Chapter Human Vision
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1 Chapter Human Vision
2 How Light Enters the Eye Light enters the eye through the pupil. The pupil appears dark because light passes through it without reflecting back Pupil Iris = Coloured circle of muscle that surrounds pupil Cornea = transparent tissue that covers iris and pupil Iris
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4 Video SfFHM
5 How Light Enters the Eye Surrounding the cornea is an opaque tissue called the sclera. We see this as the white region surrounding the iris. sclera
6 How Light Enters the Eye Behind the pupil is a flexible convex lens. Lens Retina The light rays pass through the lens and are focused on a screen at the back of the eye called the retina.
7 How Light Enters the Eye There are special cells in the retina Some are light-sensitive and detect the image Some convert light rays into electrical signals that are sent to the brain Electrical signals travel to the brain through the optic nerve.
8 Keeping Shape! There is fluid between the lens and the cornea that Supports the lens and cornea Provides nutrients to the cornea Aqueous Humor There is fluid behind the lens as well that gives shape to the eye and supports the lens. Vitreous Humor Vitreous humor
9 Focusing Light Light rays begin to be focused when they enter the cornea. Cornea does most of the focusing The lens does the rest of it (can finetune our focus by changing shape)
10 How the lens changes shape The muscles in our eye can contract which takes tension off the lens (the lens can expand and become thicker). A thicker lens can focus on near objects. When these muscles relax, there is more tension on the lens and it becomes thinner. Then we can focus on distant objects.
11 Near Thick lens Thin lens Far
12 The cornea is the ONLY tissue in the human body with NO blood vessels! Shark corneas have been used in eye surgery because they are similar to humans! Sailors once thought that wearing a gold earring would improve their eyesight.
13 Forming An Image Light rays from the bottom of an object enter eye and come together at the top of retina. Rays from the top of an object enter eye and come together at the bottom of the retina The image formed by the lens is inverted but your brain interprets the image as upright!
14 Blind Spot Your eye has a blind spot! This is the area where the optic nerve enters the retina (there are no lightsensing cells) Try the activity (Figure 6.5) on page 205 of your text book!
15 Vision Black & White and Colour There are cells in the retina that are specialized to detect Low levels of light Bright light These cells come in 2 basic shapes Rod cells Cone cells
16 ROD CELLS ROD CELLS Absorb almost any colour of light Absorb green very well Our brain uses the signals from rod cells to determine shades (light and dark) NOT colour (surprisingly!) This is called our black and white vision system
17 CONE CELLS CONE CELLS Allow us to detect colour We have 3 kinds of cone cells that each have a slightly different kind of pigment Recall: red, green and blue are all we need to see all the colours! CONES
18 3 Cone Cells
19 TYPES OF VISION There are THREE types of vision: (1) Normal Vision (2) Near Sighted Vision (3) Far Sighted Vision
20 You can see things that are close. Things that are distant are BLURRY. Corrected with CONCAVE lens.
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22 You can see things that are far away. Things that are close are BLURRY. Corrected with CONVEX lens.
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25 Blindness Blindness can range from having a limited amount of vision (perceive some light) to not being able to detect any light at all. Blindness in developing countries can result from disease or malnutrition.
26 Types of blindness There are other types of blindness Snow blindness (caused by overexposure to UV light) Common in snow and ice as they reflect more UV light. There is also more UV as you climb to higher elevations. Your eyes become sunburned
27 Types of blindness Night blindness (rod cells lose the ability to respond to light) This occurs with a lack of Vitamin A in the diet. It is when you cannot see in low lights and your eyes cannot adjust to darkness.
28 Types of blindness Colour blindness (ability to see only in shades of grey 1 in 40,000 people) Occurs when a cone is missing or is defective
29 Types of blindness - Colour vision deficiency inability to see some colours caused by a deficiency of some cone cells Red/Green colour blindness is most common (99%). Some people have Blue/Yellow colour blindness, but it is rare (no test available).
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