Recent Advances in Low SWaP for Position, Navigation and Timing and Frequency Sources for Military Communication Systems

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1 Recent Advances in Low SWaP for Position, Navigation and Timing and Frequency Sources for Military Communication Systems Lisa Perdue, Spectracom

2 Spectracom: Essential Ingenuity Spectracom simplifies the integration of Position, Navigation, and Timing technologies into our customer s systems. Bringing Technology to: Military, Aerospace UAV s Electronic Warfare C4ISR High-End Commercial Apps Datacenters Robotics/Telematics IDM GIS Data Mining 2

3 Mission-Critical Applications Defense & aerospace Communications & global networks Emergency services and security Data centers and financial Digital broadcast High end test & measurement GNSS simulation 100+ Employees in 6 countries High reliability and superior service All sites ISO 9001 Registered 3

4 What is a PNT Modular Sensor? Position Navigation - Time Obtained from a GPS receiver with internal holdover GPS is accurate, but unreliable Aided with Inertial Navigation System Accelerometers and Gyros Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Dead Reckoning nav no outside ref Accuracy Position ~1 meter Nav ~0.1 deg Time ~10 nsec Time and Frequency Server = GPS + Holdover Oscillator EGI = Embedded GPS + INS PNT Module = EGI + Time Server 4

5 Components of Integrated PNT GNSS receiver GPS + GLONASS + Galileo + Beidou Differential RTK SAASM anti-spoofing Anti-jam CRPA antennas IMU Inertial Measurement Unit MEMs revolution; FOG; RLG Various ranges Holdover Oscillator OCXO Oven Controlled Xtal Osc CSAC Chip Scale Atomic Clock Extended Kalman Filter 50+ states optimized for dynamics / accuracy Interfaces LAN, CAN, serial, IRIG, NTP, PTP, 1PPS Power Supply Mil-Std 704; Mil-Std 1275; battery prime power Redundancy 5

6 The Need Separate Payload from Nav System Safety of Flight reliability and certification Adaptability and leading edge technology Payloads -- interchangeable ISR sensors: gimballed cameras, radar, lidar Satellite comm on the move tracking ant Airborne communication relay SIGINT & EW systems Fire control systems Operation in GPS Denied Environments Jamming and interference Holdover interval accuracy maintained: Time -- hours Position -- minutes 6

7 The Technologies GNSS Receivers Chip Scale Atomic Clock Oscillator Disciplining Inertial Measurement Units System on a Chip Smart Antennas 7

8 GNSS Receivers Multi-GNSS Global GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou Regional QZSS, IRNSS 8

9 GNSS Receivers - GPS Security Architectures Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) Required for all newly field DoD GPS systems as of Oct 2006 Precision Positioning Service (P code) Encrypted P(Y) transmitted on L1 and L2 Military GPS User Equipment (MGUE) M-Code, one aspect of GPS modernization US Public Law requires purchasing M-Code compatible GPS user equipment after FY17 Main benefit: spectral separation from civil signals in the GPS L1 and L2 bands 9

10 GNSS Receivers M-Code Source: T. Mills, M-Code benefits and availability, April

11 GNSS Receivers Real-time Kinematic (RTK) 3 techniques to improve accuracy Dual Frequency Differential GPS Carrier Phase Tracking Freq Band Freq Wavelength Expected Accuracy L MHz 19cm 1.9mm L MHz 24cm 2.4mm C/A 1.023MHz 293m 2.93m P 10.23MHz 29.3m 39.3cm 11

