Culture Magazine 113

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1 Culture Magazine page The food we eat 11 ART and the artists 115 Marathon mania 116 Air, land and sea 117 That s Literature 118 Clothes then and now 119 Looking at the sky 120 City life 121 Hi-tech solutions 122 answers 123 World map

Culture 1 1 2 3 01 Food Trivia True or false? The sandwich got its name from a type of bread.

1 The Food we eat Read the facts below and check your answers.

Sometimes, he played for many hours and he didn t want to stop for meals.

That way, it was possible to play cards with one hand and eat with the other.

In time, everyone called this modern meal a sandwich.

One of the guests at the restaurant sent his chips back to the kitchen many times because they were very thick.

He cut paper-thin chips, fried them and added a lot of salt.

3 Chocolate was very important to the ancient Mayans and Aztecs.

2 Culture Food Trivia True or false? The sandwich got its name from a type of bread. A chef at a restaurant invented crisps. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs put a lot of sugar in their chocolate. 1 The Food we eat Read the facts below and check your answers. In the 18th century, a British aristocrat, John Montagu, th Earl of Sandwich, loved playing cards. Sometimes, he played for many hours and he didn t want to stop for meals. One day, he asked to have his meal between two pieces of bread. That way, it was possible to play cards with one hand and eat with the other. Montagu s friends thought it was a great idea and they started asking for the same as Sandwich. In time, everyone called this modern meal a sandwich. 2 In 1853, George Crum was a chef at Moon s Lake House, a restaurant in Saratoga Springs, New York. One of the guests at the restaurant sent his chips back to the kitchen many times because they were very thick. The chef, George Crum, was angry, so he decided to irritate the guest. He cut paper-thin chips, fried them and added a lot of salt. Surprisingly, the guest loved these new crispy chips and soon Saratoga Chips became a popular item on the menu. 3 Chocolate was very important to the ancient Mayans and Aztecs. They used the cacao seeds as money and they made a chocolate drink as a health elixir. The drink was very different from drinking chocolate today. It was cold and it wasn t at all sweet. The Mayans and Aztecs didn t have sugar, so they put other spices in the drinking chocolate including chilli peppers. Did you know? When Europeans arrived in the Americas, they changed the diet of the world forever. The Europeans brought foods like apples, broccoli, carrots and olives to the Americas. They took foods like cocoa, tomatoes, potatoes and chilli peppers back to Europe. 11

Culture 2 Art and the Artists A 02 The people below are some of the

Match the artists to the facts about them.

and anatomy. He wrote 13,000 pages of notes about these things.

The future career of this artist was obvious from a very young age.

Sistine Chapel. Every face looks different.

Nine months later, the artist was born and his parents gave him the

5. Today, a painting by this artist is worth millions of dollars, but

the Artists a b Art Movements B Can you match the art movements to the

Impressionism c Sunrise, Monet The Beautiful Irish Girl, Courbet d

3 Culture 2 Art and the Artists A 02 The people below are some of the most famous artists of all time, but what do you know about them? Match the artists to the facts about them. Vincent van Gogh Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Salvador Dalí Pablo Picasso 1. This artist was interested in many different things, including science and anatomy. He wrote 13,000 pages of notes about these things. Most of the notes are in mirror writing. 2. The future career of this artist was obvious from a very young age. He drew pictures before he walked and his first word was the Spanish word for pencil. 3. There are 300 people in this artist s painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Every face looks different.. This eccentric artist s older brother died. Nine months later, the artist was born and his parents gave him the same name. The artist believed he was a reincarnation of his brother. 5. Today, a painting by this artist is worth millions of dollars, but in his lifetime, he only sold one painting. the Artists a b Art Movements B Can you match the art movements to the artists and their paintings? 1. Cubism 2. Surrealism 3. Realism. Impressionism c Sunrise, Monet The Beautiful Irish Girl, Courbet d Paul Cadden is a hyperrealist artist from Scotland. Hyperrealists can draw pictures with amazing detail so they look exactly like photographs. Two of these pictures are paintings by Cadden. One is a photograph. Can you guess which one is the photograph? Answer, page 123 The Persistence of Memory, Dalí a b c Three Musicians, 1921 Spot the Photograph 115

Culture 3 Marathon 03 Running a marathon is never easy, but some marathons are harder than others.

Marathon des Sables, Sahara Desert, Morocco 2. The Great Wall Marathon, Tianjin, China 3.

The marathon gets its name from the big wild animals at the reserve: lions, leopards, buffalos, rhinos and elephants.

