Media Access and Use in Southern Sudan

Transcription

1 1 Media Access and Use in Southern Sudan Prepared for Fondation Hirondelle by Consumer Options Ltd - October 2007 Job ref. number CO/ info@consumeroptions.co.ke Website: and by Graham Mytton, Audience Research Training and Consultancy

2 2 2. Research Objectives - i Understanding media access and use What are people s sources of information? Radio and TV set ownership Radio and TV use frequency and place Radio reception Barriers to radio listening Past day and past week media use Other media used, the press and the Internet Awareness of radio and TV stations Patterns of media use Languages of media use, language preferences

3 2. Research Objectives - ii Awareness and knowledge of Miraya. Popularity of programmes and presenters Perceptions of and views about Miraya programmes And, for comparison, views about other radio stations Other questions covered TV, press and Internet use Demographics Age Gender Education Socio-economic status/income Occupation Ethnicity and Language Geographical area 3

4 4 3. Research Methodology - i Sampling method Multi-stage sampling Payams were the smallest sampling units Target population All natives of Southern Sudan Male and female,15+ years, urban and rural Sampling technique at the Payams and households Simple random sampling Personal in-home interviews Random method used at each selected household to determine who is to be interviewed

5 5 3. Research Methodology - ii Research tools Questionnaire with both structured and semi-structured questions Standard, fixed response alternative questions Open-ended questions Personal details Questionnaire was tested and revised in June Interviewers trained in Juba in June Fieldwork was from July until September,

6 3. Research Methodology - iii Quantitative research relies on having reliable population estimates. But detailed and recent statistics on the population of Southern Sudan are lacking. Estimates available come mainly from NSCSE, UNICEF and similar agencies produced in the course of humanitarian relief efforts.* As a result, the level of precision in the data cannot be certain. There are large gaps in knowledge, for example: Data missing on garrison towns Lack of data on returnees by states, counties, etc * 1. NSCSE 2003 population estimates 2. WHO, Polio Campaign, NIDs nd round results Unicef & NSCSE Towards a baseline Southern Sudan

7 3. Research Methodology iv Sampling problems 7 Using population estimates we drew samples for each state The total sample was divided proportionately between the states to be visited. Originally it was intended to take samples in all 10, but the weather and logistical difficulties meant that 3 states had to be left out Jonglei, Unity and Upper Nile This means that the picture we give here is only partial Nuer and Shilluk speaking people were mostly absent in the sample and this is a major shortcoming. This was because the states where they are mostly found were cut off during the survey and not covered. This will be put right in the next survey. The sample for each state was divided among counties. However, during the fieldwork we found that there are new counties, whose population we were unable to estimate

8 8 Sample size vs. achieved State Sample planned Sample achieved 1. Central Equatoria Eastern Equatoria Western Equatoria Lakes Warab Western Bahr el Ghazaal Northern Bahr el Ghazaal Unity Jonglei Upper Nile Total 2,000 1,546 The achieved sample represents 77% of planned sample

9 9 Interviews with respondents: Languages used 38.1% Language of Interview (n =all respondents, 1546) 28.7% 17.4% 4.3% 3.7% 1.9% 4.1% 1.8% Dinka Arabic English Toposa Bari Azande Other language In the next survey, the Dinka language should be one of the original questionnaire languages Not recorded

10 10 Sources of Information 1. Thinking about information and current events how do you get such, what sources of information do you use? 2. And of these sources which is the one that is the most important to you? 3. What is the one most reliable sources of information about current events in this country? 59% 45% 42% 42% 37% 42% 38% Source of information Reliable Source Most important source 10% 11% 14% 13% 3% 3% 3% 3% 7% 7% 4% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% Radio Word of Mouth Church Newspaper TV Police Mobile phones Internet Billboards/Posters Base: 1546 All respondents Radio stands out as the medium that most Southern Sudanese people rely on for information. But informal, personal sources and the church are also much used and relied on.

