25 Things To Know. Vision
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1 25 Things To Know Vision
2 Magnetism Electromagnetic Energy Electricity
3 Magnetism Electromagnetic Energy Electricity
4 Light Frequency Amplitude
5 Light Frequency How often it comes Wave length Peak to peak Long length is slow Color
6 Light Fast Slow
7 LIGHT
8 Light Amplitude How tall wave Intensity Brightness
9 Absorb & Reflect Light sources: sun, light bulb, candle, moon
10 Absorb & Reflect Reflection based on: Relative distance Object color & smoothness
11 Absorb & Reflect Perceived color is reflected Everything but purple absorbed
12 EYE Transducer of light into neural signal
13 EYE Transducer of light into neural signal process: transduction action: transducing object: transducer
14 Human Eye Sclera Greek for hard 1 mm thick Fibrous strands in parallel like fiber strapping tape
15 Human Eye Sclera White of the eye Covers entire ball Not cornea & optic nerve exit Fibers resist internal pressure twice the atmosphere
16 Human Eye Held-moved by 6 tiny muscles Nystagmus = can t hold eyes still
17 Human Eye Strabismus (strabismic amblyopia) Lazy Eye or Amblyopia Eyes don t point same direction Two don t help perceive depth
18 Human Eye Strabismus Treatment Patch over active eye Play action video games
19 Human Eye Bulges out from sclera Smooth, neatly organized Cornea
20 Human Eye Transparent (no blood vessels) Very sensitive to touch (close lid) Cornea
21 Human Eye Nourished by tears (on outside) aqueous humor (on inside) Aqueous humor Cornea
22 Human Eye 2/3 of focus of eye Dome-shaped Aqueous humor Cornea
23 Human Eye Irregularity of surface Aqueous humor Astigmatism = blurry lines Inherited condition Cornea
24 Human Eye Cornea Astigmatism Symptoms squinting & blurred vision headaches, eye strain
25 Astigmatism Cornea warping Blurred vision for lines in one direction Treatment Glasses before age 3-4 years
26 Aqueous Humor Spongy tissue Keeps eye inflated Removes waste
27 Aqueous Humor Mostly water Also an antioxidant Protects from UV rays Provides oxygen, nourishment to cornea & lens
28 Aqueous Humor Continuously refreshed In from ciliary body Drained into Schlemm s canal
29 Aqueous Humor Glaucoma Blockage of aqueous humor Damage to iris Blindness
30 Human Eye Pupil & Iris Aqueous humor Pupil Cornea Iris
31 Human Eye Iris 2 layers Outer layer of pigment Color part of eye Can be translucent (albinos) Inner layer of blood vessels
32 Human Eye Pupil of the Iris Hole in middle of iris 2 sets of muscles circular = close pupil radial = open pupil
33 Human Eye Pupil of the Iris Varies in size (4:1 ratio) Allows 16: 1 ratio of light actual ratio changes with age in dim light, 80 yr old has half as wide opening as 20 yr old
34 Human Eye Pupil of the Iris Advantages of small opening = depth of field
35 Human Eye Aqueous humor Pupil Cornea Iris Lens
36 Human Eye Lens held in place by strings (zonules) suspended
37 Human Eye Lens Crystalline (bean shaped) diameter & thick of large aspirin Has no blood vessels Mostly water & protein
38 Human Eye Lens 3 parts elastic covering changes shape of lens controls flow of aqueous humor
39 Human Eye Lens 3 parts elastic covering epithelial Toward edge of lens synthesizes proteins
40 Human Eye Lens 3 parts elastic covering epithelial lens
41 Human Eye Lens Never stops growing Adds fibers to edge center becomes thin some center fibers there at birth
42 Human Eye Lens Never stops growing As ages more dense & hard (sclerosis) less transparent (cataract)
43 Human Eye Lens Can be irregularly shaped Can cause astigmatism, but not common
44 Cataracts Born with cloudy lens If surgically repaired at 2-6 months old eventually nearly normal vision
45 Cataracts Born with cloudy lens Early cataract in left eye limits visual info to right hem. face recognition
46 Human Eye Aqueous humor Retina Pupil Vitreous humor Cornea Iris Lens
47 Human Eye Vitreous Humor Jelly-like, like raw egg whites Not continuously renewed Floaters
48 Human Eye Vitreous Humor More liquid with age Can become detached posterior vitreous detachmentor (PVD)
49 Human Eye Retinal Circulatory System 1 of 2 blood supplies retinal circulatory system in front of the retina leaves shadows on retina; brain ignores steady state information
50 Human Eye Retinal Circulatory System Supplies nourishment to nonreceptor structures (ganglion, horizontal cells, etc.)
