Satellite Communications

Transcription

1 Satellite Communications Dennis Roddy Fourth Edition McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

2 Preface xi Chapter 1. Overview of Satellite Systems Introduction Frequency Allocations for Satellite Services INTELSAT U.S. Domsats Polar Orbiting Satellites Argos System Cospas-Sarsat Problems Chapter 2. Orbits and Launching Methods Introduction Kepler's First Law Kepler's Second Law Kepler's Third Law Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites Orbital Elements Apogee and Perigee Heights Orbit Perturbations Effects of a nonspherical earth Atmospheric drag Inclined Orbits Calendars Universal time Julian dates Sidereal time The orbital plane The geocentric-equatorial coordinate system Earth station referred to the UK frame The topocentric-horizon coordinate system 62

3 iv The subsatelllte point Predicting satellite position Local Mean SoiarTime and Sun-Synchronous Orbits Standard Time Problems Chapter 3. The Geostationary Orbit Introduction Antenna Look Angles The Polar Mount Antenna Limits of Visibility Near Geostationary Orbits Earth Eclipse of Satellite Sun Transit Outage Launching Orbits Problems Chapter 4. Radio Wave Propagation Introduction Atmospheric Losses Ionospheric Effects Rain Attenuation Other Propagation Impairments Problems and Exercises Chapter 5. Polarization Introduction Antenna Polarization Polarization of Satellite Signals Cross-Polarization Discrimination Ionospheric Depolarization Rain Depolarization Ice Depolarization Problems and Exercises Chapter 6. Antennas Introduction Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas Coordinate System The Radiated Fields Power Flux Density The Isotropic Radiator and Antenna Gain 144

4 6.7 Radiation Pattern 6.8 Beam Solid Angle and Directivity 6.9 Effective Aperture 6.10 The Half-Wave Dipole 6.11 Aperture Antennas 6.12 Horn Antennas Conical horn antennas Pyramidal horn antennas 6.13 The Parabolic Reflector 6.14 The Offset Feed 6.15 Double-Reflector Antennas Cassegrain antenna Gregorian antenna 6.16 Shaped Reflector Systems 6.17 Arrays 6.18 Planar Antennas 6.19 Planar Arrays 6.20 Reflectarrays 6.21 Array Switching 6.22 Problems and Exercises Chapter 7. The Space Segment 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Power Supply 7.3 Attitude Control Spinning satellite stabilization Momentum wheel stabilization 7.4 Station Keeping 7.5 Thermal Control 7.6 TT&C Subsystem 7.7 Transponders The wideband receiver The input demultiplexer The power amplifier 7.8 The Antenna Subsystem 7.9 Morelos and Satmex Anik-Satellites 7.11 Advanced Tiros-N Spacecraft Problems and Exercises Chapter 8. The Earth Segment 8.1 Introduction S 8.2 Receive-Only Home TV Systems The outdoor unit * ; The indoor unit for analog (FM) TV!j ;. 8.3 Master Antenna TV System

5 vi 8.4 Community Antenna TV System Transmit-Receive Earth Stations Problems and Exercises Chapter 9. Analog Signals Introduction The Telephone Channel Single-Sideband Telephony FDM Telephony Color Television Frequency Modulation Limiters Bandwidth FM detector noise and processing gain Signal-to-noise ratio Preemphasls and deemphasis Noise weighting S/N and bandwidth for FDM/FM telephony Signal-to-nolse ratio for TV/FM Problems and Exercises Chapter 10. Digital Signals Introduction Digital Baseband Signals Pulse Code Modulation Time-Division Multiplexing Bandwidth Requirements Digital Carrier Systems Binary phase-shift keying Quadrature phase-shift keying Transmission rate and bandwidth for PSK modulation Bit error rate for PSK modulation Carrier Recovery Circuits Bit Timing Recovery Problems and Exercises Chapter 11. Error Control Coding Introduction Linear Block Codes Cyclic Codes Hamming codes BCH codes Reed-Solomon codes Convolution Codes Interleaving Concatenated Codes

