Sensation, Part 4 Gleitman et al. (2011), Chapter 4
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1 Sensation, Part 4 Gleitman et al. (2011), Chapter 4 Mike D Zmura Department of Cognitive Sciences, UCI Psych 9A / Psy Beh 11A February 20, 2014 T. M. D'Zmura 1
2 From last time T. M. D'Zmura 2
3 Rod Transduction Rhodopsin ( visual purple ) -rod photopigment -absorbs photons -a combination of 1) Retinal (like vitamin A) 2) Opsin (protein coded genetically) -embedded in disc membrance T. M. D'Zmura 3
4 Retinal changes shape when it absorbs a photon of light... C N R 11-cis-retinal T. M. D'Zmura 4
5 C - N -R bond rotation to all-trans retinal T. M. D'Zmura 5
6 Cascade of biochemical events upon photon absorption by a rod results in closing of ion channels and hyperpolarization movie of intracellular biochemical events in rod phototransduction T. M. D'Zmura 6
7 Rod Transduction In the dark: Membrane ion channels are open, causing a relatively depolarized membrane potential. Synaptic transmitter is released. In the light: Change in shape of rhodopsin causes (indirectly) membrane ion channels to close, in turn causing a relatively hyperpolarized membrane potential. Synaptic transmitter is no longer released. T. M. D'Zmura 7
8 Rods in Dark Rods in Light GTP GTP Cyclic GMP Na Ca Cyclic GMP Na Ca GMP GMP channel open high cgmp Neurotransmitter synapse channel closed low cgmp T. M. D'Zmura 8
9 T. M. D'Zmura 9
10 Mapping of the visual field The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receives information from both eyes. The left half of the LGN receives information from the right side of the visual field. The right half of the LGN receives information from the left side of the visual field. Some optic nerve fibers must cross sides for this to occur. Contralateral organization also holds true for neurons in primary visual cortex (area V1). T. M. D'Zmura 10
11 The Retinogeniculate Pathway T. M. D'Zmura 11
12 Visual Processing: Contrast Effects and Spatial Opponency Contrast effects accentuate edges example: Mach bands lateral inhibition an example of how the visual system refines stimulus information by emphasizing various aspects and understating others T. M. D'Zmura 12
13 Simultaneous Contrast T. M. D'Zmura 13
14 Simultaneous Contrast The disk at left is darker than the surrounding white area. By contrast, the disk at left ends up looking even darker. T. M. D'Zmura 14
15 Simultaneous Contrast The disk at right is lighter than the surrounding black area. By contrast, the disk at right ends up looking even lighter. We need neurons that compare photoreceptoral responses from different retinal image locations. T. M. D'Zmura 15
16 light intensity: These are Chevreul Stripes T. M. D'Zmura 16
17 light intensity: This is a Mach Band T. M. D'Zmura 17
18 Spatial Opponency & Lateral Inhibition T. M. D'Zmura 18
19 Spatial Opponency & Lateral Inhibition Photoreceptors Center-surround opponent units T. M. D'Zmura 19
20 Spatial Opponency & Lateral Inhibition Lateral inhibition or Center-surround opponency enhances edges T. M. D'Zmura 20
21 Cat retinal ganglion cell response to a point of light depends on light location in its receptive field. T. M. D'Zmura 21
22 Retinal ganglion cells (and bipolars) have a center-surround receptive field structure Packer, Bensinger & Williams, at cvs.rochester.edu/people /d_williams/ d_williams.h tml A center-surround receptive field structure is spatially opponent. Cells with center-surround receptive fields enhance edges. T. M. D'Zmura 22
23 Edge and bar detectors were found in cat primary visual cortex by Nobel Prize winners Hubel & Wiesel T. M. D'Zmura 23
24 Visual Processing: Color and Color Opponency Visual sensations vary in color, and color sensations can be ordered by hue, brightness, and saturation. Normal human color vision is trichromatic, depending on three cone types. Responses from different cone types are compared to produce opponent color pairs, so accounting for complementary colors, color contrast, and negative afterimages. T. M. D'Zmura 24
25 The visible spectrum Roy G. Biv T. M. D'Zmura 25
26 Light Sources Sunlight and most natural lights comprise light at a large number of wavelengths Spectral Power Distribution of Average Daylight D65 T. M. D'Zmura 26
27 Light Sources Lights with energy at only a single wavelength are called monochromatic A helium-neon laser light (standard red laser) has energy at nm. Green laser pointers provide light at 532 nm. λ = nm from T. M. D'Zmura 27
28 Additive Color Mixture Lights may be combined additively. -three slide projectors displaying on a single screen -color television set (red, green and blue phosphors) -spotlights and other lights at a theater from T. M. D'Zmura 28
29 Subtractive Color Mixture Pigments are combined subtractively; they absorb light. T. M. D'Zmura 29
30 Trichromacy A light with complex spectral properties has a visual effect that we can represent by just three numbers. just three numbers! T. M. D'Zmura 30
