HISTORY, ORIGINS, RECOVERY: MICHELANGELO AND THE POLITICS OF ART

Transcription

1 HISTORY,ORIGINS,RECOVERY: MICHELANGELOANDTHEPOLITICSOFART Proefschrift terverkrijgingvan degraadvandoctoraandeuniversiteitleiden opgezagvanderectormagnificusprof.mr.p.f.vanderheijden, volgensbesluitvanhetcollegevoorpromoties teverdedigenopdonderdag12juni2008 klokke10.00uur door JoostPieterKeizer GeborenteWinschoten op15december1978

2 Promotiecommissie: Promotores: Prof.dr.R.L.Falkenburg Prof.dr.H.Th.vanVeen(RijksuniversiteitGroningen) Referent: Dr.E.Grasman Overigeleden: Prof.S.J.Campbell(JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,VS) Mwprof.dr.C.A.vanEck Prof.dr.B.Kempers(UniversiteitvanAmsterdam) Prof.dr.G.J.vanderSman(UniversiteitLeiden ennederlandsinteruniversitairkunsthistorisch InstituutinFlorence)

3 Voor Eva & Chris(I.M.)

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5 CONTENTS ListofIllustrations vii Acknowledgements xv Introduction: THEPOLITICSOFART 1 Chapter1: HISTORY 23 BrokenHistory 23 TheMaterialofMemory 37 TheAntiquityofSculpture 58 ComparisonandContrast 73 APoliticalIcon 83 Chapter2: ORIGINS 87 MarksofInvention 87 NewDavid 94 What sinaname? 105 TheAbsentHand 113 GiftsofLiberty 116 v

6 Chapter3: RECOVERY 135 TheTimeofPainting 135 TheTimeoftheWorld 143 TheGaze 158 NottheThingsofThisWorld 163 ANewVision 174 TheRestorationofPainting 181 Michelangelo sparergon,or:the CultureofExcess 187 Doni spossession 193 PostscripttoaCertainEnd 206 Chapter4: AMODELFORHISTORY 211 TheSubjectofHistory 216 Art sfuturehistory 227 DrawingasEnd 234 NotHistoryProper,ButaTheory ofhistory 239 TheSubjectofArt 244 ThePoliticsofEducation 252 Coda 257 AbbreviationsandBibliographyofFrequently CitedSources 267 NederlandseSamenvatting 283 CurriculumVitae 295 Illustrations 297 vi

7 LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS 1 Domenico Ghirlandaio, Birth of the Virgin. Fresco. Florence, TornabuoniChapel,SantaMariaNovella. 2 Michelangelo,David.Marble.Florence,Galleriadell Accademia. 3 DetailFig.2 4 Michelangelo, Study for the Right arm of the David and Copy after Donatello sbronzedavid.drawing.paris,louvre. 5 SantaMariadelFiore,Florence. 6 BertoldodiGiovanni,PazziConspiracyMedal.Bronze.London,British Museum. 7 Domenico Ghirlandaio, David. Fresco. Florence, Sassetti Chapel, SantaTrinità. 8 Donatello,David.Bronze.Florence,MuseoNazionaledelBargello. 9 Bartolomeo Bellano, David. Bronze. New York, Metropolitan MuseumofArt. 10 Donatello,David.Marble.Florence,MuseoNazionaledelBargello. 11 Verrocchio,David.Bronze.Florence,MuseoNazionaledelBargello. 12 DetailFig.8 13 Spinario.Bronze.Rome,PalazzodeiConservatori. 14 DetailofFig.8 15 Michellozzo(?),FallofIcarus.Stuccorelief.Florence,PalazzoMedici. vii

