Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes
|
|
- Alan Armstrong
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes APPLICATION BRIEF February 14, 2012 Dr. Michael Lauterbach & Arthur Pini Summary Sensors and actors are used in a wide variety of electronic products ranging from defense/aerospace to medical devices, robotics, biotech and other applications. This paper gives examples of viewing and testing signals using a few specific types of sensors but the techniques apply to all types sensors and actors. For purposes of this paper a sensor is defined as a transducer which detects a stimulus (motion, pressure, temperature, etc.) and outputs an electronic signal. The signal is usually a voltage but could also be a current, frequency or phase. An actor receives the output of the sensor and may or may not initiate an action based on the value of the signal from the sensor. Many actors may be tied to the output of a single sensor (for example several sprinklers might be activated based on the output of a single sensor which is detecting smoke or heat) or several sensors may provide input to a single actor (multiple sensors might detect the positioning of an item on an assembly line and activate a single robotic arm to perform when all the sensors agree the item is in the correct position). Digital oscilloscopes are excellent instruments for viewing, measuring, characterizing and troubleshooting the electrical signals produced by sensors. They can also examine the input signals to actors. Most design and test engineers own a digital storage oscilloscope (DSO). This paper will endeavor to give good advice on methods to apply the power of DSO s to the types of signals typically produced/detected by sensors and actors starting with simpler examples and moving toward more complex ones. If an engineer is starting a new project which requires faster measurements or more precision than is provided by his current scope advice will be provided on choosing an oscilloscope. Using Visual Tools Typically the first thing an engineer wants to do when testing a sensor or actor is to look at the electrical signal to see if its shape is correct and that it meets some basic criteria. The fundamental oscilloscope properties that come into play are the bandwidth, sampling rate, memory length and display. Having enough bandwidth means the scope (and any probes that are used) have fast enough response to accurately track the shape of the signal. If the scope/probes have insufficient bandwidth the view of the signal will be distorted. For advice on how much bandwidth is enough see the final section of this paper. The sampling rate of an oscilloscope reflects how often the analog to digital convertor (ADC) measures the size of the signal. In order to get a good view of the signal shape, you want the scope to provide many sample points which draw a connect-the-dots picture of the signal amplitude vs time. Memory length is also important LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 1 of 10
2 since longer memory allows the scope to provide lots of sample points spanning the duration of the signal of interest. Finally, the display is obviously an important tool for viewing signals since the signal shape is drawn on the screen. But there are also other considerations. One of those is the ability use the display to zoom in and view important details of the signal. In Figure 1 channel 1 of a digital oscilloscope captures the output of a sensor (a force transducer) which detects an impulse from a short (about 1 msec) sharp impact. Channel 2 shows the output of another sensor (an accelerometer) located about 1 meter from the original point of impact. At this point, the original short, sharp impulse has been converted to a lower amplitude but much longer lasting ringing. Using just visual tools, an engineer can place cursors on the two waveforms to measure the time latency between the original impact and the first substantial peak of the transmitted ringing. Figure 1: C1 displays the output of a force transducer and C2 is the output of an accelerometer. C1 (the yellow trace with the highest peak) detects a sudden sharp impulse. C2 shows a delay, then a long ringing The red box in the lower right corner of the figure outlines the readout from the cursors. In this example the tall peak on channel 1 is at 215 usec (measured relative to the trigger time of the scope) and the first large negative going peak on channel two is at ms. This gives a delta t of msec between the events on the two sensors. An engineer can get a better view and a more accurate measurement by using the simplest viewing tool in the digital oscilloscope the zoom function. In figure 2, the scope has two grids. On the top grid are the acquired waveforms and cursors. On the lower grid is a zoom of the front portion of the waveforms. Since the cursors have been placed near the front of the waveforms they also show up on the zooms. The first thing you might notice is that the visual placement of the LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 2 of 10
3 cursors is not exactly on the top of the Channel 1 peak or on the bottom of the channel 2 peak. The zoom, in addition to allowing the user to see the details of the signal more clearly, also allows more accurate placement of cursors. Figure 2: The same signals as Figure 1 but now the lower grid shows zooms of both signals. Note the zoom shows the cursors that were placed using a view of the total signal are not quite on the sensor peaks In Figure 3 the cursors have been repositioned and the oscilloscope shows a more accurate measurement of the elapsed time between the peaks of the two sensors to be msec. Figure 3: The zoom view allows the user to see more details of the signal visually and also to place cursors more accurately LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 3 of 10
4 Simple Math Reading the Cursor Output in Real World Units Sensors convert the detection of a real world activity ( a change in temperature, acceleration, etc) into an electrical signal. In order to better understand what the sensor is saying it is often a good idea to convert the signal, usually in volts, into real world units that describe what the sensor has detected. This is a simple math equation y = mx+b where x is the sensor reading in volts, m is the conversion factor to real world units and b is any offset that is present. The result of this calculation, y, is a number that describes what is happening in the real world. For instance, if the accelerometer used in the previous examples has an output of one volt per 10 G of acceleration the conversion from volts to G s is y = 10x. The simple math function that converts sensor voltage waveforms into physical units is called rescale. The voltage waveform is rescaled into units that have direct physical meaning. Figure 4 shows an example. The top trace is the voltage waveform from the output of a sensor. It is an accelerometer attached to the body of a fan. The bottom waveform has exactly the same shape, but all numbers in this waveform are ten times larger and the units of the 2 nd waveform are in gravity rather than volts. A measure of the peak to peak amplitude of the upper waveform is 5.25 millivolts. For the bottom waveform it is 52.5 milligravities. Figure 4: The voltage waveform from a sensor (top waveform) is rescaled into physical units (bottom waveform) Advanced Math The ability to rescale a waveform into the physical units which the sensor detects also enables the digital oscilloscope to perform more advanced math operations that have useful meaning concerning the real world functioning of the sensor. A sensor that measures acceleration is measuring the mathematical derivative of velocity. And velocity is the derivative of position. So if an oscilloscope has a waveform that shows the output of an accelerometer over a period of time then the scope can integrate that waveform to obtain a new waveform that shows the moment by moment velocity experienced by the sensor over the same time period. If desired, the scope can integrate the velocity waveform to show the displacement in position as a function of time. Of course the oscilloscope will probably not know if the definition of gravity is earth standard of 32 ft/sec 2 so the rescale function may need to be used again. An example of a math setup for double integration is shown in Figure 5. LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 4 of 10