11 11 Source of Information by regions 2. And of these sources which is the one that is the most important to you? 68% 58% 48% 38% 28% 50% 37% Radio Word of Mouth Church TV Newspaper Mobile phones Police Internet 58% 52% 47% 40% 41% 41% 31% 29% 24% 25% 34% 57% 18% 20% 16% 18% 8% 9% 1% 2% 6% 8% 4% 4% 4% 2% 3% 5% 5% 4% 1% 1% 3% 2% 1% 2% 1% 5% 1% 1% 1% -2% Lakes (252) Eastern Equatoria (377) Western Equatoria (154) Central Equatoria (211) North Bahr El Ghazal (156) West Bahr El Ghazal (218) Warab (178) Base: 1546 All respondents Radio is especially important as a source of information in Central and Western Equatoria and Lakes.. Interpersonal sources are important in Eastern Equatoria and Warab states

12 12 Frequency of using different sources of information 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Frequency of use of information sources (n=all respondents, 1546) Everyday 2-3 times a week Once a week Less often Radio TV Newspapers & Magazines Internet Word of Mouth Church Police Mobile Phones

13 13 Frequency of media use 48% Everyday 2-3 times a week Once a week Less often 6% 10% 9% 2% 2% 2% 2% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 3% 0% 0% Radio TV Newspapers & Magazines Internet Base = 1546 all respondents

14 14 Household access to media 107. Which of the following items do you or other household members own? (Base= 1546 all respondents) Radio set 60% Mobile phone 9% TV set 7% HiFi/music centre 5% But remember having one of these items in the home does not mean everyone gets to use them. Video Recorder 5% Satellite dish for TV 4%

15 Radio set wavebands Any radio set 60% 100% Medium Wave - MW 41% 67% Shortwave - SW 34% 56% of radio households FM or VHF 32% 54% of population Radio on cell phone 4% 2% Satellite radio (Worldspace) 3% 2% 15

16 16 Radio Listenership Website:

17 Radio Listeners 5. Do you ever listen to radio? Yes 58% No 42% Base: 1546 All respondents Listening is highest among 30 to 34 year olds (68%) and lowest among those over 55 (41%) And it is higher among men (85%) than women (32%) It is highest among all those who have had any education at all from primary level (over 70%) and lowest among those with no education (34%) 17 Base: 1546 All respondents

18 Awareness of Radio Stations Can you please tell me the names of all the radio stations you can think of? 7. Apart from those that you have just mentioned, which of these that I m going to read have you ever heard of Base: 1546 All respondents * Less than 0,5% but not zero first mention all stations spontaneously mentioned Aware when reminded or prompted Total awareness Miraya FM 10% 32% 19% 51% BBC World Service English 7% 34% 8% 43% Radio Omdurman 7% 29% 13% 42% Sudan Radio Service 10% 29% 8% 37% Radio Juba * 12% 18% 30% Liberty FM 5% 13% 16% 29% Capital FM 1% 8% 20% 28% BBC World Service Arabic 1% 15% 7% 22% Wau FM * 6% 14% 20% Radio Nile * 8% 12% 19% Rumbek FM 6% 11% 8% 19% Radio Kaboko 3% 10% 6% 16% Arua One FM * 7% 4% 11% VOA in English * 6% 5% 11% Radio Voice of Hope * 5% 4% 10% Radio Mega FM 2% 6% 3% 9% Bakita Radio - Voice of the Church * 3% 5% 9% Radio France International * 5% 2% 7% Radio Malakal * 2% 3% 5%

19 19 Radio station usage 8. Which of these radio stations have you ever listened to? 9. Which of these radio stations do you listen to nowadays? 10. Which amongst those radio stations you listen to nowadays have you listened to in the last 7 days 19% 17% 16% 16% 13% 11% 15% 15% 12% 12% 9% 8% 9% 7% 5% 8% 7% 5% 6% 5% 4% 5% Ever Nowadays Last 7 days 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% Miraya FM BBC World service English Sudan Radio Service Radio Omdurman Liberty FM Rumbek FM Radio Koboko BBC World service Arabic Radio Juba Radio Mega FM Radio Nile Capital FM Base: 1546 All respondents

20 Radio Stations most often listened to: by regions Among all those that you listen to, which one do you listen to most often? Base: 1546 All respondents Miraya FM Sudan Radio Service BBC World service English Rumbek FM Radio Omdurman Liberty FM 40% Radio Kaboko Radio Mega FM Others 33% 29% 22% 22% 23% 6% 4% 2% 3% 13% 5% 4% 2% 1% 7% 5% 10% 1% 1% 8% 1% 5% 1% 14% 13% 11% 10% 8% 4% 4% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 11% 5% 3% 2% 9% 5% Lakes (252) Eastern Equatoria (377) Western Equatoria (154) Central Equatoria (211) North Bahr El Ghazal (156) West Bahr El Ghazal (218) Warrab (178) Miraya FM has strong competition from Liberty FM in Central Equatoria but is in a very strong lead in Western Bahr El Ghazaal. Sudan Radio Service and BBC English are popular in Western Equatoria where at this time Miraya could not easily be heard. Miraya FM weakest performance where it is available on FM is in Lakes. Rumbek FM is the most popular station here.

