POWER- SWITCHING CONVERTERS Medium and High Power

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1 POWER- SWITCHING CONVERTERS Medium and High Power By Dorin O. Neacsu Taylor &. Francis Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to Medium- and High-Power Switching Converters Market for Medium- and High-Power Converters Adjustable Speed Drives AC/DC Converter Intermediate Circuit DC Capacitor Bank Soft-Charge Circuit DC Reactor Brake Circuit Three-Phase Inverter Protection Circuits Sensors Motor Connection Controller 11.3 Grid Interfaces or Distributed Generation Grid Harmonics Power Factor DC Current Injection Electro-Magnetic Compatibility and Electro- Magnetic Inference Frequency and Voltage Variations Maximum Power Connected at Low-Voltage Grid Multi-Converter Power Electronic Systems Conclusion 17 References 17 Chapter 2 High-Power Semiconductor Devices A View of the Power Semiconductor Market Power MOSFETs Operation Control Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors Operation Control, Gate-Drivers Protection 30

3 2.3.4 Power Loss Estimation Active Gate-Drivers Gate Turn-Off Thyristors Advanced Power Devices Problems 37 References 37 Chapter 3 Basic Three-Phase Inverters High-Power Devices Operated as Simple Switches Inverter Leg with Inductive Load Operation What Is a PWM Algorithm? Basic Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter: Operation and Functions Performance Indices: Definitions and Terms Used in Different Countries Frequency Analysis Modulation Index for Three-Phase Converters Performance Indices Content in Fundamental (z) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Coefficient Harmonic Current Factor (HCF) Current Distortion Factor Direct Calculation of Harmonic Spectrum from Inverter Waveforms Decomposition in Quasi-Rectangular Waveforms Vectorial Method Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverters Preprogrammed PWM for Single-Phase Inverter Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverter Binary-Programmed PWM Modeling a Three-Phase Inverter with Switching Functions Braking Leg in Power Converters for Motor Drives DC Bus Capacitor within an AC/DC/AC Power Converter Conclusion Problems 72 References 73 Chapter 4 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation and Operation Limits Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms: Historical Importance Carrier-Based PWM Algorithms with Improved Reference 77

4 4.3 PWM Used within Volt/Hertz Drives: Choice of Number of Pulses Based on the Desired Current Harmonic Factor Operation in the Low-Frequencies Range (Below Nominal Frequency) High Frequencies (>60 Hz) Implementation of Harmonic Reduction with Carrier PWM Limits of Operation: Minimum Pulse Width Avoiding Pulse Dropping by Harmonic Injection Limits of Operation Deadtime Zero Current Clamping Overmodulation Voltage Gain Linearization Conclusion Problems 109 References 109 Chapter 5 Vectorial Pulse Width Modulation for Basic Three-Phase Inverters Review of Space Vector Theory History and Evolution of the Concept Theory: Vectorial Transforms and Advantages Clarke Transform Park Transform Application to Three-Phase Control Systems Vectorial Analysis of the Three-Phase Inverter Mathematical Derivation of the Current Space Vector Trajectory in the Complex Plane for Six-Step Operation (with Resistive and Resistive-Inductive Loads) Definition of Flux of a (Voltage) Vector and Ideal Flux Trajectory SVM Theory: Derivation of the Time Intervals Associated to the Active and Zero States by Averaging Adaptive SVM: DC Ripple Compensation Link to Vector Control: Different Forms and Expressions of Time Interval Equations in the (d, q) Coordinate System Definition of the Switching Reference Function Definition of the Switching Sequence Continuous Reference Function: Different Methods Direct-Inverse SVM Discontinuous Reference Function for Reduced Switching Loss 138

5 5.8 Comparison between Different Vectorial PWM Loss Performance Comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion/HCF Overmodulation for SVM Volt-per-Hertz Control of PWM Inverters Low-Frequencies Operation Mode High-Frequency Operation Mode Conclusion Problems 150 References 151 Chapter 6 Practical Aspects in Building Three-Phase Power Converters Selection of the Power Devices in a Three-Phase Inverter Motor Drives Load Characteristics Maximum Current Available Maximum Apparent Power Maximum Active (Load) Power Grid Applications Protection Overcurrent Fuses Overtemperature Overvoltage Snubber Circuits Theory Component Selection Undeland Snubber Circuit Regenerative Snubber Circuits for Very Large Power Resonant Snubbers Active Snubbering Gate Driver Faults System Protection Management Reduction of Common-Mode EMI through Inverter Techniques Typical Building Structures of Conventional Inverters Depending on Power Level Packages for Power Semiconductor Devices Converter Packaging Thermal Management Transient Thermal Impedance Conclusion Problems 184 References 185

