The Photorefractive Effect
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1 The Photorefractive Effect Rabin Vincent Photonics and Optical Communication Spring
2 Outline Photorefractive effect Steps involved in the photorefractive effect Photosensitive materials Fixing Holographic data storage Outlook Conclusion Images on title slide from and 2
3 Photorefractive effect An effect in certain crystals and other materials that respond to light by changing their refractive index Basic steps: Interference of coherent beams Formation of electric field by excitation and migration of electrons Electro-optic effect to modulate refractive index (Recovery of beams) 3
4 Interference Light from two coherent sources are incident on a photosensitive medium Interference pattern is formed Image from 4
5 Excitation and migration In the bright regions, electrons are excited to the conduction band They migrate due to diffusion and the photovoltaic effect to the dark regions Thus a space charge field is formed Image from 5
6 Electro-optic effect Due to the Pockels effect, the refractive index of the material is modulated according to the intensity of the electric field Image from 6
7 Electro-optic effect (cont.) Thus, a spatially varying refractive index grating is formed The pattern of the grating is the same as the interference pattern Image from 7
8 Recovery of light beams The modulated refractive index pattern can diffract light The diffraction pattern is the original pattern of light used for the creation of the interference pattern Illuminating the grating with one of the two used beams will yield the other 8
9 Photosensitive Materials Several type of crystals can be used. The presence of impurities leads to the photorefractive behavior. Iron-Doped Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3 :Fe) is extensively studied 9
10 Fixing The space charge field does not remain permanently, since the electrons migrate back due to dark conductivity In the case of lithium niobate, a few years The crystal has to be heated to a certain temperature to fix it, depending on its chemical properties In the case of lithium niobate, it is 150 C. 10
11 Holographic Data Storage Storage of (binary) information, in the 3D volume of a material by means of holography Lasers of ~500nm are used Uses a reference beam, and a signal beam which contains the information The reference beam can be used to later read the information from the material 11
12 Converting the signal beam A Spatial Light Modulator creates, from the electronic data, a checkerboard pattern of pixels that either block or transmit light After reading, the signal beam is detected by a charged-coupled device 12
13 Recording Data Image from 13
14 Reading Data Image from 14
15 Multiplexing Storing multiple holograms in the same region Angular rotating the storage material Spatial moving the holographic medium, no overlapping 15
16 Outlook Desktop HDS systems are being developed Currently capacity ~125 GB and transfer rate of ~40 MB per second Problems include trying to maintain the strength of holograms when many are stored on the same material And creating a low-cost system to multiplex holograms 16
17 Conclusion The photorefractive effect is the foundation of crystal holographic data storage Holographic data storage enables storage of large amounts of data, due to the usage of the volume of the material Data transfer is in parallel, providing high speeds of recording and read-out of data pages 17
18 References Holographic Data Storage; M. Imlau, T. Bieringer, S. Odoulov, T. Woike How Holographic Memory Will Work; Kevin Bonsor; How Stuff Works; Photorefractive Effect; Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia; Holographic Data Storage; Tien-Hsin Chao, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; THIC Meeting January 16, 2001; 18
19 References (cont.) Holographic Data Storage; J. Ashley et al; IBM Journal of Research and Development, Volume 44, Number 3, 2000; Optical Detectors; D. Knipp; Photonics and Optical Communication; What is Holographic Storage?; InPhase Technologies; Optical data storage enters a new dimension; IBM Holographic Storage Team; Physics World, July 2000; 19
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