6 vii 11.7 Link Parameters Affected by Coding 11.8 Coding Gain 11.9 Hard Decision and Soft Decision Decoding Shannon Capacity Turbo Codes and LDPC Codes Low density parity check (LDPC) codes Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Problems and Exercises Chapter 12. The Space Link 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power 12.3 Transmission Losses Free-space transmission Feeder losses Antenna misalignment losses Fixed atmospheric and ionospheric losses 12.4 The Link-Power Budget Equation 12.5 System Noise Antenna noise Amplifier noise temperature Amplifiers in cascade Noise factor Noise temperature of absorptive networks Overall system noise temperature 12.6 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 12.7 The Uplink Saturation flux density Input backoff The earth station HPA 12.8 Downlink Output back-off Satellite TWTA output 12.9 Effects of Rain Uplink rain-fade margin Downlink rain-fade margin Combined Uplink and Downlink CIN Ratio Intermodulation Noise Inter-Satellite Links Problems and Exercises Chapter 13. Interference 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Interference between Satellite Circuits (S 1 and B 2 Modes) Downlink Uplink Combined [C/f] due to interference on both uplink and downlink Antenna gain function

7 viii Passband interference Receiver transfer characteristic Specified interference objectives Protection ratio Energy Dispersal Coordination Interference levels Transmission gain Resulting noise-temperature rise Coordination criterion Noise power spectral density Problems and Exercises Chapter 14. Satellite Access Introduction Single Access Preassigned FDMA Demand-Assigned FDMA Spade System Bandwidth-Limited and Power-Limited TWT Amplifier Operation FDMA downlink analysis TDM A Reference burst Preamble and postamble Carrier recovery Network synchronization Unique word detection Traffic data Frame efficiency and channel capacity Preassigned TDMA Demand-assigned TDMA Speech interpolation and prediction Downlink analysis for digital transmission Comparison of uplink power requirements for FDMA and TDMA On-Board Signal Processing for FDMA/TDM Operation Satellite-Switched TDMA Code-Division Multiple Access Direct-sequence spread spectrum The code signal c(t) Acquisition and tracking Spectrum spreading and despreading CDMA throughput Problems and Exercises Chapter 15. Satellites in Networks Introduction Bandwidth Network Basics 492

8 ix 15.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ATM layers ATM networks and interfaces The ATM cell and header ATM switching Permanent and switched virtual circuits ATM bandwidth Quality of service 15.5 ATM over Satellite 15.6 The Internet 15.7 Internet Layers 15.8 The TCP Link 15.9 Satellite Links and TCP Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels Using Standard Mechanisms (RFC-2488) Requests for Comments Split TCP Connections Asymmetric Channels Proposed Systems Problems and Exercises Chapter 16. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Television 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Orbital Spacing 16.3 Power Rating and Number of Transponders 16.4 Frequencies and Polarization 16.5 Transponder Capacity 16.6 Bit Rates for Digital Television 16.7 MPEG Compression Standards 16.8 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 16.9 The Home Receiver Outdoor Unit (ODU) The Home Receiver Indoor Unit (IDU) Downlink Analysis Uplink High Definition Television (HDTV) HDTV displays Video Frequency Bandwidth Problems and Exercises Chapter 17. Satellite Mobile and Specialized Services 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Satellite Mobile Services 17.3 VSATs 17.4 Radarsat 17.5 Global Positioning Satellite System (GPS) 17.6 Orbcomm

9 x 17.7 Iridium Problems and Exercises Appendix A. Answers to Selected Problems 585 Appendix B. Conic Sections 591 Appendix C. NASA Two-Line Orbital Elements 609 Appendix D. Listings of Artificial Satellites 613 Appendix E. Illustrating Third-Order Intermodulation Products 615 Appendix F. Acronyms 617 Appendix G. Logarithmic Units 625 Index 631