DAVE MONK : APACHE CORP.

Transcription

1 DAVE MONK : APACHE CORP.

2 KEY DRIVERS : SEISMIC TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT? In our industry the interpreter / exploration company is interested in only one thing: The direct and accurate identification of commercially producible hydrocarbons. What we would like to do is be able to do this in a way that is: Reliable Cheap Efficient Automatic Driver over the last decade. Current Market drivers Biggest technology uplift from the last decade Biggest changes in technology looking forward.

3 SEISMIC TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT? Brent Crude Oil Price Current Market will drive need for economic exploration. The areas we know are becoming less attractive New exploration will require new technology to be successful/economic Development time for new techniques can be relatively long In order to be successful we need to track and utilize new technology early in it s life Unfortunately, the Financial Market does not see Oil Companies as necessarily involved in, or dependent on, technology. It s a long-term issue.

4 THE STEPS THAT GET US THERE Recording better (more reliable) data This is the focus on this paper looking back Becoming more efficient This is the focus of this paper looking forward. 4

5 BROADBAND: TECHNOLOGY WITH THE BIGGEST IMPACT OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS? What does Broadband mean? 10 years ago the emphasis on increasing bandwidth was to improve the high frequency component of the spectrum. Lots of methodologies in processing (not necessarily acquisition) were aimed at recovering, or generating frequencies which were lost due to absorption, interbedding or simply not generated at the source.

6 P-IMPEDANCE INVERSION FROM SEISMIC AND BANDWIDTH EXTENDED SEISMIC G R VCL Zp Zp original seismic Zp bandwidth extended seismic Target Zones Target Zones Green = Original P-impedance log Blue = P-impedance inversion from original seismic Red = P-impedance inversion from bandwidth extended seismic Onshore example High Frequency Bandwidth enhancement

7 BROADBAND IN THE LAST 5 YEARS Emphasis has switched to improving the low frequencies. ONSHORE, there have been a number of developments in recent years aimed at improving the bandwidth of the Vibe source, which is essentially limited by the mechanics of the device. OFFSHORE, there has been considerable technology development in the area of Broadband data and the driver has been to recover more LOW frequency Why this emphasis on low frequency *, and why particularly offshore? *Fons ten Kroode et.al Broadband seismic data- The importance of low frequencies

8 BANDWIDTH: WHY LOW FREQUENCIES? Full Bandwidth Wavelet High Frequency Wavelet It s the low frequencies that allow more accurate QUANTATIVE interpretation of rock properties. Low Frequency Wavelet Modeled after an illustration by Reiser, Mark and Long. PGS Reflections #1 2010

9 Attenuation (db) Attenuation (db) Attenuation (db) THE FUNDAMENTAL MARINE BANDWIDTH PROBLEM Source Ghost Receiver Ghost 0-5 Source Ghost Response 0-5 Hydrophone Sensor Ghost Response Wavelet w/combined Ghost Resp. - Hydrophone Sensor Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

10 POTENTIAL ANSWERS DURING ACQUISITION At the receiver end: 2 streamers at different depths A single streamer towed at variable depths Sample both the pressure and the velocity field Sample pressure and velocity and horizontal pressure gradient. At the source end: 2 (or more) sources at different depths A surface referenced source A bewildering array of technologies all referred to a Broadband solutions GeoStreamer BroadSeis IsoMetrix Oblique Discover Sentinel MS

11 CONVENTIONAL ACQUISITION

12 ENHANCED BANDWIDTH ACQUISITION

13 COMPARISON OF BROADBAND SOLUTIONS In addition to new acquisition methods (generically at least 4), there are processing techniques which suggest/claim the potential to deghost marine data and recover broadband results (lower and higher frequencies) from conventionally acquired data. Many possible combinations of acquisition and processing methods (>40)! Do they all work?

14 SHALLOW DATA WINDOW A B C C D E B F G 14

15 HOW DOES AN INTERPRETER EVALUATE THIS? A simple visual comparison of different seismic sections does not give a good quantitative measure of the effectiveness of the method. Potentially can examine the spectra of data for the presence of ghost notches. A better evaluation might be to examine the wavelets implied in the data through tie to wells. Alternatively the effectiveness of inversion and interpretation tie to wells can be examined. Not all technologies are the same! 1 5

16 SHALLOW WINDOW ZERO PH EQ WAVELETS cv cv cv cv cv cv cv A is a conventional result using 7m streamers The ideal wavelet would be a unit spike, with little or no side lobes. So lets compare A and C after inversion.

17 S-IMPEDANCE ATTRIBUTE FROM SEISMIC Conventional 1 7 BroadBand Demonstrates the potential for BroadBand Conclusion :All the acquisition methods offer potential improvement.