21 The last time listened to any radio station 13. Apart from today when did you last listen to those radio stations 18.0 Yesterday Past week audience Total Audience: Have ever heard the station % Miraya FM BBC WS English Sudan Radio Service Radio Omdurman Rumbek FM Liberty FM Radio Kaboko BBCWS Arabic Radio Mega FM Capital FM Radio Juba VOA in English Radio Nile Arua One FM Base: 1,546. all respondents 21

22 Stations that people wish to listen to: by regions Is there any radio stations you would like to listen to but for some reasons you cannot Total (1546) Lakes (252) Eastern Equatoria (377) Western Equatori a (154) Central Equatori a (211) North Bahr El Ghazal (156) West Bahr El Ghazal (218) Warab (178) Miraya FM 22% 18% 27% 47% 17% 25% 9% 11% Radio Juba 17% 25% 13% 23% 16% 28% 11% 6% Capital FM 16% 38% 5% 31% 9% 21% 9% 5% Liberty FM 15% 38% 5% 42% 12% 8% 6% 1% Wau FM 12% 27% 3% 16% 5% 26% 8% 8% Radio Omdurman 10% 26% 3% 12% 10% 10% 3% 6% Radio Nile 7% 14% 2% 14% 4% 14% 1% 4% Rumbek FM 7% 15% 3% 6% 4% 11% 6% 3% BBC World service English 7% 12% 2% 9% 8% 6% 8% 3% Sudan Radio Service 6% 10% 2% 6% 9% 7% 5% 4% Radio Kaboko 3% 3% 3% 1% 5% 3% 2% 1% BBC World service Arabic 3% 5% 0% 5% 0% 3% 5% 1% Highlights show all cases where 25% or more name a radio station they would like to be able to hear. Base: 1546 All respondents

23 23 Programs listened to 19. Please tell me the top 4 programmes you listen to on your radio? 20. Which particular programme among these 4 do you listen to most? 48% Top 4 Preferred 22% 27% 21% 20% 17% 16% 11% 7% 3% 4% 4% 5% 3% 6% 6% News Music Sports Talkshow HIV/AIDS awareness Education Health problems Gospel preaching Overall, News has the highest mention as one of the programmes listened to across all the radio stations Music and sports follow in that order Base: 914 Listen to Radio

24 24 Where usually listen to radio 21. Where do you usually listen to the radio? At home 87% At a friends place 39% At a community centre 33% While walking around 20% At my place of work 15% When travelling 9% Inside a car 9% At the bar At the restaurant 5% 8% Base: 914; all who listen to Radio and radio audiences in each state The majority listen to radio at home. But note that many also listen while at a friend s place, a community centre, and in other ways and places..

25 59% 11% 7% 25 Times of Listening What time do you normally listen? 13% 9% 2% Evening (4-8 pm) Late evening (8-10 pm) Night (After 10pm) Base: 1428, all radio listeners who answered this question Afternoon (12-4 pm) Mid Morning (9-12 am) Morning (6-9 am) -

26 How good or bad is the radio reception? 22. How would you describe the reception of these radio stations that you listen to? Very good Good Fair Poor Liberty (109) 75% 25% 5% 0% Capital FM (41) 56% 34% 0% 7% Omdurman (136) 76% 18% 5% 1% Miraya FM (253) 85% 12% 2% 0% Radio Nile (36) 44% 36% 17% 0% Sudan Radio Service (228) 84% 13% 3% 0% Radio Kaboko (74) 77% 16% 5% 0% Radio Juba (39) 56% 28% 13% 3% Rumbek FM (118) 83% 10% 3% 3% Arua one FM (29) 41% 24% 34% 0% Radio mega FM (55) 51% 27% 22% 0% BBC World service Arabic (64) 67% 22% 11% 0% BBC World service English (246) 80% 14% 4% 1% VOA in English (29) 83% 14% 3% 0% Base: 914 Listen to Radio and each station s audience Most Miraya FM listeners find its reception to be very good. No listener described it as poor But note that Sudan Radio Service, which comes in entirely on Shortwave from distant South Africa also achieves a good score on reception. 26

