Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving

Transcription

1 ARIZ-85C Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving Structure

2 Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ-85C) ARIZ is a Russian acronym for "The Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving Алгоритм Решения Изобретательских Задач. ARIZ-85C, the primary part of TRIZ, is a set of sequential, logical procedures for analyzing the initial problem situation in order to create the most effective solutions using fundamental concepts and methods of TRIZ. The author of ARIZ is Genrich Altshuller. The first version of ARIZ was developed in The name ARIZ was first introduced in the autumn of Subsequent modifications to ARIZ are named: ARIZ-68, ARIZ-71, ARIZ-77, ARIZ and the last modification of ARIZ, ARIZ-85C.

3 Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ-85C) ARIZ-85C performs three major functions: 1. answers the question of how to use the individual TRIZ components in an orchestrated manner to achieve the best possible solutions to a problem. ARIZ-85C performs TRIZ management duties and indicates after which step of problem analysis we are ready to use the appropriate parts of TRIZ. 2. functions as an analytical algorithm for the human brain (not an algorithm for computers) that gently guides us from our initial problem statement to elegant and innovative solutions. 3. makes us more creative, innovative, and helps us to avoid the influence of Psychological Inertia our main enemy.

4 Structure of ARIZ-85C Basic Flow of Problem Solving Using All TRIZ Elements Problem Part 1 Initial Situation Analysis Creation of the mini-problem Result: statement (model) of the problem Part 2 Existing Resource Analysis Result: list of time, space, substance and field resources Separation Principles Scientific Effects, Patents Inventive Principles Scientific Effects and Patents System of Standard Solutions Part 3 determination of Ideal Final Result and Physical Contradiction Result: direction for the potentially best answers System of Standard Solutions imperfect solution Part 6 change or replace the problem Part 4 utilization and application of modified time, space, substance and field resources Result: transition from a problem to an answer based on modified substance, and field resources no answer or imperfect solution problem has been solved System of Standard Solutions Separation Principles Part 5 application of information fund Scientific Effects Part 9 analysis of solution procedure to increase the creative potential of humanity good solution Part 7 analyze the quality of the problem solution Part 8 application of the problem solution to maximize use of the applied resources Patents information for TRIZ development new common principle for similar problem situations

5 ARIZ 85C: Part 1. Initial Situation Analysis Create a Statement and Model of the Mini-problem To use ARIZ-85C, start with a well prepared description of the problem with a clear visual image (picture, sketch, photo, graphics). The goal of the first part of ARIZ is to transform the initial stated problem to a distinctly constructed statement and model of the problem. Selected Problem for Further Development ARIZ-85C: Part 1 1. definition of mini-problem 2. selection of conflicting pair 3. formulation of system contradictions 4. selection of one system contradiction for development 5. reinforcement (intensification) of conflict 6. generation of a specified mini-problem model 7. use of the System of Standards to solve the specific mini-problem model Statement and Model of the Mini-problem After Step 1.4, ARIZ-85C recommends use of Inventive Principles, Scientific Effects, and Patent Collections. Inventive Principles Scientific Effects Patent Collections In Step 1.6, use the System of Standard Solutions. System of Standard Solutions After Part 1 completion we may have some of very promising concepts but do not stop. Go to the Part 2! to ARIZ-85C: Part 2

6 ARIZ-85C: Part 2. Existing Resource Analysis Create a List of Time, Space, Substance, and Field Resources and Parameters Creating a complete list of time, space, substance (with parameters) and field (with parameters) resources available for problem solving is a primary goal of Part 2. After Part 2, we are equipped and prepared to find most innovative solutions. Statement and Model of the Mini-problem ARIZ-85C: Part 2 1. determination of conflict zone (resource of space) 2. determination of operational time (resources of time) 3. determination of substance-field resources (where the mini-problem exists and the system environment) List of Time, Space, Substance, and Field Resources to ARIZ-85C: Part 3

