Yagi-Uda (Beam) Antenna
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1 Yagi-Uda (Beam) Antenna Gary A. Thiele KD8ZWS (Ex W8RBW) Co-author of Antenna Theory & Design John Wiley & Sons, 1981, 1998, 2013
2 Yagi-Uda (Beam) Antennas
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4 Outline Preliminary Remarks Part I Brief history of the Yagi-Uda (Beam) Part II Brief personal notes Part III A few antenna basics Part IV A technical discussion Note: No equations!
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6 Book Facts 3 rd edition currently in print, 3 rd printing pending 3 rd edition to be published in Korean, Portuguese and maybe Chinese Over 1500 equations (but none in this talk!) 822 pages, 16 chapters 3 rd edition pirated on the internet
7 Part I A Brief History Objective: to present some historical facts and early uses of the Yagi-Uda antenna.
8 Part I A Brief History The Yagi-Uda antenna was invented in 1926 in Sendai, Japan by Asst. Prof. Shintaro Uda in colaboration with his mentor Prof. Yagi.
9 Shintaro Uda
10 History cont. Uda initially was tasked to design an oscillator to radiate at 4.4m wavelenth ( ~68 Mhz.) For the antenna he used a resonant loop. Then he placed a parasitic loop nearby and observed more directive radiation.
11 History cont. Subsequently he replaced the loops with metal rods observing that more rods (now know as directors) increased the field intensity in the desired direction. He then undertook a systematic investigation to determine the effect on antenna directivity of changes in length, spacing and geometric arrangement of the parasitic elements. The 8 director 68 MHz Yagi-Uda on the next slide is a result of his investigation.
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13 History cont. Uda and Yagi jointly published the results of their investigation in 1926 in Japan. There followed a series of papers in the Journal of the IEE Japan (in Japanese). U.S. engineers learned of the new antenna at a Tokyo conference in Nov This was followed by a classic IEEE journal publication in the U.S. in May 1927 by Yagi and Uda. Prof. Yagi visited the U.S. in 1928 giving a number of talks about the antenna further publicizing it.
14 History cont. The Yagi-Uda antenna was widely used in WWII radar sets, both by Japan and the Allies. Recall, kilowatts of power then could not be generated at centimeter wavelengths. Hence, the use of the Yagi-Uda at meter wavelengths. When Japan captured Singapore and the British radar sets, they were at first interested in the Yagi-Uda antennas, not realizing they were invented in Japan in 1926!
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17 History cont. What was needed in WWII was a sufficient power source at centimeter wavelengths to enable the development of airborne radar. In 1941 the British developed a cavity magnetron, capable of many kilowatts of power at centimeter wavelengths, and shared it in great secrecy with the U.S. Centimeter wavelength radar was a major contributor to the defeat of the U-boat threat.
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22 History cont. After the war, the Yagi-Uda (Beam antenna) became a Ham favorite and various perturbations were developed for TV reception.
23 Part II Some Personal Notes Objective: To provide some insights into the Japanese culture, and to show the pride the Japanese take in the fact that the Yagi-Uda was invented in their country.
24 Japan 1978 A senior colleague and I are in Japan for an antenna conference in Sendai. We had a number of Japanese friends who had spent one or two years at the Antenna Laboratory at The Ohio State University when I was a graduate student Our friends are treating us to an overnight at the Hitachi Corp. Guest House.
25 Mountains near Tokyo 1978
26 Hitachi Corp. Guest House
27 Pre Dinner Table
28 Dinner Table
29 Saying Goodbye
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31 Shintaro Uda
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35 Historical Recognition The Yagi-Uda antenna was named an IEEE Milestone in 1995.
36 Part III A Few Antenna Basics Objective: To define a few basic terms used in Part IV. Wavelength Electromagnetic Field Radiation Patterns E-Plane and H-Plane Gain
37 Wavelength 0 o 90 o 180 o 360 o 270 o
38 The Electromagnetic Field Received by an Antenna The electric and magnetic fields are at right angles to each other and at right angles to the direction of propagation along the z-axis to the right. E x z Figure: The spatial behavior of the electric (solid) and magnetic (dashed) fields of a linearly (vertical) polarized wave for a fixed instant of time. H y E and H in time phase Time domian picture S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
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40 Radiation Patterns A radiation pattern (antenna pattern) is a graphical representation of the radiation (far-field) properties of an antenna. The radiation fields from a transmitting antenna vary inversely with distance, e.g., 1/r. The variation with observation angles (θ, ), however, depends on the antenna only. The transmit and receive patterns of an antenna are identical by reciprocity. Reciprocity allows the calculation or measurement of an antenna pattern in either the transmit or receive case, whichever is more convenient. S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
41 Pattern Characteristics z First null beamwidth (FNBW) Half-power beamwidth (HPBW) Main lobe Major lobe (unidirectional) 0.5 Minor lobes Side lobe y x Minor Back lobe (in this example) lobes Minor lobes 3-D Picture S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
42 Polar Radiation Patterns cont. (c) Decibel pattern (b) Relative field pattern S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
43 Gain The concept of (maximum) gain: how much does an antenna concentrate radiation in one direction at the expense of other directions (if antenna ohmic losses are included). Note: 1. Gain here does not include losses arising from impedance and polarization mismatches. 2. Manufacturers usually include the impedance mismatch loss in the gain. For a well-matched antenna, this inclusion results in the published gain being slightly reduced. S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
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45 Part IV A Technical Discussion Objective: To show the influence of the reflector and director elements, and their effect on the wave velocity. Also, to explain how the Yagi-Uda radiates.