27 27 Barriers to radio listenership 27. Do you have any Problems that usually prevent you from listening to any radio station of your choice or at any time you want to listened to 28. What problems are they? Batteries are expensive 76% Yes No No time to listen 26% 76% 24% I am sometimes denied use of the radio at home/no electricity 18% No radio station to listen to here 18% Cannot afford a radio 15% Base: 914 Listen to Radio Base: all listeners Not interested Can't recall 7% 6% Base: 699 all who have problems Cost for batteries is the major barrier to radio listenership followed by a claimed lack of time to listen The absence of some radio stations in some areas also contributes barriers. Also note that some (women? young people?) are denied access to radio at the home A significant though quite small number say they cannot afford it.

28 Favorite type of music 29. We are interested in finding out what kind of Music you are interested in. what is your favorite type of music? No Favourite Type Of Music 20% Reggae 19% Sudanese 16% Traditional music 14% Gospel 9% Lingala 8% Country 5% Blues Others (Taarab,Pop, Jazz, Rock, Chakacha) 4% 5% 28 Base: 914 Listen to Radio

29 29 Understanding of broadcasting language 31. How much would you say you understand when any programs including news is aired in any of the stations you listen to in any of the following languages 50% 50% 45% 42% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 17% 25% 21% 19% 29% 25% 24% Less than 25% About 25% About 50% About 75% 15% 12% 10% 7% 12% About 100% 10% 8% 8% 5% 0% Simple Arabic Classic Arabic English Base: 914 Listen to Radio Radio Listeners find Simple Arabic the easiest to understand among the three languages even though about 13% of the radio listeners understand 25% or less of news broadcasts in Simple Arabic A higher proportion - 23% - have the same level of difficulty with English Classical Arabic is the least understood of the main three broadcast languages used by Miraya, 56% say they understand 25% or less

30 30 Miraya FM listnership Website:

31 31 Miraya FM listeners profile Taking all Miraya FM listeners n = 249 urban, 41% rural, 59%

32 32 Miraya FM listeners profile total Miraya Audience 19% urban listeners 23% rural listeners 13% Most Miraya FM listeners live in the rural areas. But Miraya has greater reach among urban people. The reason for this apparent paradox? There are more people in rural areas!

33 33 Miraya FM listeners profile female 28% male 72% n = all Miraya listeners, 249

34 34 Miraya FM listeners profile total Miraya audience 19% male 23% female 9% N = All respondents, 1,546 Miraya FM has the same problem as many radio stations in Africa attracting women listeners. Is this a programme or a social problem and challenge?

35 Miraya FM listeners profile no formal education any primary any secondary Any tertiary Population 43% 27% 25% 4% Miraya Listeners 28% 28% 41% 3% The Miraya FM Listeners are better educated than the population as a whole. But you are nonetheless reaching many with no education 35

36 36 Miraya FM listeners profile yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs yrs 55+ yrs Population 14% 25% 29% 28% 19% 16% 10% 7% 7% q Miraya Listeners 11% 17% 15% 20% 15% 23% 15% 8% 8% The age profile of the Miray FM audience is not very different from the population. But the station is attracting slightly more older (40+) listeners than might be expected.

37 Times of Listening (Miraya Listeners) (Base - all Miraya listeners w ho answ ered this question = 244) 73.2% What time do you normally listen to Miraya FM? 7.1% 9.3% 5.4% 3.3% 1.7% Mid Morning (9-12 am) Afternoon (12-4 pm) Evening (4-8 pm) Late evening (8-10 pm) Night (After 10pm) Listening times are the same for Miraya as for radio in general 37 Morning (6-9 am)

38 38 Programs listened to 33. You said you listen to Miraya FM nowadays, which programs do you usually listen to in Miraya? 34. Which is your favourite program in Miraya 49. I would now like you to tell me 4 specific programs you have heard recently being aired by Miraya FM. 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 31% 17% 39% 18% 13% 22% 29% 15% 5% 5% 5% 3% News Music Goodmorning sudan 16% 13% 19% 24% 6% 6% 4% 4% 1st Mention Other Mention Specific programs Favorite 12% 10% Sports news Talk show HIV programme CPA facts no specific mention News receives a significant 1 st mention on Miraya FM programs Music comes second Sports News and Talk Shows come after News and Music. Miraya airs very little sport. Perhaps listeners would welcome more! Many listeners are not yet familiar with programme titles. This is to be expected at this early stage. All listeners are new listeners! 4% 2% 9% 9% 3% 21% 27% 30% 25% Base: 253 Listen to Miraya FM