7 ARIZ-85C: Part 3. Determination IFR and PC Flow of Solution Creation Using TRIZ Tools Part 3 determines how to use the available resources defined in Part 2 as effectively as possible. Formulation of Ideal Final Result One, Ideal Final Result Two and Physical Contradictions at the macro and micro levels are the result. The application of ARIZ-85C: Part 3 should produce concepts for an ideal solution. It is not always possible to obtain an ideal solution, but the IFR indicates the direction of the best potential answers. Statement and Model of the Mini-problem ARIZ 85C, Part 3 List of Time, Space, Substance and Field Resources 1. formulation of Ideal Final Result One (in writing) 2. reinforcement (intensification) of Ideal Final Result One, with additional requirements: introduce no new substances or fields into the system, use existing substance-field resources 3. formulation of a Physical Contradiction on the macro-level 4. formulation of a Physical Contradiction on the micro-level 5. formulation of Ideal Final Result Two 6. use of the System of Standards to solve any physical problem arising from Ideal Final Result Two After Steps 3.3 and 3.4, ARIZ-85C suggests using Separation Principles, Scientific Effects and Patent Collections Separation Principles Scientific Effects Patent Collections System of Standard Solutions Some Possible Solutions and Most Promising Directions for the Potentially Best Answers to ARIZ-85C: Part 4

8 ARIZ-85C: Part 4. Utilization/Application of Resources Flow of Solutions Creation Using Little Manikins and Modified Resources Some Possible Solutions and Most Promising Directions for the Potentially Best Answers 1. simulation by Little Manikins ARIZ-85C: Part 4 2. determination of possible application of combined substance resources 3. determination of possible replacement of substance resources by a void or a combination of substance resources and a void 4. determination of possible application of substances derived from substance resources or by a combination of these derivative substances with a void 5. determination of possible introduction of an electric field or interaction of two electric fields instead of a substance 6. determine of possible application of a paired field and additive of substance" responding to the field (e.g. "magnetic field and ferro-substance, ultraviolet and luminophor ", "thermal field and shape memory alloy", etc.) No Solutions to ARIZ-85C: Part 5 Solutions to ARIZ-85C: Part 7

9 ARIZ-85C: Part 5. Application of Information Fund Standard Solutions, Separation Principles and Scientific Effects for Reformulation No Solutions ARIZ-85C: Part 5 1. reformulation of Ideal Final Result Two by the System of Standard Solution, taking into account the modified substance-field resources specified in Part 4 2. elimination of Physical Contradiction by Separation Principles, taking into account the modified substance-field resources specified in Part 4 3. elimination of Physical Contradiction by Scientific Effects, taking into account modified the substance-field resources specified in Part 4 System of Standard Solutions Separation Principles Scientific Effects No Solutions to ARIZ-85C: Part 6 Solutions to ARIZ-85C: Part 7

10 ARIZ-85C: Part 6. Change or Replace the Problem Relatively simple problems are solved by overcoming Physical Contradictions using Separation Principles or Scientific Effects. The solutions to complex problems are usually related to a change in the sense of the problem (i.e. removal of initial limitations stipulated by psychological inertia and before the solutions were deemed to be, or seemed to be, self-evident). In fact, the solution process is often a problem updating process. No Solutions ARIZ-85C: Part 6 1. If there is no answer, check to see if the formulation in Step 1.1 is actually a combination of several different problems. In this case, change Step 1.1 to distinguish the separate problems and them solve them sequentially (usually it is enough to solve one main problem) 2. If there is no answer, change the problem by choosing another System Contradiction in Step If there is no answer, return to Step 1.1 and formulate the mini-problem again by referring it to the super-system. If it is necessary, make repeated transitions to the super-system. to ARIZ-85C: Part 1. Step 1 to ARIZ-85C: Part 1. Step 4 to ARIZ-85C: Part 1. Step 1

11 ARIZ-85C: Part 7. Analysis of the Problem Solution How Physical Contradiction Was Eliminated and Solution Implemented The principle aim of ARIZ-85C: Part 7 is to check the quality of the developed solution. The Physical Contradiction should be ideally removed. It is better to spend two or three more hours to obtain a new and potentially better answer than half a life struggling with a weak and badly conceived idea. Solutions ARIZ-85C: Part 7 1. supervision of answer 2. pre-evaluation of problem solution 3. verify (check patent data) originality of problem solution 4. anticipate issues with solution implementation (possible problems related to innovation, design, estimation, organization, etc.) Patent Collections Good Solutions to ARIZ-85C: Part 8

12 ARIZ-85C: Part 8.:Application of Problem Solution Development Analyses to Support the Solving of Similar Problems A good idea solves not only the particular problem for which it was developed, but also becomes a universal key to many similar problems. The aim of ARIZ-85C: Part 8 is to apply the best practices of problem solving to similar problems. Good Solutions ARIZ-85C: Part 8 1. determine how the super-system of the applied solution will be changed 2. determine if the applied solution has any new application 3. use the applied solution/principle for solving other problems Resources for Future Problem Solving information for TRIZ development