5 Figure 5: It is easy to perform math operations on the output of a sensor. Some digital oscilloscopes will allow two math operations to be daisy chained as shown above Another common type of mathematical analysis is to look at the frequency domain view of a sensor reading. This is particularly true if the sensor shows some sort of repetitive structure in the value of its readout or if the user suspects there is some source of noise interfering with sensor operation. In this case an FFT of the sensor signal may give an indication of the source of the noise. In the case of the accelerometer signals shown in Figures 1-3 it may be interesting for the scope user to know the frequency spectrum of the ringing. The ringing behavior will be different for different types of coupling (i.e. protective materials) between the point of impact of an impulse and the sensor. If we did an FFT of the example shown in Figure 4 the frequency spectra would give insight into physical shaking of a fan. Figure 6 shows the setup of this type of frequency analysis using the same signal as was shown Figure 6: A Fourier transform is used to find the spectral components of the sensor readings from an accelerometer attached to a fan body LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 5 of 10
6 in Figure 4. Channel 1 of the oscilloscope captures the output of the sensor attached to the fan body. This is the upper trace. The math setup shows a rescale, then an FFT. The purpose of the rescale is to compute parameter P2 the max of the rescaled math trace. This is the maximum acceleration detected by the sensor, milligravities. The FFT could be performed on either the voltage vs time trace or the rescaled trace. Both traces have the same shape and the same spectral components. In this example the peak of the FFT is at 120 Hz as shown by the cursor reading toward the lower right of the screen image. Once the user has the math setup that is desired, the math menu can be closed so the entire viewing area of the screen can be used for examining the acquired waveform and the FFT. This is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7: The same signals as Figure 6 but the FFT setup menu has been closed. The signals can be viewed with better detail using the full screen Testing Signal Parameters to Meet Specifications Most products have to meet certain specifications, or should respond in a specified manner when subjected to a particular stimulus. A digital oscilloscope can help greatly in testing key signal characteristics or in documenting product response to a specified stimulus. All digital oscilloscopes measure signal parameters some make more measurements, and more complex measurements, than others. Figures 4, 6 and 7 show some basic parameter measurements of peak-to-peak and maximum signal excursion. Oscilloscopes can also measure signal rise time, fall time, overshoot, pulse width, interval between two edges on a signal, the time between an edge on one signal and the arrival of an edge on a different signal and a host of other parameters. Sometimes the user just wants the oscilloscope to measure parameters for the acquisition that is shown on the screen. But in other cases it is necessary to test operation of a device over many iterations to prove the parameters of interest are always within LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 6 of 10
7 specification. In Figure 8 the voltage waveform from an accelerometer is shown in the upper trace. The lower trace is the rescaled waveform using physical units (gravities). This example applies equally to any type of sensor for which the engineers wants to test certain key signal characteristics. In this particular example, the oscilloscope has acquired 238 acquisitions of the waveform (the num parameter near the bottom is the number of acquisitions). Figure 8: The upper trace is the voltage signal from a sensor. Below it is a rescaled trace using physical units. The parameters mean, sdev, and pkpk are computed on the rescaled trace. The parameter statistics are the result of 238 acquisitions of the signal. The green shapes below the statistics show the shape of the distribution of the parameter measurements For each acquisition the scope computers the mean, standard deviation (rms difference from the mean) and peak-to-peak output of the sensor. The value at the top of the table is the parameter value for the most recent acquisition on the screen. The other statistical parameters are based on all 238 acquisitions. The green shapes at the bottom of the screen are histicons icons showing thumbnail size views of the distribution of each parameter. The mean, P1, and peak-to-peak, P3, parameters have Gaussian-like distributions ( Gaussian shaped, but not true Gaussian since physical measurements do not extend to infinity). The sdev parameter, P2, is a Rayleigh distribution. If you are testing a sensor or actor to stress it for worst case conditions the parameters with statistics information is very useful. In particular the max and min will show the worst case extreme values of the sensor performance for a set of tests as many as you want to administer. The max and min will also show if there is any intermittent very high or very low reading due to drop outs or other rare phenomena. The histicon shape is also quite useful. Most of the time the expected shape for the distribution of a parameter is known for example a central value with some noise usually results in a Gaussian-like shape. If the oscilloscope shows some unexpected shape to the distribution of values for a parameter it is often a very good clue to use in troubleshooting a problem. You may see histicon shapes that are indicative of some sinusoidal modulation, or perhaps of the presence of two competing processes (two peaks in the histogram where only one was expected) or other types of unexpected phenomena. Not all oscilloscopes offer the ability to use parameter statistics or LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 7 of 10
