Fotonika in nanotehnologija

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1 Fotonika in nanotehnologija Igor Muševi evič Institut J. Stefan in Fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko, Univerza v Ljubljani

2 odkritja, ki so temelji sodobne tehnologije M.Faraday T.Edison N.Tesla J.C.Maxwell A.G.Bell leto

3 našo civilizacijo poganja elektrika vir: Sunita Williams, NASA, Slideshare

4 prvi računalnik "ENIAC" 1947 mikročip-integrirano vezje vir: vir: Wikipedia Commons

5 FOTONIKA Podoben razvoj lahko pričakujemo na področju svetlobe znanost o svetlobi, njenem pridobivanju, širjenju, preoblikovanju in zaznavanju

6

7 Ch. Kao W. Boyle G.E.Smith

8 Ch. Kao T.H.Maiman 16. maj 1960

9 Širjenje svetlobe po optičnih vlaknih: svetloba nosi tisoče informacijskih kanalov

10 obstoječe naprave za uravnavanje toka svetlobe med vlakni: vir: Nortel

11 Podobnost med svetlobo in elektriko pri prenosu informacij: ali je mogoče izdelati miniaturne naprave, torej "integrirano optično vezje"?

12 cilj: optično mikrovezje, "optični metropolis" vir: Photonic Crystals, Joannopoulos, Princeton, 2008

13 "Fotonski kristal": temeljni element fotonskih vezij vir: Ameslab

14 fotonski kristali so v naravi pogosti: P.Vukusic, N.Sambles, Nature 424, 852(2003)

15 bela svetloba je sestavljena iz svetlobe vseh mogočih barv Sir Isaac Newton

16 odbije se samo svetloba določene barve

17 Fotonski kristali torej delujejo kot idealna zrcala. To pa lahko koristno uporabimo za vodenje svetlobe

18 Kako izdelati takšne fotonske strukture?

19 fotolitografija (mikroelektronska tehnologija) 5 μm problemi: (e-beam litography, S.G.Johnson, MIT), hrapavost površine zaradi jedkanja-sipanje svetlobe procesiranje različnih materialov izjemno zamuden proces

20 "stanje tehnike": planarne, 2D fotonske mikrostrukture (Joannopoulos et al, 2008) svetloba je "ujeta" v plasti

21 svetlobo vodimo po fotonskih kristalih

22 Tiskovno sporočilo družbe Intel, 23. julij 2010

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24 Ali je mogoče tok svetlobe uravnavati na nanometerskih razdaljah? približno enako valovni dolžini svetlobe 500 nm DA, s pomočjo elektronov. valovne dolžine elektronskega valovanja so tudi do tisočkrat krajše od svetlobe

25 svetloba osnovna ideja: svetloba poganja v gibanje proste elektrone v kovini ω E v elektronski plin v tanki plasti zlata 10 nm PLAZMONI in Nano-Optika vsiljeno gibanje elektronov in EM polja lahko uravnavamo na zelo majhih razdaljah

26 Plazmone v nanodelcih Au in Ag in so poznali že Rimljani The British Museum Late Roman, 4th century AD Probably made in Rome Ag in Au nanodelci, plazmonska resonanca

27 primeri iz plazmonske nano-optike: SPASER- nanolaser najmanjši laser: zlata kroglica s premerom 14 nm MA Noginov et al. Nature 000, 1-3 (2009) doi: /nature08318

28 Drugi primer: Yagi-Uda nanoantena Hidetsugu Yagi H.Yagi in Shintaro Uda, 1926

29 Yagi-Uda nano-antena za vidno svetlobo

30 Tretji primer: plazmonska zbiralna leča iz Au nanodelcev na Au

31 Dosežki raziskovalcev IJS in Univerze v Ljubljani na področju mikro-fotonike: 2D fotonski kristal fotonski mikroresonator 3D mikrolaser

32 izbrali smo nenavaden pristop: (foto M.Vilfan) steklene mikro kroglice tekoči i kristal

33 kroglice v običajni tekočini

34 kroglice v tekočem kristalu

35

36 2D fotonski kristal Muševič, Škarabot, Tkalec, Ravnik, Žumer, Science (2006)

37 2D fotonski kristal fotonski mikroresonator 3D mikrolaser

38 mikro-kapljice tekočega kristala v vodi ali polimeru Naš dosežek: kapljice so optični resonatorji, ki jih lahko uglasimo

39 Opazujemo optične lastnosti ene same mikro-kapljice tekočega kristala v polimeru

40 kapljica z višjim lomnim količnikom od okolice je lahko optični resonator "počasna" svetloba "hitra" svetloba totalni odboj

41

42 "whispering gallery modes", WGMs katedrala "St. Paul"

43 ali lahko resonančni spekter uglasimo z električnim poljem? brez polja s poljem

44 100 krat večji obseg uglaševanja kot v trdni snovi!

45 Humar, Ravnik, Pajk, Muševič, Nature Photonics 3, 595(2009)

46 Zaključek: napoved: 21. stoletje bo stoletje svetlobe učinkovita fotovoltaika in nova svetila prenos informacij s svetlobo in integrirana fotonika združenje nanotehnologije in fotonike prikaz in hranjenje informacij svetlobni računalniki?

47 Zahvala Miha Škarabot, IJS, Ljubljana Uroš Tkalec, IJS, Ljubljana Matjaž Humar, IJS, Ljubljana Miha Ravnik, UNI LJ, Ljubljana Slobodan Žumer, UNI LJ, Ljubljana Igor Poberaj, UNI LJ, Ljubljana Natan Osterman, UNI LJ, Ljubljana Dušan Babič,, UNI LJ, Ljubljana Ulyana Ognysta, IOP, Kiev Andriy Nych, IOP, Kiev Vassili sili Nazarenko arenko, IOP,, Kiev Polona Ropret, Restavratorski center, Ljubljana raziskave je financirala ARRS v okviru projekta J in programa P1-0099

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