Microwave Photonics. From Components to Applications and Systems. edited by. Anne Vilcot. IMEP - INPG, France. Béatrice Cabon. and

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1 MICROWAVE PHOTONICS

2 Microwave Photonics From Components to Applications and Systems edited by Anne Vilcot IMEP - INPG, France Béatrice Cabon IMEP - INPG, France and Jean Chazelas Thales Airborne System, Fr ance KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS BOSTON / DORDRECHT / LONDON

3 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN (Volume II) ISBN Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements ix xi General introduction 1 Chapter 1 : Microwave photonics components 3 1. Introduction 3 2. Fast lasers sources Fast lasers sources 3 F. Deborgies 2.2. Tunable/selectable sources 17 F. Brillouet 2.3. Transverse mode, patterns and polarization behavior in VCSELs 23 J. G. McInerney 2.4. Mode locked microchip lasers for the generation of low noise millimeter wave carriers 40 P. R. Herczfeld 3. Semiconductors optical amp lifiers 51 J.C. Simon 4. Fast Modulators Fast modulators 57 M. Varasi 4.2. Electroabsorption modulators and photo-oscillators for conversion of optics to millimeterwaves. 73 C. Minot 5. High speed photodetection Microwave optical interaction devices 82 D. Jäger 5.2. The GaAs MESFET as an optical detector 91 A. Madj ar, A. Paollela, P.R. Herczfeld 5.3. HBT phototransistors as an optic/millimetre-wave converter. Part I : The device 100 C. Gonzalez 5.4. HBT phototransistor as an optical millimeter wave converter. Part II : Simulation 110 C. Rumelhard, N. Chennafi, E. Namuroy 6. References 121

5 vi Chapter 2 : Electronics for optics : integrated circuits Introduction Electronics for optics ; introduction to MMICs 136 I. Darwazeh 3. High speed ICs for optoelectronic modules 143 R. Lefèvre 4. High efficiency optical transmitter and receiver modules using integrated MMIC impedance matching and low noise 50Ω amp lifier 151 M. Schaller et al. 5. References 162 Chapter 3 : Modeling methods for optoelectronics Introduction Foundations for integrated optics modeling 165 I. Montrosset, G. Perrone 3. Tools for microwave-optic co-simulation 178 D. Breuer et al. 4. The TLM method Application to the microwaves and optics 195 F. Ndagij imana, P. Saguet, C. Golovanov, O. Jacquin 5. References 206 Chapter 4 : Microwave photonics systems Introduction Microwave optical links Analog optical links : models, measures and limits of performances 210 C.H. Cox, III 2.2. Optoelectronic and optical devices for applications to microwave systems 220 P. Richin, D. Mongardien 3. Telecommunication systems Microwave and millimeter-wave photonics for telecommunications 236 D. Wake 3.2. Fibre supported MM-wave systems 247 P. Lane 3.3. Optics and microwaves in telecommunications networks, today and in the future 257 M. Joindot 4. Wireless systems 280

6 4.1. Wireless systems using photonic network infrastructure 280 J.F. Cadiou, P. Jaffré, E. Pénard 4.2. Broadband access networks : the opportunities of wireless 294 G. Kalbe 5. Antenna - Beam forming Planar antenna technology for microwave-optical interactions 306 Y. Qian, W.R. Deal, T. Itoh 5.2. Antenna applications of RF photonics 315 J.J. Lee 5.3. Microwave/photonic feed networks for phased array antenna systems 323 R.A. Sparks 5.4. Photonics and phased array antennas 334 J. Chazelas, D. Dolfi 6. Phase noise degradation in nonlinear fiber optic links distribution networks for communication satellites 348 A.S. Daryoush 7. References 364 Chapter 5 : All optical processing of microwave functions Introduction Photonic base microwave functions Microwave functions enabled by photonics 375 R. Esman 2.2. Industrial requirements to photonic generation of microwave signals 399 S. Gevorgian, L.R. Pendrill, A. Alping 2.3. Optical generation of microwave functions 412 B. Cabon, V. Girod, G. Maury 2.4. Optical filtering for RF signal processing 430 J. Capmany, D. Pastor, B. Orlega, S. Sales 2.5. Signal processing methods for subcarrier optical transmission 442 T. Berceli 2.6. Photonic processing of microwave signals 460 D. Dolfi, S. Tonda-Goldstein, J.P. Huignard 3. Semiconductor devices for optical processing of microwave functions Optical processing with semiconductors 470 P. Spano 3.2. The use of InGaAs / InP photo-hbt's vii

7 viii in optical/microwave processing 484 G. Eisenstein 4. Digital convertors, optoelectronic processors Optical and microwave signal processing applied to A to D converters 502 Y. Langard 4.2. Optoelectronic processors : an overview 515 P. Chavel 5. Optoelectronics in the terahertz frequency range 531 J.L. Coutaz 6. References 555

8 PREFACE Microwave-Photonics can be defined as the study of interactions between optical signals and electrical signals in the frequency range of microwave and millimeter-wave. This field has been growing very rapidly over the last two decades and recent development of wideband technologies has resulted in sophisticated devices that are now under commercial development. This book covers all aspects of the field of microwave photonics, including components, modeling methods, circuits, optical processing of microwave signals and broadband systems for a wide variety of applications, such as telecommunications, radar and fiber-wireless systems. New optical architectures for antenna systems are also reviewed in the applications. The strength of the microwave-photonics area has been demonstrated by the number of papers published in this field, in the literature and topical meetings, workshops and summer schools in the past years. In particular, in 1998,1999 and 2000, three summer-schools/tutorials "OMW, Interactions between microwave and optics" were held in Autrans (France, 38). This book is a selection of about 40 papers presented during the OMW series by international experts of microwave-photonics. The very latest developments in microwave-photonics components, systems and applications are presented by specialists of over ten organizations in Europe, the United States and Israel. This manual is targeted at Research and Development, engineers in industry, postgraduate students, and all professionals interested in the use of photonics in microwave and millimeter-wave wide band applications.

9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank all speakers and participants to the summer-schools OMW (Interactions between Microwaves and Optics), who contributed to the success of the events, and who made it possible the publication of this manual. Nota Bene : The adresses indicated for each author are those at the time of the corresponding summer-school.

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