8 histicons. Figure 9 shows the setup menu for selecting which parameters to calculate and whether to display parameter statistics and histicons. Figure 9: The method for setting up the parameter measurements as shown in Figure 8. The user can choose six parameters to measure. Statistics and Histicons can be checked to have them displayed It is easy to turn on the parameter statistics and histicons by checking a box. Advanced Math Filtering Signals to Obtain Higher Precision Many types of sensors change their output values at a rate much slower than the sampling rate of modern digital oscilloscopes. In cases like this the oversampling can be used to obtain more precise measurement of the sensor value. As an extreme example, if the output of a sensor is DC only one sample would be needed to measure the voltage. More than one sample is oversampling. The ADC s of an oscilloscope have integer steps. For an eight bit oscilloscope there are 256 possible output codes of the ADC. Maybe the hypothetical DC voltage from the sensor corresponds to ADC counts. Since there are no half counts of the ADC, a single sample would be 100 or 101 counts. In fact, even if there is zero noise on the DC level of the sensor signal, the noise from the front end amplifier of the oscilloscope may push the reading to 99 or 102 counts. If the oscilloscope is set to capture 100 samples of the DC voltage, the average will probably be close to The extra counts are used to average out the noise and also to obtain better vertical resolution. Figure 10 shows an example of using Enhanced Resolution (ERES) to add 2.5 bits of resolution when capturing a sensor signal. LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 8 of 10
9 Figure 10: Enhanced Resolution is used to reduce noise and increase vertical resolution. Note in the red box an ERES noise filter has been set up which increases resolution by 2.5 bits but the tradeoff is reduced bandwidth. The lower trace is the signal captured at full bandwidth. The upper trace (which clearly has much lower noise) is the ERES view ERES is a linear finite impulse response (FIR) filter. If the oscilloscope user wants to measure some slowly changing property of the sensor signal and wants to reduce the noise in the sensor signal (and also reduce front end noise from the oscilloscope), enhanced resolution is a useful tool. But the user needs to keep in mind that he has probably eliminated some portion of the real signal the signal content that is above the bandwidth of the ERES filter. Choosing the Right Oscilloscope The preceding discussion shows a few of the many types of views, measurements and analysis which can be performed by digital oscilloscopes. Most engineers have several oscilloscopes in their labs and there are even more available for purchase from oscilloscope vendors. The different instruments have varied capabilities for capture of signals, for viewing them, for making measurements and for producing documents such as test procedures or engineering progress reports. In order to select an oscilloscope that is a good match to the needs of an application there are a few basic properties to look for in the instrument. First, consider what it is you want to measure. Maybe no measurements are required you just need to view the signal. Or maybe only a few basic measurements are needed. But if you need to characterize the properties of a device or troubleshoot some sort of intermittent behavior that is causing odd signal performance then you may need a scope with more measurement capabilities. For example, the WaveAce line of oscilloscopes from LeCroy offers a basic selection of 32 parameter measurements. It can do basic math on waveforms such as +, -, x, / and FFT. In the same price class as the WaveAce oscilloscopes there are scopes from other companies offering anywhere from 11 to 23 parameter measurements which might be just fine for some applications. But if you LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 9 of 10
10 need to measure the time from an edge of signal 1 to an edge in signal 2 (on two different channels of the oscilloscope), you may wish that you had a WaveAce. On the other hand, if you want to be able to view the histicons shape of the distribution of a parameter value or if you want to perform advanced math such as integration, this is not possible on a WaveAce. You will need a WaveSurfer. The WaveSurfer is intended for applications where more types of measurements and troubleshooting will be performed. In addition to typical oscilloscope parameters and math, options are available for the WaveSurfer to decode serial data streams (USB, RS232, I 2 C, etc.) and to add up to 36 digital channels for mixed signal operation. Once you know the scope can measure what you need to measure the next step is to choose a model that can capture the signal of interest accurately. This means the front end of the scope needs a fast enough amplifier (and perhaps probes) to follow the shape of the signal, a fast enough sampling rate and a long enough memory. Amplifier bandwidth is the most common way in which oscilloscopes are rated. Typically a line of scopes offers several choices of bandwidth, so if you have found an instrument that makes all the measurements you need then you can select from among several choices of bandwidth. For example the WaveAce series has choices from 40 MHz to 300 MHz while the WaveSurfer spans the range from 200 MHz to 1 GHz. A 400 MHz scope can more accurately track the shape of fast edges than a 40 MHz scope. In general, to make measurements with reasonable accuracy you would like the risetime of your oscilloscope (which is closely related to its bandwidth) to be substantially faster than the risetime of the signals which are being captured. For oscilloscopes with bandwidths of 1 GHz and below it is a very reasonable approximation that the scope bandwidth and risetime are related by the equation BW x TR =.35 A 1 GHz scope will have a risetime around 0.35 nanoseconds. A 100 MHz oscilloscope will have a risetime about 10 times longer ; around 3.5 nsec. There are a variety of ways to determine how fast the ADC sample rate should be. Most vendors put ADCs into a scope that have fast enough sampling rate for the bandwidth of the amplifiers in that instrument. If the maximum ADC sampling rate is 10 times the bandwidth of the oscilloscope this is more than adequate. For example a max sampling rate of 1 GS/s for a 100 MHz oscilloscope. Finally, the scope needs to have enough memory to run at its maximum sampling rate for the length of time equal to the duration of your longest signal. If a scope can capture at 1 GS/s then it would need 1 Mpoint of memory to capture a signal duration of 1 msec while using the maximum sampling rate. If the memory length is too short then the ADC will still capture the 1 msec signal, but it will do so by slowing down the sampling rate so that the ADC samples stretch across a longer period of time. There is much more that could be said about selecting an oscilloscope. In the end, perhaps the easiest way to shop for a scope is to call up a vendor, tell him the types of signals you want to capture, the types of measurements you need to make and get good advice from an expert. LeCroy Corporation Testing Sensors & Actors Using Digital Oscilloscopes page 10 of 10
Noise Measurements Using a Teledyne LeCroy Oscilloscope
Noise Measurements Using a Teledyne LeCroy Oscilloscope TECHNICAL BRIEF January 9, 2013 Summary Random noise arises from every electronic component comprising your circuits. The analysis of random electrical
More informationEnhanced Sample Rate Mode Measurement Precision
Enhanced Sample Rate Mode Measurement Precision Summary Enhanced Sample Rate, combined with the low-noise system architecture and the tailored brick-wall frequency response in the HDO4000A, HDO6000A, HDO8000A
More informationGetting Started. MSO/DPO Series Oscilloscopes. Basic Concepts
Getting Started MSO/DPO Series Oscilloscopes Basic Concepts 001-1523-00 Getting Started 1.1 Getting Started What is an oscilloscope? An oscilloscope is a device that draws a graph of an electrical signal.