31 Trichromacy -Thomas Young -Hermann von Helmholtz Only three distinct lights are needed to reproduce the full gamut of colors. One generally chooses three lights of very high saturation and of differing hue (e.g., red, green and blue lights) as primaries. Hue Saturation or Chroma Brightness or Lightness or Value T. M. D'Zmura 31
32 Trichromacy Generally held to be a consequence of our having (for normal color vision) 3 types of cone, namely L-cones, M- cones, and S-cones, distinguished by their photopigments, which differ in spectral sensitivity. S(λ) M(λ) L(λ) T. M. D'Zmura 32
33 Color Blindness Dichromatic color vision Protanopia lack of L-cones Deuteranopia lack of M-cones Tritanopia lack of S-cones relatively rare Anomalous color vision Protanomaly paucity of L-cones or altered L-cone pigment sensitivity Deuteranomaly paucity of M-cones or altered M-cone pigment sensitivity Tritanomaly paucity of S-cones or altered S-cone pigment sensitivity more common T. M. D'Zmura 33
34 Color Blindness L-cone and M-cone pigments (the opsins) are coded by genes on the X-chromosome. Females (XX) have two X-chromosomes (which differ) and so are unlikely to exhibit problems with L- or M-cones Males (XY) have only one X-chromosome, so that if there is a problem with the opsin genes, that problem will lead to color blindness Inherited L-cone and M-cone abnormalities lead to red-green color blindness This is the most common form of color blindness: 8% of males Inherited S-cone related color vision deficiency is rare. However, there are medical conditions like diabetes which can weaken and kill off S-cones (an acquired color vision deficiency). Inherited color vision deficiency is rare among females. T. M. D'Zmura 34
35 Tests of Color Blindness Ishihara Plates from R. Littlewood There s a neat web exhibit suggesting how things appear to color-blind people at T. M. D'Zmura 35
36 Color Opponency There appear to be four primary hues red, green, yellow and blue Hering Hurvich & Jameson Svaetichin DeValois One never sees a light which looks both red and green or a light which looks both blue and yellow color opponency There appear to be lights with a unique hue appearance unique red appears neither yellowish nor bluish unique green appears neither yellowish nor bluish unique blue appears neither reddish nor greenish unique yellow appears neither reddish nor greenish T. M. D'Zmura 36
37 Color Opponency: Unique Hues 400nm 700nm There appear to be lights with a unique hue appearance unique blue appears neither reddish nor greenish T. M. D'Zmura 37
38 Unique Hues 400nm 700nm There appear to be lights with a unique hue appearance unique blue appears neither reddish nor greenish unique yellow appears neither reddish nor greenish T. M. D'Zmura 38
39 Unique Hues 400nm 700nm There appear to be lights with a unique hue appearance unique blue appears neither reddish nor greenish unique yellow appears neither reddish nor greenish unique green appears neither yellowish nor bluish T. M. D'Zmura 39
40 Unique Hues violet, not red still a bit orange! 400nm 700nm There appear to be lights with a unique hue appearance unique blue appears neither reddish nor greenish unique yellow appears neither reddish nor greenish unique green appears neither yellowish nor bluish unique red appears neither yellowish nor bluish The shortest visible wavelength appears violet when presented as a monochromatic light. The longest visible wavelength appears an orangish red when presented as a monochromatic light. Unique red (neither blue nor yellow) is an extraspectral color T. M. D'Zmura 40
41 Color Opponency Hue Cancellation Experiment Results (Hurvich & Jameson) Sensitivity (a) Wavelength (nm) Hurvich-Jameson color-opponent functions T. M. D'Zmura 41
42 Color Opponency Compare LMS cone responses Red-Green S M L - positive response: red negative response: green zero response: neither red nor green T. M. D'Zmura 42
43 Color Opponency Compare LMS cone responses Red-Green Blue-Yellow S M L S M L - - positive response: blue negative response: yellow zero response: neither blue nor yellow T. M. D'Zmura 43
44 Monkey blue-yellow cell is excited by short-wavelength light and is inhibited by longer-wavelength light T. M. D'Zmura 44
45 Color Opponent and Achromatic Channels Red-Green Blue-Yellow Achromatic (White-Black) S M L S M L S M L - - greater response: brighter lesser response: darker T. M. D'Zmura 45
46 Simultaneous Color Contrast not as strong as with a black-white stimulus T. M. D'Zmura 46
47 Simultaneous Color Contrast blue Chevreul stripes perceived variation in saturation within a stripe such illusions suggest that there are cortical neurons sensitive to color change across space (e.g., color change across an edge) T. M. D'Zmura 47
48 Successive Color Contrast Stare at the black dot on the flag for 30 sec. Then gaze steadily at the dot at right. You are likely to see a negative afterimage. T. M. D'Zmura 48
49 T. M. D'Zmura 49
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