During the race, game reserve workers are there to protect the runners from the wild animals.

This is one of the most beautiful marathons in the B world, but it s also very difficult.

Runners can t stop to enjoy the beautiful scenery because they ve only got eight hours to complete the marathon.

This ultramarathon is a six-day, C 251 km event. That s nearly six ordinary marathons, but the distance isn t the only difficulty.

their food and equipment on their backs! People call this the hardest foot race on Earth. It s easy to understand why.

4 Culture 3 Marathon 03 Running a marathon is never easy, but some marathons are harder than others. Can you match the names and places of these extreme marathons to the descriptions below? Mania 1. Marathon des Sables, Sahara Desert, Morocco 2. The Great Wall Marathon, Tianjin, China 3. The Big Five Marathon, Limpopo Province, South Africa This marathon takes place every June in A the Entabeni Game Reserve. The marathon gets its name from the big wild animals at the reserve: lions, leopards, buffalos, rhinos and elephants. The race isn t easy. Runners must run through mountains, valleys and forests. During the race, game reserve workers are there to protect the runners from the wild animals. For additional security, there s a helicopter, too. This is one of the most beautiful marathons in the B world, but it s also very difficult. There are 5,16 stairs to climb during the race. Runners can t stop to enjoy the beautiful scenery because they ve only got eight hours to complete the marathon. That sounds like a lot of time, but it takes about 50% longer to finish this marathon than it takes to finish an average marathon. This ultramarathon is a six-day, C 251 km event. That s nearly six ordinary marathons, but the distance isn t the only difficulty. Participants must run up and down sand dunes in daytime temperatures of between 35 and 55ºC, and they do this while carrying all their food and equipment on their backs! People call this the hardest foot race on Earth. It s easy to understand why Why is it called Marathon? According to legend, in 90 BC, there was a battle between the Persians and the Greeks in a town called Marathon. After the battle, a Greek messenger, Pheidippides, ran from Marathon to Athens (approximately 0 km) to announce the Greek victory. When he arrived, he shouted, We won! Then he fell to the ground and died. At the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896, the organisers decided to have a race from the area of the ancient battle to Athens. They called it Marathon to commemorate the legend. In 192, the distance of km became the official length of a marathon.

Air, Land and Sea Match A to B to make sentences about different types of transport. A 1. Sailing ships 2.

get their power from the wind. c. get their power from air, gas and paraffin. d.

1 In 1818, sailing ships began monthly passenger services between England and the US.

2 In 1838, the SS Great Western was the first steamship to take passengers between England and the US.

It crossed the Atlantic in about 15 days.

The top part of the airships looked like an enormous, long balloon. The balloon was full of gas.

Flights across the Atlantic on the airship took between 80 and 100 hours.

The aeroplanes were flying boats. They had sleeping areas, a kitchen, a dining room and a bar.

5 In 1958, BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) began the first-ever jet aeroplane passenger

5 Air, Land and Sea Match A to B to make sentences about different types of transport. A 1. Sailing ships 2. Steamships 3. Airships. Jet aeroplanes Culture B a. get their power from gas. b. get their power from the wind. c. get their power from air, gas and paraffin. d. get their power from very hot water. 05 Read the facts and check your answers to the exercise above. 1 In 1818, sailing ships began monthly passenger services between England and the US. It took between 23 and 90 days to sail across the Atlantic Ocean. The number of days depended on the wind. 2 In 1838, the SS Great Western was the first steamship to take passengers between England and the US. Its steam engine worked on hot water and it was much larger and faster than a sailing ship. It crossed the Atlantic in about 15 days. 3 In 1928, passengers began flying across the Atlantic in airships, or zeppelins. The top part of the airships looked like an enormous, long balloon. The balloon was full of gas. Under the balloon was an area with bedrooms, a dining room and an observation room. Flights across the Atlantic on the airship took between 80 and 100 hours. In 1939, Pan American Airlines flew the first passenger aeroplanes between New York and Europe. The aeroplanes were flying boats. They had sleeping areas, a kitchen, a dining room and a bar. It took under 2 hours to cross the Atlantic on a flying boat. 5 In 1958, BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) began the first-ever jet aeroplane passenger service across the Atlantic. The mixture of air, gas and paraffin in jet engines gave jet aeroplanes a lot of power. Travel time across the Atlantic by jet aeroplane was suddenly as short as six hours. One Man and a Boat In 1969, John Fairfax took a 6.7-metre-long boat and rowed 8,05 kilometres across the Atlantic Ocean, from the Canary Islands to Florida. He was the first person to row alone across an ocean. 117

Culture 5 That s Literature James Bond 06 Where did the popular authors below get some of their ideas for characters

This American author based Huckleberry Finn, one of his most famous characters, on Tom Blankenship, a boy from his

Working for British Naval Intelligence during World War II gave this author knowledge about espionage and spies.

character Katniss while she was watching reality programmes and the news on TV one night.