13 ARIZ-85C Lightning Protection for Radio Telescopes Case Study 13

14 Example: Lightning protection for radio telescopes Radio telescopes are used to detect radio wave signals from space. Standard lightning conductors are positioned nearby to protect these radio telescopes from lightening strikes. Scientists found that, during the normal telescope operation, the signal reception is distorted by the lightning conducting rods. To solving this problem, engineers had to resolve the following conflict: how to avoid signal interference by lowering or separating the lightning conducting rods from the telescope without sacrificing the safety of the telescope. What ideas can you come up with to both protect the radio telescope and allow good signal reception? Radio signal Lightning Storm cloud Good radio signal Radio telescope Distorted radio signal Lightning conducting rod 14

15 ARIZ-85C: Part 1 Initial Situation Analysis Create a Statement and Model of the Mini-problem Selected Problem for Further Development ARIZ-85C: Part 1 1. definition of mini-problem 2. selection of conflicting pair 3. formulation of system contradictions 4. selection of one system contradiction for development 5. reinforcement (intensification) of conflict 6. generation of a specified mini-problem model 7. use of the System of Standards to solve the specific mini-problem model Statement and model of the mini-problem After Step 1.4, ARIZ-85C recommends use of Inventive Principles, Scientific Effects, and Patent Collections. Inventive Principles Scientific Effects Patent Collections In Step 1.6, use the System of Standard Solutions. System of Standard Solutions After Part 1 completion we may have some of very promising concepts but do not stop. Go to the Part 2! to ARIZ-85C: Part 2 15

16 ARIZ-85C: Part Without specialized terminology, write down the conditions of the mini problem as follows: Notes 1. A mini-problem is generated by describing limitations within the inventive situation: everything remains unchanged or is simplified, but the required action (property) appears or the harmful action (property) disappears. Transition from the inventive situation to a mini-problem does not mean that the solution direction for the small problem is decided, nor does the introduction of additional requirements (i.e., the result should be obtained "without requiring anything ) lead to conflict aggravation or premature reduction of the pathways to compromise. 2. While writing down 1.1, be sure to list not only the parts of the system but also any natural elements interacting with parts of the system. In the abovementioned problem, such a natural element interacting with the system is airflow. 3. In order to remove psychological inertia, refer to the parts of the system and elements of the environment with simple words. 4. Substance, in TRIZ, is any part of a system. 16

17 ARIZ- 85C: Part Without specialized terminology, write down the conditions of the mini problem as follows: A. The system is (describe by the purpose/main function of the system) and includes (list of main parts of the system). B. With minimal changes to the system, it is required that (specify the result that must be obtained). System MAIN PARTS Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Main Function Part 4 Part 5 Part n 17

18 ARIZ- 85C: Part Without specialized terminology, write down the conditions of the mini problem as follows: A. The system receives radio waves from outer space and includes a radio telescope, radio waves, lightning conducting rods and lightning. B. With minimal change to the system, it is required that the radio telescope be protected from lightning without interference to the radio wave signal. system to receive radio waves MAIN PARTS radio telescope radio waves to receive radio waves lightning conducting rods lightening 18

19 1.2. Select the conflicting pair: Notes 5. The conflicting pair is the product and tool involved in a system contradiction. 6. Product is the part of the system that, depending on the conditions of the problem, is processed (made, transferred, changed, improved, protected from a harmful action, discovered, measured, etc.). 7. Tool is the part of the system that interacts directly with the product (a milling cutter but not a milling machine, a flame but not a burner). A Tool may be a part of the environment and may also a standard parts that is used to assemble a product. 8. A part of the conflicting pair can be doubled to produce: two different Tools that effect a Product simultaneously where one Tool is a handicap to the other, two Products that are both affected by the same Tool(s) and one Product is a handicap to the other. Rules ARIZ- 85C: Part If a Tool can have two states per conditions of a problem, specify both of them. 2. If a Problem includes two pairs of homogeneous interacting parts, one pair is sufficient. 19

20 ARIZ- 85C: Part Select the conflicting pair: System CONFLICTING PAIR TOOL(S) First State Second State PRODUCT (S) Purpose/Main Function 20