18 BROADBAND AND INTERPRETATION Technology aimed at making data more Reliable. Broadband data can have a dramatic impact on the ability to interpret seismic volumes. The impact on inverted data used to interpret rock properties can be reservoir changing! An example :

19 BROADBAND PROCESSING AT FORTIES 2010 LITHOLOGY VOLUME Q-Marine Seismic Standard 4D processing Coloured Inversion A A 1 9

20 BROADBAND PROCESSING AT FORTIES 2011 LITHOLOGY VOLUME Q-Marine Seismic High Res DGF Processing Improved wavelet stability Focus on low frequency Coloured Inversion A A 2 0

21 BROADBAND PROCESSING AT FORTIES 2014 LITHOLOGY VOLUME Q-Marine Seismic High Res DGF Processing Streamer Deghosting Use of 1D shale depth trends for LFM Simultaneous inversion 2015 Target 75 40m TVD Net Pay A A 2014 Maule M6 10m TVD Net Pay 2 1

22 THE FUTURE The future of seismic acquisition involves a continued growth in the amount of data that will be recorded. There are land crews today routinely using over 200,000 live channels. The 1MM channel system is 5-10 years away. This will drive development of: Autonomous nodes Drones and motes Automation and robotics Computation, Communication and the internet

23 WIRELESS SYSTEMS: THE NEW PARADIGM ONSHORE? Massive channel counts probably not connected with cable. Move towards autonomous systems Easily deployed (dropped) Self positioning Getting smaller

24 FUTURE TECHNOLOGY SWEET-SPOT Performance of Technology S-Curve New technology is Not Profitable! Rate of Innovation Return on Investment Loss Process Product Excess Profits Time or Effort

25 AND YET NEW ENTRANTS APPEARING SmartSolo SEPT 2016 : Rosneft will join as an equal partner in BP s ongoing project with Schlumberger s seismic business, WesternGeco, to develop innovative cableless onshore seismic acquisition technology Tremornet : Innoseis NuSeis : Geophysical Terchnology Inc. VenAtor: InApril Manta: Seabed Geosolutions

26 AUTONOMOUS MARINE NODES THE FUTURE? A fully automated shallow-water seismic data acquisition system employing robotized nodes Autonomous Robotics Ltd WesternGeco Liquid Robotics WaveGlider S-Curve Process Product Profits Shell Go Science flying node Time or Effort SeaBed - SpiceRack prototype deployed in the North Sea next to Manta nodes. Developed with the support and in collaboration with Saudi Aramco.

27 AUTONOMOUS WAVEGLIDER SEISMIC Waveglider OBN

28 THE FUTURE Autonomous nodes Drones and motes Automation and robotics Computation, Communication and the internet 28

29 AIRBORNE DRONES Already in use for : MM Monitoring Survey planning Node Data harvesting Next Gen : Node deployment? Will we be dropping everything from the air?

30 THINGS ARE GETTING SMALLER AND MORE NUMEROUS!

31 MASSIVE NUMBERS OF VERY SMALL DEVICES Motes : airborne deployment of units which scatter on the ground and form their own networks, and report information back to a central location.

32 NOT SCIENCE FICTION Seismic Dart Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences Allied Geophysical Lab *Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering Swarm Robotics Lab University of Houston Seismic Spider

33 THE FUTURE Autonomous nodes Drones and motes Automation and robotics Computation, Communication and the internet 33

34 AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS MAGSEIS Fully Automated deployment of land nodes Create hole for node Deploy node into the ground Complete and drive past : GTI Hands off OBN back deck : Magseis 34

35 THE FUTURE Autonomous nodes Drones and motes Automation and robotics Computation, Communication and the internet 35

36 COMPUTATION Top Supercomputer speed over the last 60 years 1 petaflop = one thousand million (10 15 ) floating-point operations per second. Rank Top500 June National SuperComputer Center China 94 petaflops 2. National SuperComputer Center China 33 petaflops 3. DOE Oak Ridge National Lab USA petaflops 4. DOE/NNSA/Laurence Livermore USA 17.1 petaflops 5. Riken Japan 10.5petaflops 6. DOE/SD/Argonne National Lab USA 8.6 petaflops 7. DOE/NNSA/LANL National Security USA 8.1 petaflops 8. Swiss National Supercomputer Center 6.2 petaflops 9. HLRS Germany 5.6 petaflops 10. King Abdullah University Saudi Arabia 5.5 petaflops 11. Texas Ad. Computing Center (BEG) 5.1 petaflops Where do seismic supercomputers fit in this? 36

37 COMPUTATION AND COMMUNICATION Real time Communication of massive amounts of support data.

38 CONCLUSIONS I chose to dwell on a single technology which has impacted data interpretation today Broadband. While we will see many advances in acquisition in the next decade, the net result will be more data acquired more efficiently. So increased compute power will be a necessity. But many of the processing techniques I could have talked about will also be enabled by the advances in compute power that I have suggested. Some of these might be : Simultaneous Sources (more data) Gradient/rotational measurements (more data) Diffraction imaging Least Squares Migration Broadband FWI 38