39 39 Quality rating 35. Now I would like to think about Miraya FM broadcast, How would you rate Miraya FM on quality of information they give you 36. Why do you say so? 19% 22% Can't tell 14% Informative (186) 10% 10% 9% 8% 74% Informative 4% 4% 4% 253 Listen to Miraya FM Uninformative Gives Detailed Information It tells us news Very Tells us good informative news about programmes southern Sudan Educative Programmes Gives a voice to the southern Sudan Its broadcasts are clear It broadcasts in my mother tongue Most see Miraya FM as very informative with its detailed news and other informative programmes Among those who said Miraya was uninformative, the language barrier is the main factor Base: 253 Listen to Miraya FM

40 40 Ease of understanding 37. Using a scale of 1-5 where 1 is not at all easy and 5 is very easy to understand, how would you rate Miraya FM on the ease of understanding their broadcasts? 38. Why do you say so? 39% 31% Easy (183) Easy 72% Neither 8% 5% 3% 2% 22% 6% 253 Listen to Miraya FM Not easy News language is easy to understand Arabic is understood by all Unifies Arabic and English Programmes are broadcast in English Good reception (???) The presenters' manner and voice Arabic language, presumably the simplified southern form, is assumed by many to be widely understood For the 6% of Miraya FM listeners who think it is not easy to understand, it is the language problem that seems to be the main problem. Base: 253 Listen to Miraya FM

41 41 Reliability of keeping informed 41. How would you rate Miraya FM on their reliability of keeping you informed? Would you say they are? 42. Why do you say so? 33% Reliable (189) 75% Reliable 14% 12% 9% Neither 4% 4% 23% 2% 253 Listen to Miraya FM Not reliable Gives good information Good reception Keeps us informed about important things Quality air waves It is clear in some places and poor in others It is on air 24hrs Base: 253 Listen to Miraya FM

42 Opinion about Miraya 53. I m going to read out some opinion different people have expressed about Miraya FM and I would like you to tell me whether you agree or maybe disagree with each of the opinion about Miraya FM. Do you agree or disagree that Miraya FM..? Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Mean Score Educates me and my family 82% 15% 2% 4.46 Understands the needs of my people 81% 15% 4% 4.38 Is entertaining 77% 21% 2% 4.37 Keeps us informed about important things 77% 21% 2% 4.97 Helps in spreading peace in Sudan 74% 23% 2% 4.30 Gives me a voice to be heard 71% 27% 2% 4.66 Has high quality programmes 67% 25% 8% 4.03 Is trustworthy as source of information 65% 32% 4% 4.05 Is controlled by the UN 55% 29% 16% 3.65 Is controlled by the government 54% 31% 16% 3.66 Airs so much international news 43% 34% 23% % 45% 16% 3.44 يقدم They play too much music Base: 253 Listen to Miraya FM Airs so much local news 39% 38% 23% 3.27 Is politically independent 25% 38% 37% 2.62 Never gives our people a voice 13% 33% 53% 2.24 Favour certain communities over others 13% 29% 57% 2.22 It expresses ideas and opinions from elsewhere in the world, and not enough from Sudan 13% 30% 57% 2.20 Give us too little information 12% 30% 57% 2.17 Never sound like a radio station to me 7% 26% 67% 1.91 Miraya is seen as educative and it understands the needs of people Note also the high score for giving people a voice Another close association is entertainment and provision of important information 42

43 News bulletin language understanding 54. How much would you say you understand news on Miraya FM when are aired in the following languages? 45% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 9% 3% 16% 28% 24% 25% 21% 18% 12% 18% 22% 23% 13% 24% Less than 25% About 25% About 50% About 75% About 100% 0% Simple arabic Classic Arabic English Simple Arabic has the overall best level of understanding for news bulletins 43 Base: 253 Listen to Miraya FM