21 1.2. Select the conflicting pair: ARIZ- 85C: Part 1.2 Products: lightning and radio waves Tool: lightning conducting rods (many rods, zero rods) We selected two products lightning and radio waves and tool lightning conducting rods (many rods, few rods) as a conflicting pair for further analysis. system to receive radio waves CONFLICTING PAIR TOOL(S) lightning conducting rods many rods few rods PRODUCT(S) radio waves lightning to receive radio waves 21

22 1.3. Formulate System Contradictions 1 and 2 using the conflicting pair from Part 1.2 and create diagrams for each System Contradiction using the Guide to Diagrams of Typical Conflicts: Notes ARIZ- 85C: Part System Contradictions are called interactions in the system when: a useful action causes a simultaneous harmful action, the introduction/intensification of the useful action or the elimination/ reduction of the harmful action causes a deterioration (particularly, an inadmissible complication) of one of the system parts or the whole system. System Contradictions are constructed by first describing one state of a part of the system with an explanation of what is good and what is bad, and then describe the opposite state of the same system part and again specify what is good and bad. 10. Double-function diagrams of conflicts are met in some problems. Tool A HAMMER Product B MANDREL Product C WALL 22

23 ARIZ- 85C: Part Formulate System Contradictions 1 and 2 using the conflicting pair from Part 1.2 and create diagrams for each System Contradiction using the Guide to Diagrams of Typical Conflicts: System Contradiction 1: (identify) Select/create a diagram of System Contradiction 1 using the Guide to Diagrams of Typical Conflicts. System Contradiction 2: (identify) Select/create a diagram of System Contradiction 2 using the Guide to Diagrams of Typical Conflicts. 23

24 ARIZ- 85C: Part Formulate System Contradictions 1 and 2 using the conflicting pair from Part 1.2 and create diagrams for each System Contradiction using the Guide to Diagrams of Typical Conflicts: System Contradiction 1: If there are many lightning conducting rods they reliably protect the radio telescope from lightning but distort radio waves. Tool A lightning conducting rods many rods absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves 24

25 ARIZ- 85C: Part Formulate System Contradictions 1 and 2 using the conflicting pair from Part 1.2 and create diagrams for each System Contradiction using the Guide to Diagrams of Typical Conflicts: System Contradiction 2: If there are few lightning conducting rods there is no noticeable distortion of radio waves, but the radio telescope is not protected against lightning Tool A lightning conducting rods few rods absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves 25

26 ARIZ- 85C: Part Select the one conflict diagram from the two system contradictions that best accomplishes the main function of the system specified in the conditions of the problem: Notes 11. By selecting one System Contradiction from two, we also choose one of the two opposite states of the tool. The designated solution should be related to the newly selected state. For instance, "high speed of truck" cannot be substituted for "optimal speed of truck". ARIZ requires intensification rather than weakening of the conflict. While maintaining one state of a tool, we should identify a positive property that belongs to the opposite state. For example, there are few lightning conducting rods and we are not going to increase their number but, as a result of the solution, lightning should be defused as if there are many lightning conducting rods. 26

27 ARIZ- 85C: Part Select the one conflict diagram from the two system contradictions that best accomplishes the main function of the system specified in the conditions of the problem: The main function of the system is to receive radio waves. System Contradiction 2 should be selected because the few lightning conducting rods do not distort the radio waves. System Contradiction 2 Tool A lightning conducting rods few rods absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves to receive radio waves 27

28 Now that we have a correctly selected System Contradiction, ARIZ-85C suggests we use three TRIZ parts: Inventive Principles, Scientific Effects and Patent Collections. Inventive Principles 1.4. selection of one system contradiction for development Scientific Effects Patent Collections 28

29 ARIZ- 85C: Part Reinforce (intensify) the conflict, specifying the limit state (action) of elements (parts): Assume that instead of "a few rods", zero rods" is specified in System Contradiction 2. System Contradiction 2 Tool A lightning conducting rods zero rods absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves to receive radio waves 29

30 ARIZ- 85C: Part Generate the specified mini-problem model: Notes 12. Usually, element x is not a new substance or a new part of the system. Element x is any change of parameters in an existing system, subsystem and/or super-system (environment) component (including time, space, fields and substances). For instance, it could be a temperature or phase state change of some component of the system or the environment. 30