More informationWhat the LSA1000 Does and How
2 About the LSA1000 What the LSA1000 Does and How The LSA1000 is an ideal instrument for capturing, digitizing and analyzing high-speed electronic signals. Moreover, it has been optimized for system-integration
More informationFourier Theory & Practice, Part II: Practice Operating the Agilent Series Scope with Measurement/Storage Module
Fourier Theory & Practice, Part II: Practice Operating the Agilent 54600 Series Scope with Measurement/Storage Module By: Robert Witte Agilent Technologies Introduction: This product note provides a brief
More informationIntroduction to Oscilloscopes Instructor s Guide
Introduction to Oscilloscopes A collection of lab exercises to introduce you to the basic controls of a digital oscilloscope in order to make common electronic measurements. Revision 1.0 Page 1 of 25 Copyright
More informationJitter Analysis Techniques Using an Agilent Infiniium Oscilloscope
Jitter Analysis Techniques Using an Agilent Infiniium Oscilloscope Product Note Table of Contents Introduction........................ 1 Jitter Fundamentals................. 1 Jitter Measurement Techniques......
More informationEXPERIMENT NUMBER 2 BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS
1 EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2 BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS The oscilloscope is the most versatile and most important tool in this lab and is probably the best tool an electrical engineer uses. This outline guides
More informationCharacterizing High-Speed Oscilloscope Distortion A comparison of Agilent and Tektronix high-speed, real-time oscilloscopes
Characterizing High-Speed Oscilloscope Distortion A comparison of Agilent and Tektronix high-speed, real-time oscilloscopes Application Note 1493 Table of Contents Introduction........................
More informationEET 223 RF COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
EET 223 RF COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Experimental Goals A good technician needs to make accurate measurements, keep good records and know the proper usage and limitations of the instruments
More informationWaveAce Integration with WaveStation
WaveAce Integration with WaveStation APPLICATION BRIEF August 3, 2012 Summary Debugging sometimes requires transfer of signals from oscilloscope to waveform generator. This document describes how to transfer
More informationSignal Processing for Digitizers
Signal Processing for Digitizers Modular digitizers allow accurate, high resolution data acquisition that can be quickly transferred to a host computer. Signal processing functions, applied in the digitizer
More informationEMC Pulse Measurements
EMC Pulse Measurements and Custom Thresholding Presented to the Long Island/NY IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility and Instrumentation & Measurement Societies - May 13, 2008 Surge ESD EFT Contents EMC measurement
More informationMeasuring Power Supply Switching Loss with an Oscilloscope
Measuring Power Supply Switching Loss with an Oscilloscope Our thanks to Tektronix for allowing us to reprint the following. Ideally, the switching device is either on or off like a light switch, and instantaneously
More informationIntroduction to Lab Instruments
ECE316, Experiment 00, 2017 Communications Lab, University of Toronto Introduction to Lab Instruments Bruno Korst - bkf@comm.utoronto.ca Abstract This experiment will review the use of three lab instruments
More informationME scope Application Note 02 Waveform Integration & Differentiation
ME scope Application Note 02 Waveform Integration & Differentiation The steps in this Application Note can be duplicated using any ME scope Package that includes the VES-3600 Advanced Signal Processing
More informationDigital Debug With Oscilloscopes Lab Experiment
Digital Debug With Oscilloscopes A collection of lab exercises to introduce you to digital debugging techniques with a digital oscilloscope. Revision 1.0 Page 1 of 23 Revision 1.0 Page 2 of 23 Copyright
More informationNotes on OR Data Math Function
A Notes on OR Data Math Function The ORDATA math function can accept as input either unequalized or already equalized data, and produce: RF (input): just a copy of the input waveform. Equalized: If the
More informationOscilloscope Measurement Fundamentals: Vertical-Axis Measurements (Part 1 of 3)
Oscilloscope Measurement Fundamentals: Vertical-Axis Measurements (Part 1 of 3) This article is the first installment of a three part series in which we will examine oscilloscope measurements such as the
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. ECE 2A & 2B Laboratory Equipment Information
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECE 2A & 2B Laboratory Equipment Information Table of Contents Digital Multi-Meter (DMM)... 1 Features... 1 Using
More informationMeasurement Bench. Accessories. Power supply. Wave form generator. Multimetre. Oscilloscope. Dr. L.Scucchia
Measurement Bench Accessories Power supply Wave form generator Multimetre Oscilloscope OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope (1) The oscilloscope allows to display a voltage (vertical axis - Y axis) versus time (horizontal
More informationAC : EVALUATING OSCILLOSCOPE SAMPLE RATES VS. SAM- PLING FIDELITY
AC 2011-2914: EVALUATING OSCILLOSCOPE SAMPLE RATES VS. SAM- PLING FIDELITY Johnnie Lynn Hancock, Agilent Technologies About the Author Johnnie Hancock is a Product Manager at Agilent Technologies Digital
More informationApplication Note AN-23 Copyright September, 2009
Removing Jitter From Picosecond Pulse Measurements James R. Andrews, Ph.D, IEEE Fellow PSPL Founder and former President (retired) INTRODUCTION: Uncertainty is always present in every measurement. Uncertainties
More informationP a g e 1 ST985. TDR Cable Analyzer Instruction Manual. Analog Arts Inc.