Mark Twain Arthur C Doyle Suzanne Collins Huckleberry Finn Ian Fleming Sherlock Holmes Hunger Games 07 Weird But True

two sentences. The second sentence has got five words in it.

The title begins with the words, Handy Crystals. The book is about the English language.

6 Culture 5 That s Literature James Bond 06 Where did the popular authors below get some of their ideas for characters or plots? Match the authors to the facts. Mark Twain Arthur Conan Doyle Suzanne Collins Ian Fleming 1. This American author based Huckleberry Finn, one of his most famous characters, on Tom Blankenship, a boy from his own town when he was a child. 2. Working for British Naval Intelligence during World War II gave this author knowledge about espionage and spies. He used this knowledge for the plots of some of his novels, and to create the character of James Bond. 3. This Scottish author was also a doctor. His character, Sherlock Holmes, had many of the characteristics of one of the author s teachers at Edinburgh University, Dr Joseph Bell.. This contemporary American author of the popular Hunger Games books got the idea for the stories and for the main character Katniss while she was watching reality programmes and the news on TV one night. Other influences were Greek mythology and the gladiator games of Ancient Rome. Mark Twain Arthur C Doyle Suzanne Collins Huckleberry Finn Ian Fleming Sherlock Holmes Hunger Games 07 Weird But True Literary Facts The Gates of Paradise (1960), a 0,000-word novel by Polish author Jerzy Andrzejewski, contains only two sentences. The second sentence has got five words in it. A book by Dr V Sreenathachary, a professor of English at India s Palamuru University, has got a 1,086-word-long title. The title begins with the words, Handy Crystals. The book is about the English language. The Dinosaur (1959), a short story by Augusto Monterroso, a famous Guatemalan author, is only seven words long in its original Spanish version. There is also a seven-word translation of the story in English: Upon awakening (= when he woke up), the dinosaur was still there. 118 Ernest Vincent Wright wrote an entire English novel, Gadsby (1939), without using any words with the letter e. Georges Perec did the same thing in his French novel, La Disparition (1968). This is a very difficult thing to do, as the letter e is the most common letter in both English and French.

Clothes Then and Now Culture 6 True or false?

2 Marie Antoinette was the Queen of France in the 18th century.

Christian Dior was an Italian fashion designer.

Shocking Fashion In the mid-1700s, young and rich British men brought home

small hats. People laughed at these men.

In 1851, an American woman, Amelia Bloomer, started wearing a style of

The Turkish dress had long trousers under a short skirt.

men s clothing. Women s trousers only became acceptable in the 1930s.

So people were shocked to see an official painting of the Queen, Marie

The dress was similar to a chemise the item of clothing usually under the

In 197, shortly after World War II, clothes were very simple and they didn

7 Clothes Then and Now Culture 6 True or false? 1 The word macaroni was an insult in the 18th century. 2 Marie Antoinette was the Queen of France in the 18th century. 3 Women never wore trousers in the 19th century. Christian Dior was an Italian fashion designer. 08 Read the facts and check your answers to the quiz above. Shocking Fashion In the mid-1700s, young and rich British men brought home fashion ideas from their visits to other countries in Europe and combined them in strange ways. Popular items were colourful coats and leggings, and shoes with big decorations. The men also wore artificial hair with very high elaborate styles, and small hats. People laughed at these men. They called them Macaronis like the Italian pasta. In 1851, an American woman, Amelia Bloomer, started wearing a style of clothing called a Turkish dress. The Turkish dress had long trousers under a short skirt. Amelia wrote about it in a magazine and soon, women everywhere were wearing the dress now called the Bloomer dress. But many people, churches and organisations were angry about women wearing men s clothing. Women s trousers only became acceptable in the 1930s. In 1783, French women wore enormous dresses. So people were shocked to see an official painting of the Queen, Marie Antoinette, in a simple white dress. The dress was similar to a chemise the item of clothing usually under the enormous dresses! In 197, shortly after World War II, clothes were very simple and they didn t have a lot of material in them. Some countries even had rules about the quantity of material in clothes. When French designer, Christian Dior had his first fashion show after the war, many people were shocked. They criticised him for making extravagant clothes with too much material. Did you know? People are using modern technology in everything including fashion. A company in San Francisco, Continuum, is using 3D printers to print and produce clothes. People can use the design tools on Continuum s website to create dresses, shoes and more. The company will then print the designs, sew them together and send them to you! 119

Culture 7 Looking at the Sky 09 There are many smartphone apps for learning about space exploration and the solar system. Here are some of our favourites. Which apps sound interesting to you? Why?