31 ARIZ- 85C: Part Generate the specified mini-problem model: A. Conflicting pair Tool lightning conducting rods (many rods, few rods) and products lightning and radio waves B. Reinforced (intensified) formulation of the conflict If there are zero lightning conducting rods there is no distortion of radio waves, but the radio telescope is not protected against lightning. C. Find element x that solves the conflict of the selected System Contradiction (to preserve, eliminate, improve, provide, etc.) Find element x that preserves the ability of zero lightning conducting rods to not distort radio waves and provides radio telescopes protection against lightning. Tool A lightning conducting rods zero rods absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves To receive radio waves Element x 31

32 ARIZ- 85C: Part Use the System of Standard Solutions to solve the mini-problem model: Notes 13. Often, the analysis of Part 1 of ARIZ and creation of the mini-problem model substantially clears up the problem and, in many cases, permits one to see standard features in the original non-standard problem. Part 1 also provides an opportunity for more efficient application of the System of Standard Solutions. 32

33 ARIZ- 85C: Part Use the System of Standard Solutions to solve the mini-problem model: In order to use the System of Standard Solutions, an analytical model of the problem (on left) is transformed into the substance-field model of the problem (on right). S-F Model of the Existing Problem Tool A lightning conducting rods zero rods absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves absorb F 1 electric field lightning distorts S 1 S 2 lightning conducting rods (zero rods) radio waves 33

34 ARIZ- 85C: Part 2 Existing Resource Analysis Create a List of Time, Space, Substance and Field Resources and Parameters Statement and Model of the Mini-problem ARIZ-85C: Part 2 1. determination of conflict zone (resource of space) 2. determination of operational time (resources of time) 3. determination of substance-field resources (where the mini-problem exists and the system environment) List of Time, Space, Substance, and Field Resources to ARIZ-85C: Part 3 34

35 2.1. Determine the conflict zone: Notes ARIZ- 85C: Part In the simplest case, the conflict zone is the space where the conflict develops. In the radio telescope problem, the conflict zone is a space pre-occupied by a zero lightning conducting rods (i.e., mentally distinguished as a "hollow" rod). lightning conducting rod zero lightning conducting rods -> hollow" rod Conflict Zone 35

36 2.2. Determine operational time: ARIZ- 85C: Part 2.2 Notes 15. Operation time is the available resource of time, including both pre-conflict time T 1 and conflict time T 2. Sometimes a conflict (especially fast running, momentary conflict) can be prevented during T 1. Operational time T 1 Pre-conflict time T 2 Conflict time CONFLICT Beginning of process Beginning of conflict Ending of process and conflict 36

37 2.2. Determine operational time: ARIZ- 85C: Part 2.2 In the radio telescope problem, the operational time is a sum of T 1 (time of pre-lightning discharge) and T 2 (time of lightning discharge). Operational time T 1 Pre-lightning discharge time T 2 Lightning discharge time CONFLICT Beginning of process Beginning of conflict Ending of conflict, ending of process 37

38 ARIZ- 85C: Part Determine substance-field resources: The main idea of using substance-field resources is to use any changes in parameters of existing system substance and field resources (including the natural environment) for system problem solving and development. Notes 16. Substance-field resources are substances and fields that are already available or may be easily produced under problem conditions. There are two types of substance-field resources: internal system substance-field resources external system substance-field resources a. substance-field resources immediately surrounding the area of the system where the problem exists b. background fields and general substance-field resources of any environment ( e.g., gravitational or magnetic fields of the Earth). 38

39 ARIZ- 85C: Part Determine substance-field resources: 1. internal system substance-field resources substances and parameters of substances lightning conducting rod diameter height conductivity state Lightning Radio signal Storm cloud Good Radio signal Radio telescope Distorted Radio signal Lightning rod 39

40 ARIZ- 85C: Part Determine substance-field resources: 2. external system substance-field resources substances and parameters of substances air conductivity temperature density pressure fields and parameters of fields radio waves frequency frequency spectrum intensity, power lightning frequency frequency spectrum intensity, power sun energy gravity Lightning Radio signal Radio telescope Storm cloud Lightning rod Good radio signal Distorted radio signal 40

41 Fields and forces can have constant and variable parameters. The use of field and force variations can increase their efficiency in engineering systems. I Efficiency of the system Constant value T, D I Single trend T, D I Oscillation T, D Varying I amplitude frequency phase Pulsation Varying T, D Resonance I amplitude period duration shape F O Standing wave I F Traveling wave D - Distance T - Time F - Frequency I Intensity of fields / force / action Structure of fields, forces and interactions 41 I T, D T, D