P a g e 1 ST985 TDR Cable Analyzer Instruction Manual Analog Arts Inc. www.analogarts.com P a g e 2 Contents Software Installation... 4 Specifications... 4 Handling Precautions... 4 Operation Instruction...
More informationLaboratory Experiment #1 Introduction to Spectral Analysis
J.B.Francis College of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department 22-403 Laboratory Experiment #1 Introduction to Spectral Analysis Introduction The quantification of electrical energy can be accomplished
More informationECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 6: Fading
ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 - Wireless Communication Systems Winter 2005 Lecture 6: Fading Last lecture: Large scale propagation properties of wireless systems - slowly varying properties that depend primarily
More informationWaveAce 1000 and 2000 Oscilloscopes
1000 and 2000 Oscilloscopes 40 MHz 300 MHz Key Features Sample rates up to 2 GS/s 1 Mpts/ch memory, 2 Mpts interleaved 7" color display on all models 32 automatic measurements Multi-language user interface
More informationOscilloscope Fundamentals. For Electrical Engineering and Physics Undergraduate Students
Oscilloscope Fundamentals For Electrical Engineering and Physics Undergraduate Students Agenda What is an oscilloscope? Probing basics (low-frequency model) Making voltage and timing measurements Properly
More informationUCE-DSO210 DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE USER MANUAL. FATIH GENÇ UCORE ELECTRONICS REV1
UCE-DSO210 DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE USER MANUAL FATIH GENÇ UCORE ELECTRONICS www.ucore-electronics.com 2017 - REV1 Contents 1. Introduction... 2 2. Turn on or turn off... 3 3. Oscilloscope Mode... 3 3.1. Display
More informationECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 6: Fading
ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 - Wireless Communication Systems Winter 2003 Lecture 6: Fading Last lecture: Large scale propagation properties of wireless systems - slowly varying properties that depend primarily
More informationUCE-DSO212 DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE USER MANUAL. UCORE ELECTRONICS
UCE-DSO212 DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE USER MANUAL UCORE ELECTRONICS www.ucore-electronics.com 2017 Contents 1. Introduction... 2 2. Turn on or turn off... 3 3. Oscilloscope Mode... 4 3.1. Display Description...
More informationPulsed VNA Measurements:
Pulsed VNA Measurements: The Need to Null! January 21, 2004 presented by: Loren Betts Copyright 2004 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Agenda Pulsed RF Devices Pulsed Signal Domains VNA Spectral Nulling Measurement
More informationPulse Timing and Latency Measurements Using Wideband Video Detectors
Pulse Timing and Latency Measurements Using Wideband Video Detectors LadyBug Technologies 3317 Chanate Rd. Suite 2F Santa Rosa, CA 95404 ladybug-tech.com 1-866-789-7111 An efficient, accurate, and cost-effective
More informationUnderstanding Oscilloscope Bandwidth, Rise Time and Signal Fidelity
Understanding Oscilloscope Bandwidth, Rise Time and Signal Fidelity Introduction When an oscilloscope user chooses an oscilloscope for making critical measurements, banner specifications are often the
More informationLeCroy 9384 Series Digital Oscilloscope 1 GHz Bandwidth, 1-4 GS/s
LeCroy 9384 Series Digital Oscilloscope 1 GHz Bandwidth, 1-4 GS/s Main Features 1 GHz Bandwidth Sample rates to 4 Gigasamples/second Memory lengths to 8M points 8-bit vertical resolution, 11 with ERES
More informationECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 6: Fading
ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 - Wireless Communication Systems Winter 2004 Lecture 6: Fading Last lecture: Large scale propagation properties of wireless systems - slowly varying properties that depend primarily
More informationZTEC Instruments. Oscilloscope Measurement Fundamentals: Avoiding Common Pitfalls Creston Kuenzi, Applications Engineer
ZTEC Instruments Oscilloscope Measurement Fundamentals: Avoiding Common Pitfalls Creston Kuenzi, Applications Engineer Purpose Learn About Oscilloscope Measurement Capabilities in Order to Avoid Inaccurate
More informationCombinational logic: Breadboard adders
! ENEE 245: Digital Circuits & Systems Lab Lab 1 Combinational logic: Breadboard adders ENEE 245: Digital Circuits and Systems Laboratory Lab 1 Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are the following:
More informationStatistical Pulse Measurements using USB Power Sensors
Statistical Pulse Measurements using USB Power Sensors Today s modern USB Power Sensors are capable of many advanced power measurements. These Power Sensors are capable of demodulating the signal and processing
More informationElizabethtown College Department of Physics and Engineering PHY104. Lab # 9- Oscilloscope and RC Circuit
Elizabethtown College Department of Physics and Engineering PHY104 Lab # 9- Oscilloscope and RC Circuit Introduction This lab introduces you to very important tools, the oscilloscope and the waveform generator.
More informationECE3204 D2015 Lab 1. See suggested breadboard configuration on following page!
