Dame Joliette tunnel, Marseille, France Tunnel and Underpass lighting
Technology Tunnel lighting Technology What you ought to know about tunnel lighting For smooth traffic flow, in bright daylight and total darkness, and in all weather conditions, tunnel lighting should be such that the drivers sense of safety and comfort is not diminished compared with the experience on the open approach road.this means that drivers should have adequate visual information concerning the behaviour of other road users, the course of the road ahead and the presence of any obstacles in the tunnel entrance, to be able to react in time within a safe stopping distance (SSD). Guidelines for tunnel lighting according to CIE 88 can be found in document CIE 88-1990 Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses. When to light by day Being adapted to the relatively high luminance outside, drivers will not be able to see details in a long tunnel, which appears on approach as a black hole. For a short tunnel details may be visible in negative contrast when the tunnel appears as a dark frame around a bright background. The decision whether a tunnel or underpass has to be lit during the day depends on the length of the tunnel, the visibility of the exit, the amount of natural light in the tunnel and the traffic density. A guideline in this decision is offered by the CIE (see page 4.6). How to light by day Good tunnel lighting takes care of good visibility conditions for the road users; this requires lighting levels that are matched with the adaptation level of the users eyes. As this adaptation level gradually changes while travelling through the tunnel for lighting purposes the tunnel can be divided lengthwise into five zones: the access, threshold, transition, interior and exit zone (Fig. 1). The access zone The access zone is not a part of the tunnel itself, but the approach road immediately before the tunnel entrance, from where drivers need to be able to see and stop in front of obstacles in the tunnel.the length of the access zone is consequently equal to the safe stopping distance (SSD). The maximum light adaptation condition of the drivers vision in this zone, determines the luminance in the threshold zone at the beginning of the tunnel. CIE defines the adaptation state as L 20, the average luminance in a conical field of view of 2 x 10 centred in the tunnel opening at the safe stopping distance from the entrance. L 20 measurements and recordings for the access zone over a long period are the most solid basis for the entrance lighting design (Fig. 2). The threshold zone The required luminance level in the first section of the threshold zone, which length is equal to the safe stopping distance, is related to the L 20, the outside luminance level, the stopping distance and the applied optical system as shown in Table 1. Daylight screens, louvres and other measures that reduce the L 20 will proportionally reduce the amount of light and energy needed in the first zones of the tunnel. In the second half of the threshold zone the luminance level is decreased rapidly to 40 % of the initial level (see Fig. 3 for a schematic representation). Transition zone In the transition zone the lighting level is gradually reduced towards the level as required in the interior zone (Fig. 3).The reduction speed is related to the adaptation speed of the eyes and thus time dependent. The reduction steps should not exceed a ratio of 3:1. Interior zone In the interior zone, which is often the longest section of the tunnel, the required lighting levels are related to traffic speed and traffic density as shown in Table 2. Exit zone Visual adaptation from low to high level takes place instantaneously, but there are other reasons for installing an increased lighting level in the exit zone: 1 to make small cars following behind large lorries visible when the daylight at the exit is glaringly bright, 2 to make following cars visible in the rear-view mirror of a car leaving the tunnel and 3 to convert the exit into an entrance (at reduced speed) in case of an emergency or for maintenance. Emergency lighting Emergency lighting is normally part of the night-time lighting, but is fed from an uninterrupted power supply. Save stopping distance L sky Table 1 Recommended threshold/access zone luminance ratios Stopping Symmetrical lighting Counter-beam lighting distance system system (m) L th /L 20 L th /L 20 60 0.05 0.04 Entrance L 20 Exit L surrounding %L 20 L trans = L th (1.9 + t) -1.4 100 0.06 0.05 160 0.10 0.07 L th L exit L tr L int L interior L road Table 2 Recommended interior zone luminances (cd/m 2 ) Stopping Traffic density distance (m) <100 veh/h 100<veh/h<1000 >1000 veh/h 60 1 2 3 100 2 4 6 160 5 10 15 Transition Exit Access zone zone zone Treshold zone Interior zone Fig. 1 The five tunnel zones defined for the purposes of lighting design. 20 cone L20 γlsky + ρlroad+ εlsurrounding (See CIE 88) Fig. 2 Sketch showing the 20 conical field of view referred to in the text. threshold zone Transition zones Time Fig. 3 Representation of lighting level in various zones. Interior zone 4.2 T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G 4.3