42 ARIZ- 85C: Part 3 Determination of Ideal Final Result and Physical Contradictions Flow of Solutions Created by Using the List of Resources from Part 2 Statement and Model of the Mini-problem ARIZ 85C: Part 3 1. formulation of Ideal Final Result One (in writing) 2. reinforcement (intensification) of Ideal Final Result One, with additional requirements: introduce no new substances or fields into the system, use existing substance-field resources 3. formulation of a Physical Contradiction on the macro-level 4. formulation of a Physical Contradiction on the micro-level 5. formulation of Ideal Final Result Two 6. use of the System of Standards to solve any physical problem arising from Ideal Final Result Two List of Time, Space, Substance and Field Resources After Steps 3.3 and 3.4, ARIZ-85C suggests using Separation Principles, Scientific Effects and Patent Collections Separation Principles Scientific Effects Patent Collections System of Standard Solutions Some Possible Solutions and Most Promising Directions for the Potentially Best Answers to ARIZ-85C: Part 4 42

43 ARIZ- 85C: Part Write the formula for Ideal Final Result One: Notes 17. An Ideal Final Result One formulation is written such that the achievement of a useful property (or elimination of a harmful one) is not accompanied by deterioration of other properties (or the appearance of harmful properties). The element x is included into the formula of the Ideal Final Result One. 18. Reinforced Ideal Final Result One is a modification of Ideal Final Result One formula where selected substance-fields resources replace the element x. 19. Ideal Final Result Two formulation is written such that the selected substancefields resource provides opposite physical macro- or micro-states in the conflict zone during operational time. 20. Besides the conflict a harmful action is connected with an efficient action, other conflicts are also possible (e.g., introduction of a new efficient action causes a complication of the system" or one efficient action is incompatible with another efficient action. Therefore, the formula for Ideal Final Result One given in Step 3.1 is only an example of an Ideal Final Result One description. 43

44 ARIZ- 85C: Part Write the formula for Ideal Final Result One: While neither complicating the system nor causing harmful effects, element x eliminates (specify a harmful effect) during operational time within the conflict zone while preserving the ability of the tool to (specify an efficient action). While neither complicating the system nor causing harmful effects, element x eliminates distortion of radio waves during operational time within the conflict zone, preserving the ability of the lightning conducting rod to protect the radio telescope. Conflict Zone hollow" rod Element x Operational time absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves T 1 Pre-lightning discharge time T 2 Lightning discharge time CONFLICT Beginning of process Beginning of conflict Ending of process and conflict 44

45 ARIZ- 85C: Part Reinforce (intensify) Ideal Final Result One with the stipulation to introduce no new substances and fields into the system: Let us select for our example the resource air and its parameter conductivity. 45

46 ARIZ- 85C: Part Reinforce (intensify) Ideal Final Result One with the stipulation to introduce no new substances and fields into the system: Replace element x with air. While neither complicating the system nor causing harmful effects, air eliminates distortion of the radio waves during operational time within the conflict zone, preserving the ability of the lightning conducting rod to protect radio telescope. Conflict Zone hollow" rod air Operational time absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves T 1 Pre-lightning discharge time T 2 Lightning discharge time CONFLICT Beginning of process Beginning of conflict Ending of process and conflict 46

47 ARIZ- 85C: Part Write the formula for the Physical Contradiction at the macro-level: Notes 21. It is very important to select a substance-fields resource and its parameter. If you select only the substance-fields resource with no parameter, you will have problems creating "...opposite, physical macro-states in the conflict zone during operational time". Conflicting values of the selected substancefields resource parameter are used to create "...opposite physical macrostates in the conflict zone during operational time". 22. A Physical Contradiction is a situation where two mutually opposite requirements exist for the same component in relation to its physical state (e.g., must be hot and cold, electrically conductive and insulated, etc.). A Physical Contradiction is a conflict between two different values of one parameter. The purpose of Step 3.3 is to make the transition from System Contradiction to Physical Contradiction. 23. A Physical Contradiction on the macro-level is a Physical Contradiction formulated at the level of the whole conflict zone (e.g., the conflict zone must be both hot and cold). 24. If a macro-level application of Physical Contradiction causes difficulties, it can be stated as a partial formulation: an element (or a part of an element in the conflict zone) should be (specify) and should not be (specify)". 47