ECE3204 D2015 Lab 1 The Operational Amplifier: Inverting and Non-inverting Gain Configurations Gain-Bandwidth Product Relationship Frequency Response Limitation Transfer Function Measurement DC Errors
More informationLaboratory Experience #5: Digital Spectrum Analyzer Basic use
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM TLCM 242: INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY Laboratory Experience #5: Digital Spectrum Analyzer Basic use 1.- INTRODUCTION Our normal frame
More informationPractical Considerations in Measuring Power and Efficiency on PWM and Distorted Waveforms during Dynamic Operating Conditions
Practical Considerations in Measuring Power and Efficiency on PWM and Distorted Waveforms during Dynamic Operating Conditions APEC 2016 Industry Session Author: Ken Johnson, Director of Marketing, Product
More information54645D. Mixed Signal Oscilloscope
54645D Mixed Signal Oscilloscope Page 1 of 42 Instructions for the use of the 54645D Mixed Signal Oscilloscope This pamphlet is intended to give you (the student) an overview on the use of the 54645D Mixed
More informationHP 16533A 1-GSa/s and HP 16534A 2-GSa/s Digitizing Oscilloscope
User s Reference Publication Number 16534-97009 February 1999 For Safety Information, Warranties, and Regulatory Information, see the pages behind the Index Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1991 1999
More informationBasic Communication Laboratory Manual. Shimshon Levy&Harael Mualem
Basic Communication Laboratory Manual Shimshon Levy&Harael Mualem September 2006 CONTENTS 1 The oscilloscope 2 1.1 Objectives... 2 1.2 Prelab... 2 1.3 Background Theory- Analog Oscilloscope...... 3 1.4
More informationPulsed Measurement Capability of Copper Mountain Technologies VNAs
Introduction Pulsed S-parameter measurements are important when testing a DUT at a higher power than it can handle without damage in the steady state, or when the normal operating mode of the DUT involves
More informationLeCroy 9304A, 9304AM Digital Oscilloscopes 200 MHz Bandwidth, 100 MS/s. Main Features
LeCroy 9304A, 9304AM Digital Oscilloscopes 200 MHz Bandwidth, 100 MS/s Main Features Four Channels 50k and 200k Point Records DOS Compatible Floppy Disk, PCMCIA portable hard drive and Memory Card Options
More informationLeCroy. SDA-UWB Software Option. Operator s Manual
LeCroy SDA-UWB Software Option Operator s Manual August 2006 LeCroy Corporation 700 Chestnut Ridge Road Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977 6499 Tel: (845) 578 6020, Fax: (845) 578 5985 Internet: www.lecroy.com 2006
More informationB. Equipment. Advanced Lab
Advanced Lab Measuring Periodic Signals Using a Digital Oscilloscope A. Introduction and Background We will use a digital oscilloscope to characterize several different periodic voltage signals. We will
More informationEE EXPERIMENT 1 (2 DAYS) BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS INTRODUCTION DAY 1
EE 2101 - EXPERIMENT 1 (2 DAYS) BASIC OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATIONS INTRODUCTION The oscilloscope is the most versatile and most important tool in this lab and is probably the best tool an electrical engineer
More informationWave Inspector Navigation and Search: Simplifying Waveform Analysis
Wave Inspector Navigation and Search: Simplifying Waveform Analysis Our thanks to Tektronix for allowing us to reprint the following article. Introduction As Moore s Law pushes electronic technology faster,
More informationOn the analyzer under UTILITY - CHANGE SETUP - MEASUREMENT MODE - OVERALL LEVEL MODE, the user can select either DIGITAL or ANALOG.
Title: Analog vs Digital for Overall Measurement Product: Data Collectors Program: 2115/2117 Version: Not Applicable Technology: Vibration Technote Number: 95-00008 On the analyzer under UTILITY - CHANGE
More informationNew Features of IEEE Std Digitizing Waveform Recorders
New Features of IEEE Std 1057-2007 Digitizing Waveform Recorders William B. Boyer 1, Thomas E. Linnenbrink 2, Jerome Blair 3, 1 Chair, Subcommittee on Digital Waveform Recorders Sandia National Laboratories
More informationEMBEDDED DOPPLER ULTRASOUND SIGNAL PROCESSING USING FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS
EMBEDDED DOPPLER ULTRASOUND SIGNAL PROCESSING USING FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS Diaa ElRahman Mahmoud, Abou-Bakr M. Youssef and Yasser M. Kadah Biomedical Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza,
More informationAdvanced Test Equipment Rentals ATEC (2832)
Established 1981 Advanced Test Equipment Rentals www.atecorp.com 800-404-ATEC (2832) Page 1 of 8 9350A Family Digital Oscilloscopes 500 MHz Bandwidth, 2 GS/s Main Features Two and Four Channel versions
More informationA STEP BEYOND THE BASICS 6 Advanced Oscilloscope Tips
A STEP BEYOND THE BASICS 6 Advanced Oscilloscope Tips Introduction There is a lot of information out there covering oscilloscope basics. If you search for topics like triggering basics, why probing matters,
More informationGentec-EO USA. T-RAD-USB Users Manual. T-Rad-USB Operating Instructions /15/2010 Page 1 of 24
Gentec-EO USA T-RAD-USB Users Manual Gentec-EO USA 5825 Jean Road Center Lake Oswego, Oregon, 97035 503-697-1870 voice 503-697-0633 fax 121-201795 11/15/2010 Page 1 of 24 System Overview Welcome to the
More informationChapter 5. Signal Analysis. 5.1 Denoising fiber optic sensor signal
Chapter 5 Signal Analysis 5.1 Denoising fiber optic sensor signal We first perform wavelet-based denoising on fiber optic sensor signals. Examine the fiber optic signal data (see Appendix B). Across all
More informationRF Measurements You Didn't Know Your Oscilloscope Could Make
RF Measurements You Didn't Know Your Oscilloscope Could Make January 21, 2015 Brad Frieden Product Manager Keysight Technologies Agenda RF Measurements using an oscilloscope (30 min) When to use an Oscilloscope
More informationNotes on Experiment #1
Notes on Experiment #1 Bring graph paper (cm cm is best) From this week on, be sure to print a copy of each experiment and bring it with you to lab. There will not be any experiment copies available in
More informationMeasuring Stray Voltage. Steady state
Measuring Stray Voltage What to measure: >Steady state >Motor starting transients >Impulses September 2000 cforster@forstereng.com 1 Steady state Where to measure: >All known cow contact points >Stanchions
More informationDeveloper Techniques Sessions
1 Developer Techniques Sessions Physical Measurements and Signal Processing Control Systems Logging and Networking 2 Abstract This session covers the technologies and configuration of a physical measurement
More informationUser Manual Series. Digital Storage Oscilloscope 6810, 6806, March Copyright Protek Test & Measurement 2005 All Rights Reserved
User Manual March 2005 6800 Series Digital Storage Oscilloscope 6810, 6806, 6804 Copyright Protek Test & Measurement 2005 All Rights Reserved Copyright Protek Test & Measurement 2005 All Rights Reserved.