44 What would like to listen to on Miraya FM in future 55. I would like you to think about what you would prefer Miraya FM to broadcast to you in future. Please tell me the things you would like to listen to in future on Miraya FM? 12% 12% 10% 9% 8% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 2% 0% Educating people for language improvement Political information and social issues Development of southern Sudan Provide international news Music and entertainment Cultural programmes CPA facts Play Acholi music The education of girls 44 Base: 253 Listen to Miraya FM

45 45 Branding - Miraya Logo We showed a card with the brand image of Miraya FM to listeners 56. Have you ever seen this before 57. What doest it mean to you? The logo card shows a mirror 40% No, 78% A mirror in which you see yourself 18% Yes, 22% Word given on the world It means change of attitude 4% 13% Foundation Hirondele TV It means a source of information 4% 4% Base: 55 seen Miraya Logo Miraya doesn t discriminate 4% It is a radio controlled by UNMIS 4% The logo is associated with a mirror Base: 253 Listen to Miraya FM

46 46 TV Viewership Website:

47 47 Frequency of media use 48% (Just to remind you of TV use compared with radio and other media) Everyday 2-3 times a week Once a week Less often 6% 10% 9% 2% 2% 2% 2% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 3% 0% 0% Radio TV Newspapers & Magazines Internet

48 48 TV viewership 63. Which TV station do you watch nowadays? 64. Which TV station have you watched in the past 7 days? 65. And which do you watch more than others? 7% Nowadays Last 7 days Most Often 5% 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% TV Sudan Nile Satellite Juba TV DSTV BBC World Al Jazeera Arab Satellite Majority of the respondents do not watch any TV channels Looking at nowadays, last 7 days, and most often, TV Sudan is on the lead with very low percentages 7%,5% respectively Juba TV and DSTV comes in second position as most often TV station Base: 1546 all respondents

49 49 Programmes watched 75. What kinds/types of TV programme do you normally watch? 76. In your own opinion which programmes would you prefer to watch? 77. And which program types don t you watch? 80. Please tell me any top programmes you like to watch most 69% 49% 52% 51% Programmes normally watch Liked most Programmes would prefer to watch Don t watch 42% 39% 39% 36% 21% 20% 4% 7% 24% 4% 31% 27% 11% 11% 10% 8% 13% 14% 9% 8% 5% 5% 17% 13% 3% 3% 4% 2% News Sports Music Talk shows Movies Religious Cartoons Soap Operas Base: 298 watch TV News, sports and music are the top 3 programmes respondents watch and prefer

50 50 Place of TV viewership 78. Usually where do you watch TV these days? 53% 30% 25% 14% 10% 9% 5% My home Friends Community Centre When travel to other places No Specific Place At work Other Base: 298 watch TV

51 51 Newspaper readership Website:

52 52 Frequency of media use 48% (To remind you of Newspaper and magazine readership compared with radio and other media) Everyday 2-3 times a week Once a week Less often 6% 10% 9% 2% 2% 2% 2% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 3% 0% 0% Radio TV Newspapers & Magazines Internet

53 53 Newspaper readership 85. Do you ever read newspaper or magazine 86. Which newspapers and/or magazines do you read currently? By this I mean the ones you personally read or flip through. It doesn't matter whether you personally buy it or not 87. Which is your most favourite newspaper or magazine? No 79% Yes 21% Currently read Favourite Juba Post 10% Juba Post 6% Sudan Mirror 10% Sudan Mirror 6% Sudan Monitor 6% Sudan Monitor 3% Southern Eye 4% Southern Eye 2% Citizen 3% Citizen 1% The Vision 3% The Vision 1% Base: 1546 all respondents

54 Caution with these results There are two newspapers with the title Vision New Vision, a Uganda daily, and Sudan Vision a daily published in Khartoum. There are two newspapers with the title Monitor The Monitor, a Ugandan daily and Khartoum Monitor, a daily published in Khartoum. All four newspapers are obtainable and are read. There is some unavoidable confusion between these similar titles. 54

55 55 When read newspaper/ Magazine last 88. When did you last read any of these newspapers or magazines? Today or Yesterday Last 7 days Last 4 weeks Last 12 months Not Mentioned 40% 42% 33% 36% 36% 31% 18% 26% 21% 18% 18% 7% 13% 7% 25% 25% 21% 13% 19% 25% 25% 18% 16% 5% 10% 22% 13% 19% Juba Post (85) Citizen (15) Southern Eye (24) The Vision (16) Sudan Monitor (44) Sudan Mirror (88) Base: 325 read newspaper/ magazine Sudan Monitor is the most currently read newspaper.