12 Chip Scale Atomic Clocks Timebase Performance Frequency variation with aging Phase Noise dbc/hz OCXO 1 CSAC 2 Rubidium 3 One month One year One month One year One month One year 2x10-9 3x10-8 3x x10-9 3x x Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz 10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz 10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz Size 15 x 21 x 9 mm x x mm x x 25.4 mm Weight/Volume 5ccm <35g/<17cc 234g (8.25oz) 700mW Warmup 140mW Warmup 28-35W Warmup Power 150mW Operating 120mW Operating 7-14W Operating Source: Microsemi Long Term Stability: 1. Rubidium 2. CSAC 3. OCXO Phase Noise: 1. OCXO 2. Rudibium 3. CSAC Power: 1. CSAC 2. OCXO 3. Rubidium 1 Magic Xtal MX037 2 Microsemi SA.45s 3 Spectratime SRO

13 Oscillator Disciplining Oscillator is steered using the GPS or GNSS signals GPS is traceable to USNO time standard Compensates for Phase changes Frequency changes Learned effects of aging, and temp 13

14 Inertial Measurement Units Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMs) IMU Improved performance Fiber Optic Gyro High Performance Larger Size, Power Req. IMU Parameter Accelerometer Gyroscope Measurement range ±3 g ±150 /sec MEMS 1 Bias (in-run) stability <0.1mg 3 /hr Random walk 0.04(m/sec)/ hr 0.2 / hr Dynamic range ±10 g ±490 /sec FOG 2 Bias (in-run) stability < 0.05 mg 0.05 /hr Random walk 0.07(m/sec)/ hr <0.012 / hr Source: Seiko Epson Corporation 1 Epson M362 2 KVH

15 Inertial Navigation System GPS Signal strengths, Signal presence & Quality SS Rx Correlators Pseudo ranges Rx Tracking Filter Pseudo ranges Parameters for each satellite (~12 for each constellation) Large Matrix Doppler shifts Accel Gyros IMU Optimal Estimation Sensor Fusion (Kalman) Coordinate Conversions Nav Solution Position Velocity Accel Pitch Roll Yaw 15

16 Operating in a GNSS Denied Environment Normal Operation GNSS+IMU -> Positioning Solution GNSS+Oscillator -> Timing Solution GNSS Denied IMU can continue to provide positioning Useable for seconds to minutes Oscillator can continue to provide accurate timing Useable for hours to days 16

17 System on a Chip ARM9 Main processor Controls network and user interfaces General supervisory functions NIOS softcore #1 Timing function Realtime events NIOS softcore #2 Positioning and Navigation functions Interface to GPS Interface to IMU Interface to other nav sensors 17

18 System on a Chip Advantages Design Multi-processor capability Wide temperature range, rugged environment High reliability Low SWaP Combining three processors and dedicated FPGA circuitry into a single chip. MIL-STD-810D requirements Reduced chip count and interconnects increase reliability High Density Targeted for military, security and other mission critical applications 18

19 Anti-Jam Antennas Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna Multiple Elements Forms null in the direction of the jamming signal Source: GPS World 19

20 Form Factor VITA 75 20

21 New Interface Standard VICTORY The Vehicular Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability The overall VICTORY technical approach includes: A "data bus-centric" design Sharable hardware components Open standard physical and logical interfaces between system and C4ISR/EW components A set of shared data bus services Shared hardware and software IA components 21

22 Selection Criteria SWaP Performance Hardening Cost Figure of Merit => Volume * weight * power lower => better Accuracy position [differential GPS], attitude, time Holdover minutes to hours Variety of Interfaces Shock and vibration Extended temp ranges and altitude IP 65 weatherproofing Anti-Jam and Anti-spoofing SAASM receivers Steerable directional antennas (Controlled Radiation Patterns) Always important 22

23 23 Applications

24 UAV Classes Class Weight Wing Span Cost Tier I 2 kg 1 M <$50K Low precision payloads Less regulated 20 kg ~5 M ~$100K commercial ~100 kg ~10 M <$1M Tier II 1000 kg 15M $1-10Ms Wide range of payload possibilities Tier III >10K kg 40 M $100Ms Traditional aerospace tech RQ-4 Global Hawk RQ-1 Predator RQ-7 Shadow RQ-11 Raven 24