It also tells you when and where it is possible to see the International Space Station in the sky above you.

This app has got beautiful 3D graphics of the planets, moons, stars, asteroids and comets. It s also got facts about planets and stars, and videos about space and natural events on Earth.

You can move the globe by touching your phone screen. You can also learn about mountains, craters and other landscape features on the moon.

8 Culture 7 Looking at the Sky 09 There are many smartphone apps for learning about space exploration and the solar system. Here are some of our favourites. Which apps sound interesting to you? Why? NASA App This app has got maps, videos, photographs and information about past, present and future space exploration missions. It also tells you when and where it is possible to see the International Space Station in the sky above you. In addition, you can use NASA App to listen to Third Rock, NASA s radio station, or to watch NASA TV. Take a virtual journey to another planet with Solar Walk 3D. This app has got beautiful 3D graphics of the planets, moons, stars, asteroids and comets. It s also got facts about planets and stars, and videos about space and natural events on Earth. Moon Atlas Solar Walk We can only see one side of the moon from Earth but with Moon Atlas, you can see the dark side of the moon too! This 3D app provides a globe of the moon. You can move the globe by touching your phone screen. You can also learn about mountains, craters and other landscape features on the moon. Starmap Use Starmap to find out what you re seeing when you look at the sky at night. Starmap uses GPS information to find your location and then creates a model of the sky around you. It shows all the stars and planets with their names, and gives facts and information about them. It s like having a planetarium in your hand. 120 Space Quotes Do you agree with these quotes about space? Everyone is a moon, and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody. Mark Twain I m sure the universe is full of intelligent life. It s just been too intelligent to come here. Sir Arthur C Clarke I don t think the human race will survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into space. Stephen Hawking Fact File: Venus Complete the sentences with the numbers below to find out some interesting facts about the planet Venus One day on Venus is Earth days nearly as long as an Earth year. But a year on Venus is shorter than a day only Earth days. That s because Venus turns slowly but moves quickly around the sun. 2. People knew about Venus nearly four thousand years ago. The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa is a record of astronomical observations of Venus. People believe the observations are from a period between and BC. 3. Venus is very, very hot about ºC! That s about ten times hotter than the hottest places on Earth.

City Life Culture 8 10 Read about some interesting towns and cities around the world. Then match each place to its correct name.

Coober Pedy Celebration Thames Town 1 3 This Florida city has got homes, schools, parks, restaurants and shops just like other cities.

In the autumn, artificial leaves from trees fly in the air. In the winter, artificial snow falls to the ground.

This town in Australia is from the early 1900s. At that time, people started finding opals in the area.

Today, about 50% of the 3,500 residents live in underground homes. There are also underground shops, churches and more.

City Trivia Complete the facts with the words below. San José Tokyo Istanbul Pittsburgh 1. The only city on two continents is.

There are over 320 cities around the world with this Spanish name. 3. Venice, Italy, has got 09 bridges, but has got more.

2 This pretty English town has got 19thcentury houses, old-fashioned roads, an old church, a pub and a fish and chip shop.

9 City Life Culture 8 10 Read about some interesting towns and cities around the world. Then match each place to its correct name. What information in the texts helped you decide? Coober Pedy Celebration Thames Town 1 3 This Florida city has got homes, schools, parks, restaurants and shops just like other cities. But it s an unusual place. It s got colourful homes and buildings and perfect streets and gardens. In the autumn, artificial leaves from trees fly in the air. In the winter, artificial snow falls to the ground. It s a real place, but it feels like a cartoon. That isn t surprising because the Walt Disney Company built it in the 1990s. This town in Australia is from the early 1900s. At that time, people started finding opals in the area. Because of the very hot weather, the first opal miners built their homes under the ground, in caves. Today, about 50% of the 3,500 residents live in underground homes. There are also underground shops, churches and more. The name of the town comes from the local Aboriginal language. It means white man s hole. City Trivia Complete the facts with the words below. San José Tokyo Istanbul Pittsburgh 1. The only city on two continents is. Part of this Turkish city is in Asia and part is in Europe. 2. The most common city name in the world is. There are over 320 cities around the world with this Spanish name. 3. Venice, Italy, has got 09 bridges, but has got more. This US city has got 6 bridges.. In 2013, the richest city in the world was, Japan. 2 This pretty English town has got 19thcentury houses, old-fashioned roads, an old church, a pub and a fish and chip shop. But the town isn t in England and it isn t old! It s from 2006 and it s 30 km from Shanghai, China. Architects copied the building styles from various places in England. There aren t many residents in this town, but tourists love it. Shared Space Roads Some cities and towns around the world are experimenting with shared space roads. These roads haven t got traffic signs or separate areas for cars, bikes and people. According to some experts, these roads are safer than ordinary roads because everyone is more careful. Other experts have got the opposite opinion. What do you think? 121

