Imaging Spectrometry - a Tool for Environmental Observations

Transcription

1 Imaging Spectrometry - a Tool for Environmental Observations

2 EURO COURSES A series devoted to the publication of courses and educational seminars. organized by the Joint Research Centre Ispra, as part of its education and training program. Published for the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate- General Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation, Scientific and Technical Communications Service. The EUROCOURSES consist of the following subseries: - Advanced Scientific Techniques - Chemical and Environmental Science - Energy Systems and Technology - Environmental Impact Assessment - Environmental Management - Health Physics and Radiation Protection - Computer and Information Science - Mechanical and Materials Science - Nuclear Science and Technology - Reliability and Risk Analysis - Remote Sensing - Technological Innovation REMOTE SENSING Volume 4 The publisher will accept continuation orders for this series which may be cancelled at any time and which provide for automatic billing and shipping of each title in the series upon publication. Please write for details.

3 Imaging Spec!rometrya Tool for Environmental Observations Edited by Joachim Hill and Jacques M6gier Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Remote Sensing Applications, Ispra, Italy Lm KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

4 Based on the lectures given during the Eurocourse on 'Imaging Spectrometry- a Tool for Environmental Observations' held at the Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy November 23-27, 1992 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Ubrary of Congress. ISBN Publication arrangements by Commission of the European Communities Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation, Scientific and Technical Communications Unit, Luxembourg EUR ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg LEGAL NOTICE Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might bemade of the following informati'on. Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Nethedands~ Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Printed in the Netherlands

5 CONTENTS Preface vii i Imaging spectrometry - its present and future r61e in environmental research Paul J Citrran Scientific issues and instrumental opportunities in remote sensing and'high resolution spectrometry l~chel'm. Verstraete l~ nmt~ sensing and the estimation of ecosystem parameters and run, ons Carol A. Wessman Estimating canopy biochemistry through imaging spectrometry Carol A. Wessman Soil spectral properties and their relationships with environmental parameters - examples from arid regions Richard Escadafal Data analysis - processing requirements and available software tools Wolfgang Mehl Retrieving canopy properties from remote sensing measurements Michel M. Verstraete Spectral mixture analysis - new strategies for the analysis of multispectml data Milton 0. Smith, John B. Adams, and Don E. Sabol Modeling canopy spectral properties to retrieve biophysical and biochemical characteristics Frdderic Baret and Stdphane Jacquemoud Optical properties of leaves: modeling and experimental studies Jean Verdebout, Stdphane Jacquemoud, and Guido Schmuck Imaging spectrometry in agriculture - plant vitality and yield indicators Jan P. G. W. Clevers

6 vi Mapping sparse vegetation canopies Milton O. Smith, John B. Adams, and Don E. Sabol Land degradation and soil erosion mapping in a Mediterranean ecosystem Joachim Hill, Wolfgang Mehl, and Michael Altherr Imaging spectroscopy in hydrology and agriculture - determination of model parameters Wolfram Mauser and Heike Bach Alpine and subalpine landuse and ecosystems mapping Klaus L ltten, Peter Meyer, Tobias Kellenberger, Michael Schaepman, Stefan Sandmeier, lvo Leiss, and Susann Erdas Imaging spectrometry as a research tool for inland water resources analysis Arnold G. Dekker and Marcel Donze Future applications, sensor developments and research programmes in the field of imaging spectrometry Johann Bodechtel and Stefan Sommer 319 Index 329

7 PREFACE The technique of imaging spectrometry has now passed its infancy and entered into a new phase of application oriented research. Advanced sensor systems (such as Nasa/JPL's AVIRIS) have become available for international research programmes (MAC Europe 1991), new imaging spectrometers are under development in several European countries or have already passed their acceptance tests, and first high spectral resolution imaging systems are already operated by private industry. On European level, the EARSEC programme of the Joint Research Centre has provided considerable financial investments for the development of an imaging spectrometer which covers the reflective and important parts of the emissive spectrum (DAIS-7915), and the European Space Agency has initiated an important airborne remote sensing campaign (EMAC 1994/95) in which imaging spectrometry will constitute one of the most important components. The increasing sensor capabilities also reflect the fact that imaging spectrometry has advanced in many application fields of earth remote sensing. Progress has been made in the development of data pre-proeessing methods, spectral signature modeling and semi-empirical approaches for retrieving surface parameters. It therefore appeared important to further disseminate information about new approaches in the application-oriented analysis of imaging spectrometry data. This volume presents the lectures of the second EUROCOURSE on imaging spectrometry which was held in November 1992 at the Joint Research Centre (a first course on "Fundamentals and Prospective Applications" of imaging spectrometry had been organised in October 1989, the lectures being published as EUROCOURSES in Remote Sensing, vol. 2). It was our intention to complete the information on principles of imaging spectrometry but, at the same time, emphasis was also given to the presentation of further application-oriented case studies. While the first course included lectures on marine applications of imaging spectrometry, the selected topics this time concentrated on the assessment of terrestrial ecosystems (vegetation studies, agriculture, soil erosion, and inland water quality). The lectures were presented by invited experts from universities and research institutes in Europe and the United States. It is believed that this type of seminar has an important function for the dissemination of information from research institutes to a wider audience, in particular in view of the increasing importance of airborne remote sensing with imaging spectrometers and the future launch of spaceborne instruments like MERIS and MODIS on the first Polar Platforms. J. Hill and J. Mrgier, Editors vii