25 Robotics and Payloads Pod mounted payloads Gimballed cameras Big Dog UGVs Not just UAVs but all unmanned vehicles Gimballed Satellite antennas 25

26 Key Applications Military Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance (ISR) payloads : Imagery (radar, EO/FLIR, ) Electronic warfare Laser Designators Fire Control Targeting/tracking Mobile communications Antenna steering (satcom on the move) Mobile C3I (tacnav) Mobile test benches (civil and military) Combat training & simulation pods / payloads Robotics 26

27 Modular PNT Applications Automated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Refueling and Landing High-Dynamic Aircraft Unmanned Air/Ground Vehicle Collision Avoidance and Swarming Dismounted Soldiers Unmanned Surface Vehicles 27

28 Satcom on the Move - SotM Directional Antenna Receiver / Transmitter Antenna steering Vibration Resistant Low Phase Noise, High Stability Frequency Attitude (roll, pitch, yaw) Position 28

29 Airborne Communication Relay Directional Antenna Antenna steering Directional Antenna Antenna steering RX TX Low Phase Noise, High Stability Frequency Attitude (roll, pitch, yaw) Position 29

30 Robotic Fire Control Acoustic Sensor Sonic Gun Shot Sensing Gun Gun Mount Steering Targeting Solution Target coordinates Precise Timing and clock Attitude (roll, pitch, yaw) Position 30

31 Signal Intelligence/Data Collection Sensor Antenna Receiver Antenna steering Ranging Time of Arrival Angle of Arrival Processing Signal Processing Image Georeferencing and Timestamping 1PPS Pulse Per Second Precise Time Stamping Low Phase Noise, High Stability Frequency Attitude (roll, pitch, yaw) Position Video Radar Lidar FLIR SIGINT 31

32 Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery Sensor Waveform Generator Emitter Reference frequency Antenna Receiver Antenna steering Signal Processing System performance depends strongly on combined position, attitude and time accuracy! Image Georeferencing 1PPS Pulse Per Second Time of Day (ToD) Low Phase Noise, High Stability Frequency Attitude (roll, pitch, yaw) Position 32

33 33 Solutions

34 VersaSync: Rugged Time and Frequency Source for Airborne Apps SoC: System on a Chip for compact PNT Uses the latest processor/fpga technology Based on new industry standard VITA 75 Airborne qualified, smallest SWAP Latest network interfaces Latest in miniaturization technology CSAC Chip Scale Atomic Clock Micro-GRAM SAASM Receiver With upgrade path to M-Code 34

35 Geo-PNT: Accurate and Precise Position, Attitude and Time in a Single Box Time & Frequency reference OCXO or CSAC NTP/PTP time server Low-Phase noise frequency Position measurement GPS C/A L1 or SAASM L1/L2 RTK 100Hz 1.5 m standalone 5 cm RTK Geo-PNT Attitude measurement Int. MEMS / ext. FOG IMU Heading acc : 0.3 / 0.05 Low Size, Weight and Power (SWaP) Internal MEMs IMU or external FOG Data recording feature Leading-edge Epoch-by-Epoch processing 35

36 PNT solutions roadmap Versa- PNT Versa- Sync Geo- PNT GeoiNAV Full PNT capability in an newly established product category for which Spectracom has become an industry leader Full timing capability in a rugged, airborne qualified, VITA standard box Basic timing capability added to a nav box to create a new product category; competitive differentiator for Spectracom Entry point for position and attitude, but only a stepping stone for Spectracom; no longer promoted

37 Conclusions Strong need for accurate PNT Sensor in UAS Low SWaP and Cost Separate payload from the airframe navigation system Hardened for both military and professional use Practical with latest the technology MEMs IMUs revolution in performance Powerful processors, FPGAs, memory and SW Advanced receivers and antennas Integrate into a single unit GNSS receiver IMU Oscillator Kalman processing Standardized interfaces Efficient power 37