Maurice PONTE and Henri GUTTON

Transcription

1 Maurice PONTE and Henri GUTTON Pioneers of early French studies on Resonant Magnetron ( )

2 Maurice PONTE and Henri GUTTON French Pioneers of Resonant Magnetron 1 - The early times of Ultra-High-Frequencies in France 2 Maurice PONTE takes a decisive turn (1932) 3 Henri GUTTON and the M-16 achievement ( ) 4 Early Radar applications 5 A transmitted legacy

3 1 - The early times of Ultra-High-Frequencies in France Général Ferrié

4 1 - The early times of Ultra-High-Frequencies in France 1923 Général Ferrié René Mesny, Pierre David radio link on 1.2 m

5 1 - The early times of Ultra-High-Frequencies in France Général Ferrié René Mesny, Pierre David radio link on 1.2 m Camille Gutton, Emile Pierret 12 cm triode with a modified Barkhausen scheme

6 Anglo-French studies in a joint ITT laboratory 1931 André Clavier A two-way radio link established across the Channel on λ = 18 cm

7 1 - The early times of Ultra-High-Frequencies in France 2 Maurice PONTE takes a decisive turn (1932) 3 Henri GUTTON and the M-16 achievement 4 Early Radar applications 5 A transmitted legacy

8 Maurice PONTE ( ) La Flèche, 1919 Ecole Normale Supérieure (1920) Agrégation (1924)

9 Maurice PONTE ( ) La Flèche, Married with Nelly Andrews (1925) Ecole Normale Supérieure (1920) Agrégation (1924)

10 Maurice PONTE ( ) La Flèche, Married with Nelly Andrews (1925) Ecole Normale Supérieure (1920) Agrégation (1924) Bragg lab (1925)

11 Agrégé-Préparateur à l ENS ( ) Thesis on Electron analysis by X-rays diffraction mechanisms (1930)

12 1929 : E. Girardeau establishes the CSF General Research Laboratory under Maurice Ponte s management E. Girardeau CEO of SFR / CSF

13 1930 Girardeau focuses the lab priority on the development of high-power triodes for his CSF broadcasting transmitters He gives Ponte a free hand to recruit «the best among excellent» young physicians : P. Grivet, Y. Rocard, R. Warnecke, and later H. Gutton 1932 After two years, Ponte turns his main effort on the «race to the Very High Frequencies» He makes a decisive choice for the Magnetron studies

14 Basically, Hull s Magnetron works as an amplifier 1918

15 Basically, Hull s Magnetron works as an amplifier 1918 H

16 First generation of oscillating Magnetrons August Žáčec (1924) λ = 29 cm Erich Habann (1924) λ = 3 m «type A» or Transit Time oscillator «type B» or Negative Resistance oscillator

17 First generation of oscillating Magnetrons First patents in Japan (1927) and USA (1928) Kinjiro Okabe, the «split anode» (1927) λ = 12 cm and later 5,6 cm

18 1932 : 2 objectives of Ponte s program 1 to establish a complete theory of the two oscillating modes, taking into account the space charge phenomena, and resulting in practically available formulas 2 to get magnetron devices out of the laboratory, and usable in field applications

19 λ = 3 m (100 MHz), 40 W 1932 : first two-segments Ponte s Magnetrons

20 λ = 80 cm (375 MHz), 10 W laboratory electromagnet arrangment

21 31 march 1932

22 1 - The early times of Ultra-High-Frequencies in France 2 Maurice PONTE takes a decisive turn 3 Henri GUTTON and the M-16 achievement 4 Early Radar applications 5 A transmitted legacy

23 1932 : H. Gutton succeeds Ponte as SFR Research Laboratory manager Henri GUTTON ( )

24 1932 : H. Gutton succeeds Ponte as SFR Research Laboratory manager Camille et Henri GUTTON Henri GUTTON ( )

25 1932 : Gutton s «multisegments» resonating anode

26 : H. Gutton and S. Berline make repetitive trials with many «interdigited segments» anodes Tube n 8 (1938) 10 W

27 17 april dec 1937

28 The last step 1939 : adoption of a large diameter cathode, oxyde coated and indirectly heated Advantages : better efficiency easier cooling electron retro-emission (back bombardment)