Technology Tunnel lighting Technology Lighting system - Symmetrical lighting is used for the entrance and interior lighting. - Asymmetrical lighting (counterbeam) is used for entrance lighting when high contrast values are required or when the tunnel is not too short. Counterbeam lighting is adapted when high luminance levels are required (high Lth/L20 or high stopping distance). Symmetrical-transversal lighting The light is mainly radiated at right angles to the axis of the tunnel.this results in good visual guidance, minimum glare, and light between the cars. Typical light distribution of the luminaire spacing Symmetricaltransversal spacing Symmetricalaxial spacing Asymmetricalcounterbeam max. sp/m.h. ratio Preferred lamp type Efficiency cd/w (q0=0.1) 1.5 TL-D/PL-L 2.0 1.5 SOX-E 4.0 2.0 SON-T 2.8 3.5 SOX-E 4.5 3.5 QL 2.4 4 SON-T 3.5-4 2-2.5 SON-T 4.5 1 2 Symmetrical-axial lighting The light is mainly radiated parallel to the tunnel axis, resulting in high efficiency and allowing wide luminaire spacing. However, occasional shadowing and uneven distance wall luminances can occur. Asymmetrical-counterbeam lighting The light is radiated parallel to the tunnel axis, mainly against the direction of the traffic flow, resulting in high efficiency and improved contrast, but with possible shadowing and uneven wall luminances. Which lamp to use The entrance of a tunnel needs high lighting levels of SON-T lamps. For other areas needing lower light levels, such as the interior zone or at night, compact fluorescent lamps can be used. Philips Lighting recommends TL-D and PL-L for the symmetrical-transversal lighting system and QL induction lamps for the symmetrical-axial lighting system.these white light sources are preferred for their good colour rendering over the more efficient SOX lamps.the light output of (compact) fluorescent lamps however is temperature dependent. In general, luminaire photometry is conducted at 25 C, but the average operating temperature in a tunnel can be much lower and therefore positively influence the efficacy. Fig. 4 Tunnel lighting systems. For detailed information and project support please contact the Philips Tunnel Lighting Competence Centre Miribel, France. Tel: +33 47855 8100. Or contact your local Philips Lighting representative. 3 Birth-Velbert tunnel, Germany. 1: threshold zone. 2 and 3: transition zones. Mont Blanc tunnel, France-Italy 4.4 T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G 4.5
Technology What is a short tunnel? A short tunnel is a road or rail over bridge and underpass of more than 25 m, for motorized traffic including entrances to multi-storey car parks, for example.the height may vary between 2.5 and 6 m or more and the width from 5 to 20 m. If the tunnel is shorter than 25 m no additional tunnel lighting is required. What is an underpass? When the underpass is longer than 25 m a dark frame or a dark hole may appear around the bright exit. Here an obstacle may completely be invisible for an approaching driver at a distance equal to the Safe Stopping Distance (SSD). Day time lighting. When to light by day This depends on a number of factors including the length of the tunnel, visibility of the exit, penetration of daylight, brightness of the walls, and traffic density. CIE recommends day-time light levels throughout the tunnel of 0 %, 50 % and 100 % of the normal threshold zone lighting levels for long tunnels. See table 3. When to light by night During the night, CIE recommends a minimum light level equal to the light level of the approach roads. Dusk/Dawn lighting. Night time lighting. Table 3 Recommended day time lighting levels (CIE 88-1990) Tunnel Is exit fully Is daylight Is the wall Is traffic heavy or light % of normal length (m) visible penetration reflectance (or including threshold zone when seen good or poor? high bikes and lighting level from SSD? (>0.4) or low(<0.2)? pedestrians)? required <25 0 Light 0 Yes Heavy 50 Light 0 25-75 High Good Heavy 50 No Low 50 Poor 50 Light 50 Yes Heavy 100 Light 50 75-125 High Good Heavy 100 No Low 100 Poor 100 >125 100 Remark: BS 5489 and CEN/TC 169 N290 (11th draft) show 4 lighting classes for tunnels. Class 1: No lighting. Class 2: Limited day light lighting of 15 cd/m 2 or 3 times the interior light level, as given in above table for long tunnels, whichever is the greater. To be operated when the ambient luminance has reduced to 10 % of the maximum L 20. Class 3: Constant lighting level over the tunnel length, like the threshold zone lighting level for long tunnels. Class 4: A class with complete lighting as for long tunnels. BS recommends a night-time lighting of 3 times and CEN of twice the outside road light level. Wallring tunnel, Hamburg, Germany. 4.6 T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G 4.7