Culture 9 Hi-Tech Solutions 11 Today, hi-tech inventions are helping us in every area of our lives.

Hi-Tech in the Oceans Save the Tiger GPS Animals 1 Scientists studying the oceans are getting help from the Slocum

This information is helping scientists learn about the health of the ocean and its wildlife.

So wildlife officials put GPS devices on the lions.

3 Today, there are only about 3,200 tigers in the wild.

10 Culture 9 Hi-Tech Solutions 11 Today, hi-tech inventions are helping us in every area of our lives. They re helping the animal world and nature, too. Look at the examples below and match the titles to the paragraphs. Hi-Tech in the Oceans Save the Tiger GPS Animals 1 Scientists studying the oceans are getting help from the Slocum Glider. This robot can dive 500 metres below the sea and it can measure water temperature and other ocean conditions. This information is helping scientists learn about the health of the ocean and its wildlife. 2 In parts of southern Africa, farmers had a problem: lions were attacking their farm animals. So wildlife officials put GPS devices on the lions. The devices tell the farmers when the lions are in the area, so they can protect their animals. 3 Today, there are only about 3,200 tigers in the wild. People are helping these endangered animals by photographing their footprints with digital and smartphone cameras. Then, they use GPS to provide the footprints exact locations. A sophisticated computer program analyses the photographs and identifies individual tigers, so people can monitor them. 12 British Airways - #lookup 122

11 Answers to Culture Magazine Culture 1, page 11 Food Trivia 1. false 2. true 3. false Culture 2, page 115 Art and the Artists A B 1. Leonardo da Vinci 2. Pablo Picasso 3. Michelangelo. Salvador Dalí 5. Vincent van Gogh 1. d 2. c 3. b. a Spot the Photograph a Culture 3, page 116 Marathon Mania 1. C 2. B 3. A Culture, page 117 Air, Land and Sea 1. b 2. d 3. a. c Culture 6, page 119 Clothes Then and Now 1. true 2. true 3. false. false Culture 7, page 120 Fact File: Venus 1. 23, , Culture 8, page 121 City Life 1. Celebration 2. Thames Town 3. Coober Pedy City Trivia 1. Istanbul 2. San José 3. Pittsburgh. Tokyo Culture 9, page 122 Hi-Tech Solutions 1. Hi-Tech in the Oceans 2. GPS Animals 3. Save the Tiger Culture 5, page 118 That s Literature 1. Mark Twain 2. Ian Fleming 3. Arthur Conan Doyle. Suzanne Collins 123

World Map A R CA T IRCC T I C O C EO AC NEAN GREENLAND R U S S I A R U S S I A CANADA CANADA United States MEXICO ATLA AN TT L IACN T I C O C EO AC NEAN United States THE BAHAMAS MEXICO PACP I FAI C

12 World Map A R CA T IRCC T I C O C EO AC NEAN GREENLAND R U S S I A R U S S I A CANADA CANADA United States MEXICO ATLA AN TT L IACN T I C O C EO AC NEAN United States THE BAHAMAS MEXICO PACP I FAI C CI F I C O C EO AC NEAN GUATEMALA GUATEMALA NICARAGUA EL SALVADOR EL SALVADOR COSTA RICA M SEN NICARAGUA ECUADOR VENEZUELA VENEZUELA PANAMA GUYANA GUYANA FRENCH GUIANA FRENCH GUIANA SURINAME SURINAME COLOMBIA COLOMBIA ECUADOR PERU Samoa DOM. REP. COSTA RICA PANAMA Samoa PERU BRAZIL BOLIVIA BRAZIL BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE PARAGUAY CHILE ARGENTINA ARGENTINA URUGUAY antarctica P WES SAH THE BAHAMAS CUBA CUBA DOM. REP. JAMAICA JAMAICA BELIZE BELIZE HAITI HAITI HONDURAS HONDURAS 12 GREENLAND URUGUAY