More informationTime-Varying Signals
Time-Varying Signals Objective This lab gives a practical introduction to signals that varies with time using the components such as: 1. Arbitrary Function Generator 2. Oscilloscopes The grounding issues
More informationResonance Tube. 1 Purpose. 2 Theory. 2.1 Air As A Spring. 2.2 Traveling Sound Waves in Air
Resonance Tube Equipment Capstone, complete resonance tube (tube, piston assembly, speaker stand, piston stand, mike with adapters, channel), voltage sensor, 1.5 m leads (2), (room) thermometer, flat rubber
More informationHow to Setup a Real-time Oscilloscope to Measure Jitter
TECHNICAL NOTE How to Setup a Real-time Oscilloscope to Measure Jitter by Gary Giust, PhD NOTE-3, Version 1 (February 16, 2016) Table of Contents Table of Contents... 1 Introduction... 2 Step 1 - Initialize
More informationMDO4000B Series Mixed Domain Oscilloscope. Product Selection and Comparison Guide
MDO4000B Series Mixed Domain Oscilloscope Product Selection and Comparison Guide Table of Contents About this Guide...3 Key Highlights You ll Find in this Guide...3 Oscilloscope Guide...4 Oscilloscope
More informationTransient Current Measurement for Advance Materials & Devices
& Devices 8 May 2017 Brian YEO Application Engineer Keysight Technologies Agenda 2 High speed data acquisition basics Challenges & solutions for transient current measurement. Considerations when making
More informationPX8000 Precision Power Scope with Features of High-accuracy Power Meter and Waveform Measuring Instrument
PX8000 Precision Power Scope with Features of High-accuracy Power Meter and Waveform Measuring Instrument Osamu Itou *1 Satoru Suzuki *1 Hiroshi Yagyuu *2 Kazuo Kawasumi *1 Yokogawa developed the PX8000
More information1How much bandwidth do you need?
1How much bandwidth do you need? Now that we are in the era of the digitizing oscilloscope, there s more to scope bandwidth than just the bandwidth of the analog amplifiers alone. To ensure that your scope
More informationDr. Cahit Karakuş ANALOG SİNYALLER
Dr. Cahit Karakuş ANALOG SİNYALLER Sinusoidal Waveform Mathematically it is represented as: Sinusoidal Waveform Unit of measurement for horizontal axis can be time, degrees or radians. Sinusoidal Waveform
More informationKeysight Technologies N9051B Pulse Measurement Software X-Series Signal Analyzers. Technical Overview
Keysight Technologies N9051B Pulse Measurement Software X-Series Signal Analyzers Technical Overview 02 Keysight N9051B Pulse Measurement Software X-Series Signal Analyzers - Technical Overview Features
More informationEC310 Security Exercise 20
EC310 Security Exercise 20 Introduction to Sinusoidal Signals This lab demonstrates a sinusoidal signal as described in class. In this lab you will identify the different waveform parameters for a pure
More informationGuide Version Five techniques for fast, accurate power integrity measurements
Guide Version 01.00 Five techniques for fast, accurate power integrity measurements Rail voltages are getting smaller, and tolerances are decreasing. As a result, making accurate power rail measurements
More informationData Sheet. Digital Storage Oscilloscope. Features & Benefits. Applications. Ease-of-Use Feature DSO5202BMT DSO5102BMT DSO5062BMT
Data Sheet Digital Storage Oscilloscope DSO5202BMT DSO5102BMT DSO5062BMT Features & Benefits 200/100/60MHz Bandwidths 1GSa/s Real Time Sample Rate 2M Memory Depth Trigger mode: Edge, Pulse Width, Video,
More informationArbStudio Triggers. Using Both Input & Output Trigger With ArbStudio APPLICATION BRIEF LAB912
ArbStudio Triggers Using Both Input & Output Trigger With ArbStudio APPLICATION BRIEF LAB912 January 26, 2012 Summary ArbStudio has provision for outputting triggers synchronous with the output waveforms
More informationFilling in the MIMO Matrix Part 2 Time Waveform Replication Tests Using Field Data
Filling in the MIMO Matrix Part 2 Time Waveform Replication Tests Using Field Data Marcos Underwood, Russ Ayres, and Tony Keller, Spectral Dynamics, Inc., San Jose, California There is currently quite
More informationUnderstanding Probability of Intercept for Intermittent Signals
2013 Understanding Probability of Intercept for Intermittent Signals Richard Overdorf & Rob Bordow Agilent Technologies Agenda Use Cases and Signals Time domain vs. Frequency Domain Probability of Intercept
More informationProbe Considerations for Low Voltage Measurements such as Ripple
Probe Considerations for Low Voltage Measurements such as Ripple Our thanks to Tektronix for allowing us to reprint the following article. Figure 1. 2X Probe (CH1) and 10X Probe (CH2) Lowest System Vertical
More informationDigitization of PMT signals with FADCs: comparison of simulation and measurement
Digitization of PMT signals with FADCs: comparison of simulation and measurement Arno Gadola General, 10. 12.05.2010 Outline Summary of previous presentations Impact of sampling rate Verification of simulation
More informationReal-time Math Function of DL850 ScopeCorder
Real-time Math Function of DL850 ScopeCorder Etsurou Nakayama *1 Chiaki Yamamoto *1 In recent years, energy-saving instruments including inverters have been actively developed. Researchers in R&D sections