56 56 Internet use Website:

57 57 Internet use 96. Do you ever use the Internet? 97. Where do you access the Internet? (Record any that apply 98. When you use the Internet, what do you use it for? (Tick any that apply No 93% Yes 7% 5.2% 1.6% 0.3% At internet cafe At work Use at home Base: All respondents 1546

58 58 CPA Awareness Website:

59 Comprehensive peace agreement 99. Have you ever heard anything like the Comprehensive Peace Agreement or CPA? 100. What did you hear about Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)? Base: 1042 aware of CPA No. 33% Being at peace and no more war 18% Agreement that brought peace in Sudan with power sharing 11% Agreement between SPLA and NCP 11% Yes. 67% Agreement between two parties 9% Peace signed by Khartoum government and SPLM 7% Total (1546) Can't Remember 5% Two in three people of the sample are aware of the CPA Most of them describe the CPA as something that brought peace and ended war 59

60 60 Comprehensive peace agreement by region 99. Have you ever heard anything like the Comprehensive Peace Agreement or CPA? 100. What did you hear about Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)? 33% 32% 28% 34% 20% 41% 39% 43% No 67% 68% 72% 66% 80% 59% 61% 57% Yes Total (1546) Lakes (252) Eastern Equatoria (377) Western Equatoria (154) Central Equatoria (211) North Bahr El Ghazal (156) West Bahr El Ghazal (218) Waarap (178) Base: 1042 aware of CPA Total (1042) Lakes (171) Eastern Equatoria (272) Western Equatoria (102) Central Equatoria (169) North Bahr El Ghazal (92) West Bahr El Ghazal (134) Waarap (102) Being in peace no more war 18% 23% 17% 23% 14% 11% 9% 30% Agreement that brought peace in Sudan power sharing 11% 15% 14% 6% 7% 8% 12% 8% Agreement between SPLA and NCP 11% 2% 10% 14% 15% 11% 21% 4% Agreement between two parties 9% 5% 11% 3% 20% 5% 8% 7% Peace signed by Khartoum government and SPLM Agreement made by southern Sudanese and Arabs 7% 1% 11% 1% 14% 3% 4% 6% 3% 4% 3% 2% 5% 2% 1% 4% CPA is awareness is least in North Bahr El Ghazal

61 61 Personal details Some demographic details about the respondents Website:

62 62 Language interaction 104. What language is your mother tongue? 105. What language/ languages can you speak well 106. What language/ languages can you read well? 50% 48% 46% Mother tongue Language spoken well Language read well 24% 18% 9% 9% 8% 7% 12% 6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 6% 2% 3% 4% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Dinka Bari Arabic Simple Arabic Latuku Zande Toposa Moro Madi English Acholi/luo Base: 1546 All respondents Overall Dinka is the most spoken language followed by simple Arabic. However, there are some significant differences across all the states. And remember that we did not cover Nuer and Shilluk speaking areas.

63 63 Speak well Total (1546) Lakes (252) Eastern Equatori a (377) Western Equatori a (154) Central Equatori a (211) North Bahr El Ghazal (156) West Bahr El Ghazal (218) Dinka 48% 95% 22% 9% 6% 83% 53% 82% Simple Arabic 24% 11% 28% 38% 37% 22% 27% 8% Arabic 12% 4% 17% 7% 14% 10% 22% 6% Bari 9% 0% 3% 2% 61% 0% 0% 0% Latuku 5% 0% 18% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% Toposa 5% 0% 16% 4% 0% 1% 0% 0% Zande 4% 0% 1% 35% 1% 1% 1% 0% English 4% 0% 7% 11% 2% 3% 2% 2% Moro 2% 0% 2% 12% 5% 0% 0% 0% Acholi/luo 2% 0% 5% 0% 3% 0% 2% 1% Madi 2% 0% 7% 1% 2% 0% 0% 0% Tabedawie 2% 2% 1% 0% 0% 3% 1% 5% Nuer 2% 1% 1% 3% 3% 2% 1% 0% Shilluk 1% 1% 1% 4% 3% 1% 0% 2% Baku 1% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% Waarap (178) Base: 1546 All respondents