13 A R CA T IRCC T I C O C EO AC NEAN ICELAND SWEDEN ICELAND SWEDEN FINLAND NORWAY FINLAND ESTONIA scotland DENMARK northern ireland LATVIA LITHUANIA THE NETHERLANDS POLAND SLOVAKIA PORTUGAL UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN ALBANIA Spain GREECE Balearic Islands GREECE TURKEY MOROCCO ISRAEL ISRAEL IRAQ JORDAN ALGERIA KUWAIT WESTERN SAHARA LIBYA KUWAIT egypt LIBYA AFGHANISTAN IRAQ IRAN JORDAN QATAR NEGAL NIGER MALI MALI GAMBIA GUINEA LIBERIA SIERRA LEONE GUINEA BISSAU SAUDI ARABIA MAURITANIA SENEGAL GAMBIA BURKINA GUINEA BENIN IVORY COAST GHANA TOGO LIBERIA BURKINA NIGERIA IVORY COAST SUDAN NIGER CHAD BENIN GHANA TOGO CAMEROON SUDAN DJIBOUTI NIGERIA SOMALIA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC SIERRA UGANDA EQUATORIAL LEONE GUINEA EQUATORIAL GUINEA SAO TOME & PRINCIPE SAO TOME & PRINCIPE REPUBLIC OF REPUBLIC OF GUINEA CONGO CONGO BISSAU GABON GABON CONGO RWANDA BURUNDI CONGO ETHIOPIA KENYA ANGOLA ZAMBIA NAMIBIA PAKISTAN NEPAL NEPAL BHUTAN U. A. E. LESOTHO South Africa NORTH KOREA SOUTH KOREA JAPAN BHUTAN india OMAN YEMEN OMAN india MYANMAR BANGLADESH MYANMAR LAOS BANGLADESH CAMBODIA SOMALIA SRI LANKA TAIWAN JAPAN PACP I FAI C CI F I C O C EO AC NEAN TAIWAN LAOS THAILAND VIETNAM THAILAND DJIBOUTI VIETNAM PHILIPPINES CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES SRI LANKA BRUNEI MALAYSIA I N D BRUNEI MALAYSIA O I NN ED SO I N A E S I A PAPUA NEW GUINEA PAPUA NEW GUINEA COMOROS MALAWI ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIQUE BOTSWANA C H I N A KENYA COMOROS SWAZILAND South Africa C H I N A TANZANIA MALAWI ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA BOTSWANA AFGHANISTAN RWANDA BURUNDI TANZANIA ANGOLA PAKISTAN ETHIOPIA UGANDA NORTH KOREA IRAN SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN ERITREA ERITREA CHAD KYRGYZSTAN TAJIKISTAN QATAR U. A. E. MAURITANIA KYRGYZSTAN TAJIKISTAN MONGOLIA SOUTH KOREA SYRIA LEBANON UZBEKISTAN TURKMENISTAN TURKEY SYRIA CYPRUS CYPRUS LEBANON TUNISIA UZBEKISTAN GEORGIA ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN TURKMENISTAN ALBANIA KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA BOSNIA BOSNIA SERBIA SERBIA MONTENEGRO BULGARIA MONTENEGRO BULGARIA GEORGIA MACEDONIA MACEDONIA Canary Islands ALGERIA STERN HARA UKRAINE SLOVAKIA MOLDOVA MOLDOVA HUNGARY HUNGARY AUSTRIA SLOVENIA SLOVENIA ROMANIA ROMANIA CROATIA ITALYFRANCECROATIA ITALY Ceuta Melilla TUNISIA MOROCCO BELARUS AUSTRIA SWITZERLAND FRANCE PORTUGAL LATVIA LITHUANIA BELARUS POLAND wales GERMANYBELGIUM GERMANY BELGIUM LUX. CZECH LUX. CZECH SWITZERLAND R U S S I A ESTONIA DENMARK england THE NETHERLANDS ireland R U S S I A NORWAY MADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR MOZAMBIQUEMAURITIUS SWAZILAND I N D I IANND I A N O C EO AC NEAN FIJI MAURITIUS FIJI NEW CALEDONIA NEW CALEDONIA australia LESOTHO new zealand antarctica 125

Monthly Summary of Troop Contribution to UN Operations

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