Mikkel Fields Phase 2 Aasgard Midgard& Mikkel Fields Phase 1 Gullfaks South Brent Troll C Tordis Tyrihans Ormen Lange Gas Compression Pilot DEMO 2000 Draugen Field Draugen Field HiBoost MPP South China Seas Lufeng Campos Basin Marlim Espadate Parque Das Conchas Phase 1 Parque Das Conchas Phase 2 Parque Das Conchas Phase 3 Barracuda Atlanta Field Albacora L Este Field Marlim Pilot Corvina Espirito Santo Basin Jubarte EWT Jubarte Field Phase 1 Jubarte Field Phase 2 Golfinho Field Parque Das Baleias Golfinho Field (ESP) Canapu Equatorial Guinea Topacio Ceiba C3 &C$ Ceiba Field Angola CLOV Girassol Pazflor Congo Azurite Field Moho Phase 1Bis Australia Mutineer/Exeter Vincent Source: 2016 Worldwide Survey of Subsea Processing: Separation, Compression, and Pumping System ; Offshore Magazine Poster #123 KEY QUAILFIED/TESTING CANCELED PROJECT CONCEPTUAL PROJECT ABANDONED/REMOVED AWARDED and IN MANUFACTURING or DELIVERED INSTALLED & NOT CURRENTLY OPERATING INSTALLED AND CURRENTLY OPERATING

15 Considerations Current technology uptake is low Reasons: Cost Uncertainty regarding reliability ( proven on boosting and separation) General conservatism in industry Low cost sensitive environment where low risk solutions seems to be preferred.

16 Obstacles to overcome Image Source: INTECSEA WorleyParsons Group The subsea components run on high voltage alternated currents which has limits on transmission distance relative to power. This means high DC may be needed. Companies like ABB and Siemens are working on this. ( Design 101) Power distribution : large subsea field with high power inputs, many components and long step out distances means subsea variable speed drives will be needed to convert, distribute and control electricity.

17 Obstacles to overcome Control Systems Putting all the equipment subsea also increases the requirements for the control systems. There will be a need for increased bandwidth, real-time information on system performance, in addition to increase demands on safety functionality and regularity.

18 Monitoring Knowing the state of the well stream is crucial in terms of production monitoring and flow assurance. Improved reliability for subsea and multiphase sensors is the key for success.

19 Subsea Intervention Intervention and maintenance operations from ships in high waves, particularly the handling of large and heavy processing modules. The reduced accessibility of seabed installation, brings additional requirements to the system uptime, maintenance on demand and general optimization of intervention frequencies.

20 Obstacles to overcome Integration, reliability and cost. Enabling and qualifying the integration is a key challenge with standardisation being a topic.

21 Thank You