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47 2 Ways to understand the Yagi-Uda Element Phasing Wave approach
48 Yagi-Uda (Beam) Antennas
49 Spatial Phase Delay (Ordinary Endfire, v=c ) o o o Forward 90 o 0 o -90 o λ/4 λ/4
50 The Wave Approach Wave Launcher Guided Wave Surface Wave Launcher: Reflector and Driven Element Guided Wave Surface: Director Elements
51 How does a Yagi-Uda radiate? When an electromagntic wave encounters a discontinuity, something will happen. In the case of the Yagi-Uda two things happen at the end of the guided wave surface: radiation and reflection. Radiation does not occur along the directors, only at the end where there is a discontinuity. That is, The Yagi-Uda is not a leaky wave antenna.
52 27 element currents
53 Why is there usually only one reflector element?
54 Yagi-Uda Antenna - effect of reflector element Optimum reflector spacing S R (for maximum directivity) is between 0.15 and 0.25 wavelengths as Fig shows. Note that the gain above an isolated dipole is more than 2.5 dbd, whereas if a flat plate were used, instead of a simple wire-like element, the gain would be 3 dbd. Thus, a single wire-like reflector element is almost as effective as a flat plate in enhancing the gain of a dipole! 3 Figure 5-35 Measured gain [21] in dbd of a dipole and reflector element for different spacings S R. 2 1 Reflector S R Driver Spacing S R ( ) of reflector behind driven element S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
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57 Why was a folded dipole used for the driven element in the previous slide?
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59 Answer: The mutual coupling of the driven element with the nearby parasitic elements reduces the feed point impedance, sometimes dramatically. The self impedance of a folded dipole is 4 times the self impedance of straight wire half-wave dipole, which helps to overcome the effects of mutual coupling.
60 Yagi-Uda Antennas - design Reflector Directors 0.42λ Long Yagi 1 Dir, 1 Refl. S 0.2λ 2.2λ Long Yagi 10 Dir, 1 Refl. S 0.2λ 0.8λ Long Yagi 3 Dir, 1 Refl, SD 0.2λ 1.2λ Long Yagi 4 Dir, 1 Refl, SD 0.25λ 3.2λ Long Yagi 15 Dir, 1 Refl, S 0.2λ 4.2λ Long Yagi 13 Dir, 1 Refl, S 0.308λ D D D D Length L Spacing S D 0.40 Diam d D 1 D2 D3... D Figure 5-37 Design curves for Yagi s in Table 5-2. S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
61 Yagi-Uda Antennas - correction for support boom Figure 5-38 Graph showing effect of supporting un-insulated metal boom on the length of Yagi parasitic elements S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
62 Question Why can we electrically connect the metallic parasitic elements to a metallic boom?
63 Half wavelength V (+) Current Voltage (-)
64 TV Channel 12 Yagi Antenna Design A 12-element Yagi for TV channel 12 at Mhz is to be designed using 1-cm-diameter elements insulated from a metallic boom [23]. The boom length is to be 2.2. Table 5-4 indicates that 0.2 spacing is required. The wavelength at Mhz is 1.46 m. Thus, the spacing between all elements is 29.2 cm. To obtain the element lengths, the following four steps are followed: Etc, etc Result for case B : L λ, L λ R D 1 S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
65 Yagi-Uda Antennas - design Reflector 0.42λ Long Yagi 1 Dir, 1 Refl. S 0.2λ 2.2λ Long Yagi 10 Dir, 1 Refl. S 0.2λ D D B case Directors 0.8λ Long Yagi 3 Dir, 1 Refl, SD 0.2λ 1.2λ Long Yagi 4 Dir, 1 Refl, SD 0.25λ 3.2λ Long Yagi 15 Dir, 1 Refl, S 0.2λ D λ Long Yagi 13 Dir, 1 Refl, S 0.308λ D Length L Spacing S D 0.40 Diam d D 1 D2 D3... D Figure 5-37 Design curves for Yagi s in Table 5-2. S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
66 TV Channel 12 Yagi Antenna Design - cont. x y z z (a) E-plane. (b) H-plane. Figure 5-41 Calculated field patterns for Example 5-1. S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
67 Why not use 40 or 50 director elements?
68 Yagi-Uda Antennas - effect of director elements While it is usually not worth while to use more than one refector element, adding director elements does increase the gain of the Yagi antenna. However, the law of diminishing returns does apply as Fig shows. In many cases, if more than about 12 dbi of gain is desired, it is better to consider stacking or arraying Yagi s to achieve additional gain Figure 5-36 Gain of a typical Yagi-Uda antenna versus the total number of elements. The element Spacings S R = S D = The conductor diameters are (From Green [20].) S T U T Z M A N & T H I E L E
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71 An 8-Element Yagi-Uda Antenna Illustrating the Effect of Director Length on Pattern and Bandwidth
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74 Conclusion for the 8 element array At a director length of wavelengths the back lobe is only down 6 db. That is, the front to back ratio is but 6 db, which is unacceptable. Further, at a director length of wavelengths, the wave has been slowed down too much and the pattern has deteriorated. It has deteriorated even more at wavelengths. The sensitivity to director length is indicative of the narrow band characteristic of the Yagi-Uda.
75 Thank You! Questions?
76 The End
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