Standards Developments for Fault Current Limiters

Transcription

1 tandards Developments for Fault Current Limiters Dr. Michael Mischa teurer Center for Advanced Power ystems (CAP) Florida tate University 2000 Levy Avenue, Building A, Tallahassee, FL Presented during EPRI C Conference, Oct

2 Overview CIGRE WG A3.23 Application and Feasibility of Fault Current Limiters in Power ystems ince 2008 IEEE PC Guide for Fault Current Limiter Testing ince 2010 (2009) CIGRE WG D1.38 Emerging Test Techniques Common to High Temperature uperconducting (HT) Power Applications ince

3 Why FCLs? Compromise in Power ystems Normal Operation: High short-circuit capacity (low short-circuit impedance) Fault Condition: Low short-circuit capacity (high short-circuit impedance) Low voltage drop (high power quality) High steady-state and transient stability Low system perturbations Low thermal and mechanical strain Reduced breaker capacity Optimal olution: FCL Low impedance during normal operation Fast and effective current limitation Automatic and fast recovery 3

4 CIGRE WG A3.23 Definition of Terms Fault Current Management with Fault Current Limiters Past Experiences and tate-of-the-art Fault Current Limiter Application Issues Needs and requirements, specifications, selection criteria Testing, meeting of requirements Impact and Interactions Risk Review Reliability & Availability

5 Measures To Limit hort-circuit Currents ource: CIGRE WG A.3.23, systematic revised 5/20/2011 Fault Current Limiters Permanent impedance increase during nominal and fault conditions plitting into sub grids Introducing a higher voltage range plitting of bus bars Old term: passive High impedance transformers Current limiting reactors equential tripping Condition based impedance increase mall impedance at nominal load fast increase of impedance at fault Fuse based devices (< 36 kv) tand alone HV fuse (< 1 ka) Commutating Current Limiters (< 5 ka) Old term: active Emerging Concepts uperconductors olid-tate Devices Magnetic Effects Hybrid ystems Topological measures Apparatus measures Topological measures Apparatus measures Fault Current Limiting Devices 5

6 Different FCL Technologies uperconducting type Resistive type (may behave resistive-inductive!) aturated (DC biased) iron core hielded iron core Flux lock type olid-state (semiconductor type) Diode-bridge type Thyristor based FCL and fault current controller GTO, IGCT, ETO, IGBT, GTO based FCL and fault current controller eries line compensation with FCL feature Others Polymer PTC resistance (positive temp. coeff.) Liquid metal switch High arc voltage switch Hybrid switching topologie

7 FCL R&D Trends CFCL Field Tests planned and carried out 7

8 CIGRE WG A3.23 Feasibility and Economic Issues Technical and economic benefits of fault current limiter applications elected case studies Environmental benefits and acceptance issues of FCL applications Modeling Aspects FCL modeling approaches Effect of non-linear characteristic of resistive type CFCL on simulation Example case study by P/E and EMTDC Conclusions Reference List

9 IEEE WG PC Definitions Fault current limiter: a device, which offers condition-based increase in resistive and/or reactive impedance between normal conducting mode and current limiting mode to limit the prospective peak and RM fault current in an alternating current power system to the desired value. FCL Technology - tate of The Art pecifications Electrical Performance Physical and Operational Parameters Environmental afety Lifespan

10 Representative Waveform - CIGRE Normal operation Fault condition Follow current Recovery Current without FCL Fault inception First cycle after fault with FCL Fault clearing a) t FZ t r t a action time (from t = 0 until 3) t d fault duration time (from t = 0 and fault clearing) t FZ first zero crossing time 1: load current (In) 2: minimum initiating current 3: first peak value of limited current 4: prospective (peak ) short circuit current 5: first peak value of the follow current t r recovery time (between current interruption and return of the FCL to its low impedance state)

11 Load Basic FCL Principle 30 Current (ka) Prospective current Limiter L p Limited current i C R Q L Q R C >> CB Volatge across FCL V C Fault inception R C increases CB opens V 0 v C Resistive type CFCL with inductive shunt -10 time [s]

12 Load Basic FCL Principle 30 Current (ka) Prospective current Limiter R p Limited current i C R Q L Q R C >> CB Volatge across FCL V C Fault inception R C increases CB opens V 0 v C Resistive type CFCL with resitive shunt -10 time [s]

13 Resistive Versus Reactive hunt Current (ka) Inductive shunt ystem parameters I P /I N = 10 I LIM /I P = 0.5 (steady state) X/R = Resistive shunt 15 Resistive shunt Inductive shunt time [s]

14 Representative Waveforms for Developing Parameterization Z X R R L R 20 V I 2 L 2 X 2 X 2 0,05 R (1) (2) (3) f = 60 Hz V I L R X R L 1 pu 1 pu pu pu pu Two current & two voltage traces Time sequence Fault inception at a source voltage zero crossing 2 cycles pre-fault 6 cycles fault 6 cycles pos-tfault Recovery under load: if so, then show the recovery behavior if not. indicate recovery time

15 Representative Waveforms - Examples HT resistive w/ resistive shunt type aturated iron core type 15

16 IEEE WG PC Guide for Fault Current Limiter Testing Design Tests Dielectric tests Power Frequency Voltage Withstand Lightning Impulse Voltage witching Impulse Voltage Chopped-Wave Voltage Impulse Partial Discharge Control Circuit Voltage Withstand Current carrying and functional tests Continuous Current (temp. rise, power loss, v drop) hort-time Withstand Current Harmonic Distortion Current Limiting (initiating, limited, action) Recovery Circuit Breaker Operation

17 Current Limiting Test Circuit 17

18 IEEE WG PC Design Tests Other tests Protective Device Electromagnetic Compatibility Audible ound Vibration Polarity FCL Technology pecific Tests Production (routine) tests Field tests

19 Concluding Remarks Fault Current Limiters (FCL) are emerging mart Grid technologies Where to find more information CIGRE brochure 239 Fault Current Limiters in Electrical Medium and High Voltage ystems CIGRE brochure 339 Guideline on the Impacts of Fault Current Limiting Devices on Protection ystems EPRI Fault Management Guide Book M. Noe and M. teurer, High Temperature uperconductor Fault Current Limiters Concepts, Applications, and Development tatus, upercond. ci. Technol., No 20,