The Human Brain and Senses: Memory

Transcription

1 The Human Brain and Senses: Memory Methods of Learning Learning - There are several types of memory, and each is processed in a different part of the brain. Remembering Mirror Writing Today we will be. We will practice learning a new skill

2 Memory Retention Effective ways of memory retention learning Emotional You remember things that make you feel a strong emotion. Sensory We use multiple senses when learning When you combine multiple senses, you tend to learn better Questioning Leading Questions: You assume in a logical way, but it may not be true. You are creating a fictional scenario.

3 Memory Strategies Senses (the more you combine, the better your remember) Verbal Sight Touch

4 Memory Strategies Association Example When remembering a name, associate it to something. Like Ms. Wedige, sort of reminds you of wedgie. This word is funny, and you remember funny things. Mnemonic (nee MON ic) Principal vs. Principle Principal is your pal like the person principal. In order for this to work, it must be something that you are already familiar with.

5 The Human Brain and Senses: Lenses History of Lenses

6 How Eyes Operate Eyes collect light from the environment and focus that light on a light-sensitive structure inside the eye. In order for any object to be visible, it must either produce light or reflect it. Radiant light - - _ Reflected light - - _ Transmitted light - - Refraction - - When it changes composition, it bends at the point of contact called.

7 Every medium has an that tells the degree that light will bend

8 Lens

9 Focus

10 Focal Length

11 Real Image Diverging (concave) lens is thinner in the middle, the lens curves in. As the light rays pass through, they diverge (spread out), the rays do not meet like the convex lens. Below shows an image of the optical bench applet with beams (many parallel light rays) passing through the concave lens.

12 Inside of the Eye - After the image focuses on the retina, it travels to the brain where it can be interpreted as an image that is in its correct orientation. -

13 Projected Image If light passing through a convex lens is bent or refracted so that a real image forms on a surface, it is a projected image. The only ray that is not refracted is the one that enters the center of the lens absolutely perpendicular to the plane of the lens.

14 Parts of the Retina Two Lenses The eye has The in the eye itself is the most obvious but not as important as the. The in the eye make slight adjustments in focus as you look at something The and the act as the main lens for focusing and image for eyes that function in the air. The cornea bends light more than the lens because the difference between the of the cornea and that of the air is than the difference between the index of refraction of the lens and that of the fluid that surrounds it in the eye. Ex.) opening eyes under water with no mask, then with a diver s mask.

15 Muscles Adjustments in focus is called This is controlled by delicate muscles called ciliary muscles. As we age, the continue to pull on the lens, but no longer to create a focused image of an object that is close to the eye. Blind spots are not easily detected because both eyes work together and compensate for blind spots.

16 Glasses and Contacts can be corrected with glasses or contacts The lenses in glasses and contacts work with the lens in the eye to change the of the lens system..

17 Overstimulation of Photoreceptors Capturing Images Using what they knew about how the eye works, scientists were able to capture images using a dark box and light-sensitive paper. The, the the reaction on the paper. Cameras and the Eye

18 If you replace with light sensitive, you have an eye. The screen in a camera is like the retina in the eye...

19 The Human Brain and Senses: The Retina The Retina Nerves

20 Photoreceptors There are two types of photoreceptors. Cones Respond to bright light Three types of cones- each respond to a different color (red, green, and blue) Rods Sensitive to dim light and not sensitive to bright light.

21 Parts of the Retina Macula- Cone cells are concentrated here Optic disk- Therefore, it is the blind spot in the vision of each eye. Blood Vessels in the Eye

22 Blood vessels- nourish the living tissue in the retina Fovea- A small depression in the center of the macula that contains only cone cells. The fovea is the area of the retina that has the most sensitivity to color and detail. The fovea is where an image when you look directly at the object.

23 Field of Vision What you can see with is your field of vision. Typically, this is 180 degrees from side to side. You cannot see as much up and down because of the eyebrow ridge and cheekbones--- they reduce the vertical field of vision. Fine detail such as that required for reading, can be seen is a narrow field of vision of about 10 o

24 Blind Spots Blind spots are not easily detected because both eyes work together and compensate for blind spots.

25 Peripheral Vision.

26 Overstimulation of Photoreceptors...

27 The Human Brain and Senses: The Eye The Eye _ Step 1 - Cornea- Step 2 Light enters the eye through the pupil of the iris. Pupil. Iris A pupil. The, the bigger your pupil. The more light there is Step 3. Lens

28 Step 4 Vitreous Humor Retina Step 5 Optic Nerve Human vs. Cow Eyes Human Eyes Cow Eyes Tapetum This usually reflects light better making their eyes more shiny when light is flashed on them, like a cat eye.

29 The Human Brain and Senses: Brain Perception What we perceive is limited by the range of that our sensory organs can gather and transform into information that travels to the brain. How we see things is determined The accuracy of our perception is not a function of our knowledge of the world, For example when we see a curved surface combined with shadows and light, if the lighter part of the curve is on the top, we assume.

30 Depth Perception We perceive depth because of the following factors: Two eyes or _ Separation of the eyes is about 7cm. This allows the line of sight to an object to be slightly different for each eye. The brain takes the images that come in from Both eyes converge As an object gets closer, The brain takes information about the of each eye to calculate how far away the object is.

31 Motion Perception The brain receives a sequence of and blends them together (i.e. movies and television). Movies are nothing more than a series of still pictures being shown with slight movement one after the other. Like a flip book. Catching a Flick is used for going to the movies because in the in the early 1900 s, movies could not move the still shots quick enough making it flicker. Persistence of Vision - In order for this to be realistic though, the image can only move so far during each frame. are all taken in the eyes differently but then combined together in the mind making us see. Perspective Illusion

32 Ambiguous Figures Illusory Figures Recognition Two processes are involved in recognizing something

33 Our Amazing Brains One of the most complex abilities our brain has is Our brain processes information about the features and patterns of a particular face so that we can recognize a person, even when we see them from another angle. We gain this ability as Misconceptions Ambiguous Figures Unstable Figures

34 Figure-Ground Illusions Illusory Figure Visual Aftereffects Impossible Figure Shape, Size and Length Distortion

35 Perceptual Set If we are thinking about letters, If we are thinking about numbers we see Word Perceptions Orientation Illusion From the Eyes to the Brain Once the optical system projects an image on the retina, a series of interactions begins. The (cones and rods) transform the (light energy) into. These messages are transmitted through (nerve cells). The neurons converge at the where the (a thick bundle of nerves) is connected to the eye.

36 Both extend into the skull and join at a point called the The continue to the begin in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) The images end up in the back of the brain at the Images from both eyes are processed together to form.

37 Parts of the Brain Cerebrum: _ Left and Right These two halves :behind the forehead. :Along the side in from the ear. : In the back. : On the top Cerebellum: Brain stem:

38 Looking into the Brain Looking at a living brain without opening the skull is done through a. Types of scans: Computerized axial tomography (CAT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- Electroencephalography ( )- measures electric activity in the brain by attaching electrodes to a patient s head. Positron emission tomography ( Low-dose radioactive isotope is detected by injecting a substance into the patient. This substance is detected in the brain by the scanner.