More informationMoku:Lab. Specifications INSTRUMENTS. Moku:Lab, rev
Moku:Lab L I Q U I D INSTRUMENTS Specifications Moku:Lab, rev. 2018.1 Table of Contents Hardware 4 Specifications 4 Analog I/O 4 External trigger input 4 Clock reference 5 General characteristics 5 General
More informationU1571A Ni-MH Battery Pack for U1600A Handheld Oscilloscopes
United States Home >... > Oscilloscope Accessories > U1600 Series Oscilloscope Accessories > U1571A Ni-MH Battery Pack for U1600A Handheld Oscilloscopes Key Specifications Features Ni-MH Battery Pack,
More informationGetting the most out of your Measurements Workshop. Mike Schnecker
Getting the most out of your Measurements Workshop Mike Schnecker Agenda Oscilloscope Basics Using a RTE1000 Series Oscilloscope. Probing Basics Passive probe compensation Ground lead effects Vertical
More informationMeasurement Techniques
Measurement Techniques Primary measurement tool: Oscilloscope Other lab tools: Logic Analyser, Gain-Phase Analyser, Spectrum Analyser Visualisation of electrical signals in the time domain Visualisation
More informationEE-4022 Experiment 3 Frequency Modulation (FM)
EE-4022 MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 2015 Page 3-1 Student Objectives: EE-4022 Experiment 3 Frequency Modulation (FM) In this experiment the student will use laboratory modules including a Voltage-Controlled
More informationThe Oscilloscope. Vision is the art of seeing things invisible. J. Swift ( ) OBJECTIVE To learn to operate a digital oscilloscope.
The Oscilloscope Vision is the art of seeing things invisible. J. Swift (1667-1745) OBJECTIVE To learn to operate a digital oscilloscope. THEORY The oscilloscope, or scope for short, is a device for drawing
More informationSimulation the Hybrid Combinations of 24GHz and 77GHz Automotive Radar
Simulation the Hybrid Combinations of 4GHz and 77GHz Automotive Radar Yahya S. H. Khraisat Electrical and Electronics Department Al-Huson University College/ Al-Balqa' AppliedUniversity P.O. Box 5, 5,
More informationExperiment P55: Light Intensity vs. Position (Light Sensor, Motion Sensor)
PASCO scientific Vol. 2 Physics Lab Manual: P55-1 Experiment P55: (Light Sensor, Motion Sensor) Concept Time SW Interface Macintosh file Windows file illuminance 30 m 500/700 P55 Light vs. Position P55_LTVM.SWS
More informationMass Spectrometry and the Modern Digitizer
Mass Spectrometry and the Modern Digitizer The scientific field of Mass Spectrometry (MS) has been under constant research and development for over a hundred years, ever since scientists discovered that
More informationU1604A Handheld Oscilloscopes, 40 MHz
Products & Services Technical Support Buy Industries About Agilent Search: All Test & Measurement Go United States Home >... > Oscilloscopes > U1600A Series handheld oscilloscopes (2 models) > U1604A Handheld
More informationTransmitter Identification Experimental Techniques and Results
Transmitter Identification Experimental Techniques and Results Tsutomu SUGIYAMA, Masaaki SHIBUKI, Ken IWASAKI, and Takayuki HIRANO We delineated the transient response patterns of several different radio
More informationXYZs of Oscilloscopes. Primer
XYZs of Oscilloscopes Primer Primer Table of Contents Introduction................................. 4 Signal Integrity............................ 5-6 The Significance of Signal Integrity................
More information5 Common Mistakes to Avoid When Buying a Low-cost Oscilloscope
WHITE PAPER 5 Common Mistakes to Avoid When Buying a Low-cost Oscilloscope When working on a budget, choosing the right oscilloscope can be a difficult task. The goal is to make the best purchase decision
More informationTransient Data Acquisition System, TAS 4-40 Potential-free measurement of fast rise pulses:
Transient Data Acquisition System, TAS 4-40 Potential-free measurement of fast rise pulses: High precision measurement of fast rising voltages and currents causes considerable problems in many spheres
More informationSwitched Mode Power Supply Measurements
Power Analysis 1 Switched Mode Power Supply Measurements AC Input Power measurements Safe operating area Harmonics and compliance Efficiency Switching Transistor Losses Measurement challenges Transformer
More informationPGT313 Digital Communication Technology. Lab 3. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and 8-Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK)
PGT313 Digital Communication Technology Lab 3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and 8-Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK) Objectives i) To study the digitally modulated quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and
More informationEENG-201 Experiment # 4: Function Generator, Oscilloscope
EENG-201 Experiment # 4: Function Generator, Oscilloscope I. Objectives Upon completion of this experiment, the student should be able to 1. To become familiar with the use of a function generator. 2.
More informationAdvanced Lab LAB 6: Signal Acquisition & Spectrum Analysis Using VirtualBench DSA Equipment: Objectives:
Advanced Lab LAB 6: Signal Acquisition & Spectrum Analysis Using VirtualBench DSA Equipment: Pentium PC with National Instruments PCI-MIO-16E-4 data-acquisition board (12-bit resolution; software-controlled
More information