6 Chapter Implementation of Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms Analog Pulse Width Modulation Controllers. Mixed-Mode Motor Controller ICs Digital Structures with Counters: FPGA Implementation Principle of Digital PWM Controllers Bus Compatible Digital PWM Interfaces FPGA Implementation of Space Vector Modulation Controllers Deadtime Digital Controllers Markets for General-Purpose and Dedicated Digital Processors History of Using Microprocessors/Microcontrollers in Power Converter Control DSPs Used in Power Converter Control Parallel Processing in Multi-Processor Structures Software Implementation in Low-Cost Microcontrollers Software Manipulation of Counter Timing Calculation of Time Interval Constants Microcontrollers with Power Converter Interfaces Motor Control Co-Processors. Using the Event Manager within Texas Instrument's DSPs Event Manager Structure Software Implementation' of Carrier-Based PWM Software Implementation of SVM Hardware Implementation of SVM Deadtime Individual PWM Channels Conclusion References Chapter Practical Aspects of Implementing Closed-Loop Current Control Role and Schematics Current Measurement: Synchronization with Pulse Width Modulation Shunt Resistor Hall-Effect Sensors Current-Sensing Transformer Synchronization with PWM Current Sampling Rate' Oversampling Current Control in (a b c) Coordinates Current Transforms (3->2): Software Calculation of Transforms... Current Control in (d,q) Models: PI Calibration Antiwind-Up Protection: Output Limitation and Range Definition

7 8.8 Conclusion 229 References Chapter 9 Resonant Three-Phase Converters Reducing Switching Losses through Resonance vs. Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Devices Do We Still Get Advantages from Resonant High-Power Converters? Zero Voltage Transition of IGBT Devices Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Voltage Switching Step-Down Conversion Step-Up Power Transfer Bi-Directional Power Transfer Zero Current Transition of IGBT Devices Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Current Switching Step-Down Conversion Step-Up Conversion Possible Topologies of Quasi-Resonant Converters Pole Voltage Resonant DC Bus Special PWM for Three-Phase Resonant Converters Problems 261 References 261 Chapter 10 Component-Minimized Three-Phase Power Converters Solutions for Reduction of Number of Components New Inverter Topologies Direct Converters Generalized Vector Transform Vectorial Analysis of the B4 Inverter Definition of PWM Algorithms for the B4 Inverter Method Method Comparative Results Influence of DC Voltage Variations and Method for Their Compensation Two-Leg Converter Used in Feeding a Two-Phase Induction Machine Conclusion Problems 287 References 287

8 Chapter 11 AC/DC Grid Interface Based on the Three-Phase Voltage Source Converter Particularities, Control Objectives, and Active Power Control PWM in the Control System Single-Switch Applications Six-Switch Converters Closed-Loop Current Control Methods Introduction PI Current Loop Transient Response Times Limitation of the (v d, v q ) Voltages Minimum Time Current Control Cross-Coupling Terms Application of the Whole Available Voltage on the d-axis Switch Table and Hysteresis Control Phase Current Tracking Methods Grid Synchronization Problems 327 References 328 Chapter 12 Parallel and Interleaved Power Converters Comparison between Converters Built of High-Power Devices and Solutions Based on Multiple Parallel Lower-Power Devices Hardware Constraints in Paralleling IGBTs Gate Control Designs for Equal Current Sharing Advantages and Disadvantages of Paralleling Inverter Legs in Respect to Using Parallel Devices Inter-Phase Reactors Control System Converter Control Solutions Current Control Small-Signal Modeling for (d, q) Control in a Parallel Converter System (d, q) versus (d, q, 0) Control Interleaved Operation of Power Converters Circulating Currents Selection of the PWM Algorithm System Controller Conclusion 354

9 12.10 Problems 354 References 355 Index 357

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