48 ARIZ- 85C: Part Write the formula for the Physical Contradiction at the macro-level: The (selected resource for x ) in the conflict zone (specify) during operational time should be (specify a physical macro-state, e.g. hot") to execute (specify one of the conflicting requirements) and should be (specify the opposite physical macro-state, e.g. cold") to execute (specify the other conflicting requirement). The air in the conflict zone (air column) during operational time should be conductive to absorb lightning and nonconductive to prevent distortion of the radio waves. Conflict Zone hollow" rod Conductive air column Nonconductive air column absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves Operational time T 1 Pre-lightning discharge time T 2 Lightning discharge time CONFLICT Beginning of process Beginning of conflict Ending of process and conflict 48

49 The air in the conflict zone during operational time should be conductive to absorb lightning and should be nonconductive to prevent distortion of the radio waves. This description of the problem offers a solution: the air column should be conductive at the moment of lightning discharge and should be nonconductive at other times. A lightning discharge is a comparatively a rare phenomenon and is over quickly. Conflict Zone hollow" rod Nonconductive air column Conductive air column absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves Operational time T 1 Pre-lightning discharge time T 2 Lightning discharge time CONFLICT Beginning of process Beginning of conflict Ending of process and conflict 49

50 This is not a complete answer! How can an air column be converted into a conductor at the moment of a discharge? How can a conductor disappear immediately after a discharge is over? 50

51 ARIZ- 85C: Part Write the formula for the Physical Contradiction at the micro-level: Notes 25. A Physical Contradiction at the micro-level is a Physical Contradiction formulated for the conflict zone (i.e., component) particles. For example, for the conflict zone to exist in two opposite states (e.g., both hot and cold), its particles must be moving both quickly and not at all. 26. It is not necessary to specify the "particles" in Step 3.4. They can be molecules, ions etc. 27. Particles can be: a. particles of a substance, b. particles of a substance in combination with some field and, less frequently, field particles". 28. If a problem seems to have a solution only at the macro-level, Step 3.4 will be difficult to perform. In any case, an attempt to formulate a micro-physical Contradiction is still useful because it gives additional information that can help solve the problem at the macro-level. 51

52 3.4. Write the formula for the Physical Contradiction at the micro-level: Particles of a substance (specify their physical state or action) should be in the conflict zone to provide (specify the required macro-state by Step 3.3), and particles should not be in the conflict zone or should have the opposite state or action to provide (specify the other required state by Step 3.3). Free, positively charged particles should be in an air column at the moment of lightning discharge to provide conductivity (to absorb lightning) and free, positively charged particles should not be in the air column at other times to provide no conductivity and preserve non-distortion of radio waves. Neutral molecules ARIZ- 85C: Part 3.4 Positively charged ions Conflict Zone hollow" rod Nonconductive air column Conductive air column absorb distort Product B lightning Product C radio waves Operational time T 1 Pre-lightning discharge time T 2 Lightning discharge time CONFLICT Beginning of process Beginning of conflict Ending of process and conflict 52

53 ARIZ-85C: Part Write the formula for Ideal Final Result Two: The (selected substance-field resource) should provide (specify opposite physical macro- or micro-states) in (specify the conflict zone ) during (specify operational time). The air column is made up of positively charged particles at the moment of a lightning discharge while, after a discharge, the air in the column is converted back into neutral molecules. The situation can provide everything that is required: A lightning strike is a natural electric spark. In this case, the potential difference between a cloud and the ground or between two clouds is typically hundreds of millions of volts. This can cause a very rapid increase in the number of free electrons and ions in the air, temporarily and rapidly causing the air to become an electrical conductor. 53

54 The essence of a new idea: during a lightning discharge, free, positively charged particles appear in an air column that is distinct from the air in the environment. This ionized air column operates as a "lightning rod" by which the lightening is grounded. After discharge, the positively charged ions become neutral molecules. We need some way to differentiate between air in the column and air in the environment. Select one of the parameters of air that can help lightning discharge to ionize air only in air specified places. Air conductivity temperature density pressure 54

55 Your questions are greatly appreciated! Isak Bukhman, TRIZ Master, Global Consultant, Vice-President of Altshuller Institute for TRIZ Studies, President of TRIZ Solutions LLC mobile: skype id: bukhman 55