51 Retina
52 inner limiting membrane Vitreous humor & retina formed by astrocytes Feet of Müller cells
53 inner limiting membrane Müller cells (glial) support cells for retina act as light collectors Like a fiber optic plate Funnels light to rods & cones
54 Macula Depression in retina Unobstructed Near center Off to side Optic nerve Blood vessels
55 Macula Degeneration has two causes: Dry (nonexudative) Cellular debris (drusen) Yellow deposits Grow between retina & choroid
56 Macular Degeneration Drusen deposits grow Macula Choroid (blood system)
57 Macula Degeneration has two causes: Dry (nonexudative) Retina becomes detached Severity depends on size and # of drusen
58 Macula Degeneration has two causes: Wet (exudative) Choroid blood vessels grow Retina becomes detached
59 Macular Degeneration Blood vessels Macula Choroid (blood system)
60 Macular Degeneration Wet (exudative) More severe Retina detached Treatments Laser coagulation and meds
61 Macular Degeneration Older adults (major cause of blindness) Loss of vision in center Can t read or recognize faces Lose most detail of images
62 Macula Fovea is in center of macula Fine details Sharp images
63 Macula Fovea Retina Choroid (blood system)
64 Fovea Fovea centralis In center of macula Most cones are here No S-cones
65 Fovea Fovea = L & M cones; v. sharp Parafovea = S & rods; sharpish Periforvea Outer region Poor acuity Mostly rods
66 Retina Light Net of layers Ganglion cells = to brain Amacrine cells = interneurons Bipolar cells = receptor output Horizontal cells = sharp edges Rod & cones Processing
67 Rods & Cones Two separate system Work together & separately Scotopic system (rods) Photopic system (cones)
68 RODS Outside rods narrow and cylindrical in shape filled with rod disks
69 RODS Rod disks 900 free-floating lamellae Floating in cytoplasm Contain visual purple (rhodopsin) Like ink in laser printer Can t process purple light
70 Rod spherule Inner segment (w mitochondria) Nucleus Cilium (connector) Lamellae (purple disks)
71 RODS Inside rods: cell nucleus fiber ending in a single end-bulb (a rod spherule)
72 RODS Polarization Normal neuron -70mV resting potential depolarises to +40mV.
73 RODS Polarization Rods resting potential is -30mV Hit by light Hyperpolarizes to -60mV
74 RODS Connect to bipolar cells Many rods to one ganglion Spatial summation
75 Rods & Cones Rods are peripheral Night vision (10k more sens.) Target detection Fast processing Low quality images Intensity & shades of gray Sensitive to lots of wavelengths
76 Rods & Cones Cones are centralized Day vision Target identification Slow processing High quality images Color Sensitive to specific wavelengths
77 Cones Structure Shorter, broader, and more tapered than rods Have no visual purple
78 Rod spherule (round ball) Inner segment (w mitochondria) Nucleus Cilium (connector) Lamellae (separate disks)
79 Cone pedicule (flattened oval) Inner segment (w mitochondria) Nucleus Cilium (connector) Folded lamellae (not disks)
80 Cones Contains 1 of 3 photopigments Long Medium Short
81 1 to 1 1 cone to 1 bipolar cell 1 bipolar to 1 ganglion cell 1 ganglion cell chain to brain Midget ganglions Each cone has corresponding spot in visual cortex
82 1 to 1 Midget Ganglion Cells Small Each cone has one Each fovea cone Direct line to brain Exact location of point of light
83 Retina Light Net of layers Ganglion cells = to brain Amacrine cells = interneurons Bipolar cells = receptor output Horizontal cells = sharp edges Rod & cones Processing
84 Wiring 1 st route is direct to bipolar cell 2nd route is to horizontal cell horizontal then goes to bipolar
85 Wiring Retina 120 million rods (20:1) 6 million cones Need pattern recognition cells Lateral inhibition
86 Lateral inhibition Horizontal cells inhibit neighbor Inhibit bipolar cells Activate 1 cone, tells next to stop Give very sharp lines & edges
87 Retina Light Net of layers Ganglion cells = to brain Amacrine cells = interneurons Bipolar cells = receptor output Horizontal cells = sharp edges Rod & cones Processing
88 Retina Bipolar cells
89 Retina Light Net of layers Ganglion cells = to brain Amacrine cells = interneurons Bipolar cells = receptor output Horizontal cells = sharp edges Rod & cones Processing
90 Retina Amacrine cells Get info from bipolars Sent into to Bipolars Other amacrines Ganglions
91 Retina Light Net of layers Ganglion cells = to brain Amacrine cells = interneurons Bipolar cells = receptor output Horizontal cells = sharp edges Rod & cones Processing
92 Retina Ganglion cells Form the optic nerve (optic tract) Leave eye through blind spot
93 Receptor output Receptors signal bipolar cells Neurons close to center of eye Bipolars signal ganglion cells Even closer to center of eye Ganglion axons join together loop around, then out to brain
94 Color Is Important
95 Color Is Important
96 Biological Psych.com
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