64 64 Read well Total (1546) Lakes (252) Eastern Equatori a (377) Western Equatori a (154) Central Equatori a (211) North Bahr El Ghazal (156) West Bahr El Ghazal (218) Waarap (178) Dinka 46% 94% 22% 8% 5% 79% 53% 77% Arabic 18% 3% 24% 12% 15% 16% 36% 9% Bari 8% 0% 1% 1% 58% 1% 0% 1% english 6% 1% 7% 11% 8% 6% 3% 6% Simple Arabic 5% 1% 3% 14% 6% 5% 6% 2% Zande 5% 0% 0% 40% 1% 2% 1% 0% toposa 4% 0% 16% 2% 0% 1% 0% 0% Latuku 4% 0% 14% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% Moro 3% 0% 2% 15% 4% 0% 0% 0% madi 2% 0% 7% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% acholi/luo 2% 0% 5% 0% 2% 0% 2% 1% Tabedawie 1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 5% Shilluk 1% 0% 0% 5% 3% 0% 0% 0% Nuer 1% 0% 1% 3% 1% 0% 0% 1% Base: 1546 All respondents

65 65 Power source for radio 109. What power source does your radio use? Is it? Solar Battery Wind-up Electricity Not Mentioned 81% 77% 93% 82% 88% 64% 71% 78% 27% 7% 15% 13% 14% 14% 8% 8% 9% 6% 4% 5% 6% 7% 4% 2% 0% 2% 1% 1% 2% 11% 6% 5% 15% 1% 14% 9% 5% 1% 2% 1% Total (914) Lakes (132) Eastern Equatoria (175) Western Equatoria (102) Central Equatoria (179) North Bahr El Ghazal (102) West Bahr El Ghazal (139) Waarap (85) Battery use is significantly high across all the regions Base: 914 listen to radio

66 Income 110. Can you tell me approximately what your monthly household income is Sudanese Pounds / Sudanese Dinnar Self Other Household members Total Household None 30% 52% 45% Below 50 (Below 5,000) 27% 17% 8% (5, ,000) 18% 10% 10% (101, ,000) 7% 7% 7% (201, ,000) 6% 4% 6% (301, ,000) 4% 3% 5% (401, ,000) 2% 2% 3% (501, ,000) 1% 1% 3% (601, ,000) 1% 1% 3% (701, ,000) 1% 0% 2% (801, ,000) 1% 1% 3% 901-1,000 (901, ,000) 1% 0% 2% 1,001+ (1,001,000+) 1% 1% 3% 63% report a household income of 100 S Pounds or less 66 Base: 1546 All respondents

67 67 Field Interviewers (Central/Eastern Equatoria) After leaving Kajo Keji, waiting for ferry to cross River Nile (Northern Uganda) through Nimule to Eastern Equatoria

68 68 Field interview Gulumbi, Morobo County A typical homestead and field interview with a female respondent at her homestead

69 69 Typical Latuku village Characteristic village on steep slope in the hills south-east of Torit

70 70 Juba / Yei road

71 71 Yei / Rumbek road

72 72 Maridi / Yambio road in Western Equatoria This is the only main road to Western Equatoria from Central Equatoria. Villagers fill up swampy sections with logs of wood to which they charge motorists some fee

73 73 Mavolo (border of Lakes and Western Equatoria states This was one of the flooded section which presented a big challenge in accessing Rumbek. Trucks have to be towed out of swampy sections for other 4-wheel cars to struggle to pass through

74 74 Wau/Aweil / Khartoum road Late August 2007 Due to the heavy rains this section collapsed making access to or from Aweil impossible. A truck is turning back

75 75 Gede River & bridge Wau / Aweil / Khartoum road Gede bridge on Gede river as damaged by bombs during the war Vehicles use this section to cross. However, the water level was so high as of August People wade through water

76 76 Feeder roads in Eastern Equatoria Access to Ikotos County (30 kms off Torit / Kapoeta road) was difficult due to the condition of this Road. Pondering what to do and how to turn back to the main road.

77 77 Lakes state Road impossible, we had to use the old Mavolo/Rumbek road even though de-mining hasn t been done to remove landmines.

78 78 Bridge under construction, North Bahr el Ghazaal. Motorists use this section to cross, which, again was flooded

79 79 Waraap state (Tonj) Sometimes accommodation facilities were difficult to come by. Ondoga Mzamil

80 80 Crossing River Nile The easiest link between Eastern and Central Equatoria states is through northern Uganda