29 The M-16 magnetron series 1937 : 10 W (tungstene filament) may 1939 : 50 W (thoriated tungstene spiral filament) june 39 : 300 W (oxide coated cathode) 1940 : 1 kw

30 1 - The early times of Ultra-High-Frequencies in France 2 Maurice PONTE takes a decisive turn 3 Henri GUTTON and the M-16 achievement 4 Early Radar applications 5 A transmitted legacy

31 1934 : Naval «obstacle detector» a GUTTON s idea, shared and supported by PONTE

32 5th june 1934

33 20 july 1934

34 20th july th febr 1935

35 20th july th april 1934

36 SS Liner Normandie (1935)

37 1st Gutton s prototype UC-16 triode (0,5 W) CW Target discrimination with focused beams Alert by earphone and indicator lamp

38 august 1935

39 Gutton and Moueix New York, sept 1935 parabolic antennas on the Normandie upper desk

40 original Radar equipments on-board the liner Normandie

41 A great media event but a mixed technical result!

42

43 1936 : settling at Le Havre - Sainte Adresse

44 29 jan febr 1938 Pulse transmission patents

45 The new equipment

46 «type A» visualisation

47 March 25th, 1939 SFR s one-day show at Sainte Adresse a chartered train takes a lot of VIP guests from the main departments of the French Navy and Air Force, PTT or Public Works. the equipment has been fitted with a new M-16 (with thorium-coated tungsten filament) giving 50w on 4 µs pulses The demonstration is a complete succes : -For more than three hours the device tracks a tug moving around the Seine Bay in an area between 3 and 10km -The guests can observe for themselves on the display the echoes from all the large and small vessels entering Le Havre, 12 to 15miles away. -However at the debriefing, Girardeau noticed : no Air Force representative seemed to understand the potential of the system, whereas the Naval officer in charge of evaluation concluded definitively that this device was unusable for any Naval application! The centimetric time had not yet come

48 September 1939 : first (but late) military orders - For the Navy : a naval «telemeter» tested at Brest Pointe St Mathieu (dec 1939) «telemeter» trials at Brest St Mathieu (1940) Φ antennas : 1,20 m, Pc = 300 W -For the Army : anti-air gun control prototype (tested at Sannois, entering service on 8 june 1940 destroyed three days later!

49 : first Gun Control decimetric Radar Gun Control Radar at Toulon-St Mandrier (1942) Horns and wave guides Bi-lobing Pc = 500 W

50 : first Gun Control decimetric Radar Gun Control Radar at Toulon-St Mandrier (1942) But. 27 novembre 1942

51 1 - The early times of Ultra-High-Frequencies in France 2 Maurice PONTE takes a decisive turn 3 Henri GUTTON and the M-16 achievement 4 Early Radar applications 5 A transmitted legacy

52 The «Magnetron community» in the early 30s USA : George R. Kilgore (RCA) Ernest G. Linder (RCA) Arthur L. Samuel (Bell Labs) EUROPE: Eric C.S. Megaw (Gec, GB) Klaas Posthumus (Philips, NL) Maurice PONTE (CSF, F) Hans E. Hollmann (Telefunken, Ge) Eric MEGAW ( )

53 : close scientific exchanges (and labs visits) between E.C.S Megaw (GEC) and H. Gutton (CSF) Three main questions : - does the multi-segments anode work under a new oscillating mode? - is it a limit to the segments number? - how to avoid the premature cathode burning?

54 November 1939 After being accepted by Megaw, the multi-segments anode opened the way to the Randall/Boot s multi-cavities solution

55

56 The M-16 magnetron series 1937 : 10 W (tungstene filament) may 1939 : 50 W (thoriated tungstene spiral filament) june 39 : 300 W (oxide coated cathode) 1940 : 1 kw

57

58

59

60 8th may 40 : provisional end of the story These M-16 magnetrons, which had already given pulse powers of the order of 1 kw, were brought to Wembley by Dr. M.Ponte of the CSF and were disclosed to us with the authority of the French Government. This was the starting point of the use of the oxide cathode in pratically all our subsequent pulsed transmitting valves, and as such was a significant contribution to British radar. The date was the 8th of May, 1940 E.G.S MEGAW

61 Sept 39 march 40 16th may 40 E1188 E1189