Tunlite Tunnel lighting Tunlite Tunlite CRX202/203/204/206 The Tunlite range is based on a modular concept that allows great flexibility in lighting design. Many different optical and lamp combinations are possible within the same housing, giving the designer the opportunity to optimise the lighting solution whilst maintaining the basic luminaire shape. The Tunlite range has been designed with installers and maintenance personnel in mind; the range offers rapid, tool-free access, and all the main assemblies can be removed/exchanged quickly and easily. Features Options Main applications Tunnels Underpasses Other heavy duty applications Tool-less front opening. Entrelec terminal block. Suitable lamp types SON-T PLUS 70-400 W SOX/SOX-E 26-180 W PL-L/4P 36-55 W QL 55-85 W CRX204 T4 CRX202 T1 CRX203 T4/T3 CRX206 T10 CRX206 T3 Features Range of four standard housings of high-quality extruded AlMgSi alloy profiles and diecast-aluminium rounded corners, argonwelded in an automated process Finishing of the housing by chromatisation in accordance with DIN 50939 followed by 60 µm polyester powder coating RAL 7016 A self-adjusting removable front-glass frame of extruded aluminium, hinged on stainless-steel joints inside the housing and holding a 5 mm toughened one-sheet security glass. The IP66 tightness is secured by two silicone rubber gaskets fitted at two levels in the extruded aluminium frame A removable optic and gear unit consists of a dedicated optical system of high-purity anodised aluminium (99.9 %) and an electrical part containing all the required electrical gear. These modular units are easily interchangeable without the need for tools, which simplifies installation and maintenance Plug-and-socket connection for cables to the optic and gear unit Cable gland and a terminal block for wires up to 3 or 5 x 16 mm 2 per lamp Four glass-fibre-reinforced polycarbonate knobs (1/4 turn) for tool-less opening and closing of the front glass Quick-fastening devices for tool-less securing of the optical and gear units Nylon washers between the aluminium profile and stainless-steel bracket to prevent electrochemical corrosion All units equipped with 230 V/50 Hz gear. Other voltages and frequencies optional. The luminaires are approved according to IEC 60598-1/2-3 Packing quantity: 1 unit per box Tool-less removable front glass. Tool-less removable optic/gear unit. Easy accessible optical and gear. Mounting brackets for ceiling-mounting (ZRX208). Mounting brackets for wall-mounting (ZRX209). Mounting bracket for ceiling continuous linemounting (ZRX210). option for SON-T lamps only Options Dimming gear, self-stopping ignitor, fuse (10 x 38 mm2) and through-wiring Entrelec terminal block for 2 x 2.5 to 6 mm2 wire with or without fuse 5 x 20 mm 2 (optional) A set of stainless-steel mounting brackets with stainless-steel bolts, nuts and washers for free and adjustable mounting - ZRX208 set of four brackets for ceiling mounting - ZRX209 set of two tilt-adjustable brackets for wall mounting - ZRX210 set of two brackets for continuous line mounting Terminal blocks. 4.8 T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G 4.9
Modular product matrix Tunlite 4.10 T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G 4.11
Underpass lighting TU Kombi Underpass lighting TU Kombi TU Kombi CRX100 A range of high impact-resistant luminaires for the lighting of small underpasses, passages below bridges and other heavy-duty applications. Each luminaire comes complete with the appropriate lamp and a set of two corrosion-resistant brackets, tilt 60º or 30º. ZRX109 MB Ajustable wall brackets. Main applications Underpasses Other heavy duty applications Suitable lamp types SON-T PLUS 70-100 W, 230-240 V SOX-E 36 W, 230-240 V PL-L/4P 36 W/830 Luminaires are available as standard in Kombipack format (KIT), complete with relevant lamp type. Luminaire supplied with lamp and fixing accessories. CRX100 PL-L Features An aerodynamic one-piece compact body of extruded aluminium, without bonded or welded joints; fitted with die-cast aluminium end caps Silicon gaskets fitted between housing, end caps and front glass, resulting in a rating of IP66 Highly impact-resistant clear polycarbonate front glass (vandalproof, 20 joules) Self-locating die-cast aluminium end caps, closed by stainless steel bolts Pre-anodised high-purity aluminium (99.9 %) reflectors Optical unit is combined with electrical gear to reduce dimensions Removable combined optical and gear unit provided with control gear and lamp holder Luminaire approved in accordance with IEC 60598-1/2-3 Cable entry through IP66-rated (max. 13 mm2) cable gland on the end cap Terminal blocks provided with plug and socket connections Shock and vandal proof. Installation and maintenance Wall and ceiling mounting using both stainless-steel brackets supplied, allowing a tilt angle of 60º (wall) or 30º (ceiling) Access to lamp, gear and optical unit by unscrewing the hexagonal stainless-steel bolt of the end caps Options Set of two corrosion-resistant adjustable (wall) brackets, ZRX109 MB. Dimensions in mm Preferred selection Product ID Weight European Order (kg) Code (EOC) CRX100 PL-L36W HFP 230V A PCC FU KIT 6.60 53177900 CRX100 SON-T70W IC 230V A PCC FU KIT 7.50 58289400 CRX100 SON-T100W IC 230V A PCC FU KIT 7.80 53178600 CRX100 SOX-E36W IC 230V A PCC FU KIT 7.80 53179300 Accessory ZRX109 MB 1.50 24368999 Vivier Merle Tunnel, Lyon, France 4.12 T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G T U N N E L A N D U N D E R P A S S L I G H T I N G 4.13