Outline 2/21/2013. The Retina

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1 Outline 2/21/2013 PSYC 120 General Psychology Spring 2013 Lecture 9: Sensation and Perception 2 Dr. Bart Moore bamoore@napavalley.edu Office hours Tuesdays 11:00-1:00 How we sense and perceive the world Sensory adaptation The visual system Please see me after class: Ryan Rodrigo Franco Sanchez Tomorie Sangster- Donald James Szekely Jacqueline Tabrani Kimberly Thompson Review: Anatomy of the Eye The Retina Neural Message Photoreceptors Transduction Light Photoreceptors ganglion cell Ganglion cell axons = Optic nerve Blind spot 1

2 Fovea Area of the retina with sharpest vision Practice question: Rods or Cones? Photoreceptors Rods Cones Photoreceptors: Rods Practice Question: Rods or Cones? Light sensitive Dim light vision No color Periphery of retina Dark adaptation 30 minutes to complete 2

3 Photoreceptors: Cones Rods or Cones? Color sensitive Need bright light Fine detail vision Fovea Stare at the dot Now what do you see? 3

4 Option 2: Opponent Process Theory Photoreceptors connect to ganglion cells in opposing pairs Black-White Red-Green Blue-Yellow Overstimulation = tired Then look at white (all colors) All non-tired cone types respond So you see the opposite colored afterimage Ganglion Cell ZZZ What happened Green Red to Green? Both theories are right! Trichromatic Theory Color vision at photoreceptor level Opponent Process Theory Color vision at ganglion cell level Adaptation Sensation requires changing input Adaptation occurs to constant input Cease to sense constant input ignore stable aspects of the environment pay attention to changes in our environment Spiral Aftereffect Adaptation to motion Look at the center of the screen Ex. Smell, movie theater 4

5 So, what is happening? What did you see? Adaptation to motion In the retina or in the cortex??? Explanation - aftereffects Motion-specific detectors Stimulate one type Fatigue Remove Stimulus Less fatigued cells fire motion in the opposite direction 5

6 Sensation and Perception Review Sensation Transduction: Outside stimuli to neuronal impulses. Transmission of information to the brain. Perception The organization and interpretation of sensory signals Use our knowledge and experiences to interpret sensations. Visual Pathway Crossing over Optic Chiasm Thalamus Primary visual cortex Retinotopic organization (like the homunculus) Feature Detectors Dots (Retina) Lines Motion 6

7 Parallel Processing Dorsal Stream Where Object location Ventral Stream What Object recognition Gestalt Laws of Organization Perceptual grouping rules Simple rules to organize outside world Proximity Similarity Continuity Figure-Ground Whole > Sum of the parts Binding Gestalt Laws of Organization Gestalt Laws of Organization Proximity Similarity Rows Columns Some similarities stand out more than others 7

8 Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization Figure-Ground organization Continuity Depth Perception Binocular Depth Cues Binocular Cues Require 2 eyes Monocular Cues Only 1 eye required Pictorial cues Binocular disparity 2 retinas = 2 different views of the world Brain uses 2 views to judge depth 65 millimeters 8

9 How do 3-D movies work? By recreating binocular disparity Monocular Depth Perception Quiz Binocular Depth Cues Convergence Monocular Depth Quiz What is farthest? Ready GO! Height in image 9

10 Monocular Depth Quiz Monocular Depth Quiz Illusion: Ames Room Which truck is closer? Illusion: Object Size Which line is closer to you? Line 1? Or line 2? Relative Size Linear Perspective Monocular Depth Quiz Monocular Depth Quiz Illusion: Solid Necker Cube Which crayon is closer? This red one? Illusion: Floating Disc Which flowers are closest? By the trees? Or this pink one? Or down here? Overlap Texture Gradient 10

11 How many depth cues can you identify? Perceptual Constancy Which person is bigger? Our eye: Retinal image shrinks as object moves away Our brain: Objects are not shrinking Size Constancy Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Constancy Color Constancy Shape Constancy Example: index.html 11

12 Bottom line? Perception sensation Perceptual illusions are caused by the application of rules that are normally accurate and adaptive 12

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