8 16 Benedetto da Maiano, Commemorative Portrait of Giotto. Marble. Florence,SantaMariadelFiore. 17 Donatello,Judith.Bronze.Florence,PalazzoVecchio. 18 Donatello,Jeremiah.Marble.Florence,Museodell OperadelDuomo. 19 Donatello,Habakkuk.Marble.Florence,Museodell OperadelDuomo. 20 DetailFig.2 21 DetailFig.8 22 Donatello,ChristbeforePilatus(detail).Bronze.Florence,SanLorenzo. 23 Filippino Lippi (?), Story of Lucrezia. Panel. Boston, Isabella Stewart GardnerMuseum. 24 FilippinoLippi,SaintPhilipbeforetheAltarofMars.Fresco.Florence, StrozziChapel,SantaMariaNovella. 25 Michelangelo, Bacchus. Marble. Florence, Museo Nazionale del Bargello. 26 Maarten van Heemskerck, The Gallo Sculpture Garden. Drawing. Berlin,StaatlicheMuseen. 27 NudewithGenitalsErased.Illumination.London,BritishLibrary(The OscottPsalter). 28 The Abominations Witnessed by Ezekiel and their Interpretations. Illumination.Paris,BibliothèqueNationale(BibleMoralisée). 29 AttributedtoFrancescoGranacci,PortraitofaMan(detail).London, NationalGallery. 30 Bellini, Transfiguration. Panel. Naples, Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte. 31 DetailFig.17 viii

9 32 Michelangelo,Pietà(detail).Marble.Vatican,SaintPeter s. 33 Michelangelo,StudiesforanApostleStatue.Drawing.London,British Museum. 34 Giorgione, Selfportrait as David. Panel. Braunschweich, Herzog AntonUlrichMuseum. 35 Michelangelo, Saint Matthew. Marble. Florence, Galleria dell Accademia. 36 Ciuffagni, Saint Matthew. Marble. Florence, Museo Nazionale del Bargello. 37 Donatello, Saint Matthew. Stucco relief. Florence, Old Sacristy, San Lorenzo. 38 Ghirlandaio, Saint Matthew. Florence, Tornabuoni Chapel, Santa MariaNovella. 39 Michelangelo,Ignudo.Fresco.Vatican,SistineChapel. 40 Laocoön.Marble.Vatican,VaticanMuseums. 41 Vincenzode Rossi,SaintMatthew.Marble.Florence,SantaMariadel Fiore. 42 Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio, Saints Peter and Paul. Panel. Florence, GalleriaPalatina. 43 Fra Bartolommeo, Saint Anne, the Virgin and Saints. Panel. Florence, MuseodiSanMarco. 44 Andrea Sansovino, Baptism of Christ. Marble. Florence, Museo dell OperadelDuomo. 45 Michelangelo, Holy Family with Saint John (The Doni Tondo). Panel. Florence,GalleriadegliUffizi. ix

10 46 Leonardo,SaintAnne.Cartoon.London,NationalGallery. 47 Andrea del Brescianino, Copy after Leonardo s Saint Anne Cartoon. Panel.Madrid,Prado. 48 Copy after Leonardo s Saint Anne Cartoon. Panel. Formerly Berlin, KaiserFriedrichMuseum(destroyed). 49 Michelangelo,SaintAnne.Drawing.Oxford,AshmoleanMuseum. 50 Michelangelo,SaintAnne.Drawing.Paris,Louvre. 51 DetailFig Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Madonna Lactans. Panel. Siena, Palazzo Arcivescovile. 53 Leonardo,MadonnaoftheYarnwinder.Panel.CollectionoftheDukeof Buccleuh. 54 Leonardo,AnamorphosisofaBaby sfaceandaneye.drawing.milan, Ambrosiana(CodexAtlanticus,fol.35v). 55 Leonardo, Studies for a Saint Anne and a Leda. Drawing. Windsor, RoyalLibrary. 56 ReconstructionbyJonathanNathanofFig Raphael,PortraitofBindoAltoviti.Panel.London,NationalGallery. 58 Michelangelo, Study for the Face of Mary. Drawing. Florence, Casa Buonarroti. 59 Alexandrianhead.Marble.Florence,GalleriadegliUffizi. 60 Benozzo Gozzoli, Adoration of the Magi. Fresco. Florence, Palazzo Medici. 61 Masaccio,Trinity.Florence,SantaMariaNovella. x

11 62 Titian, Jacopo Pesaro Being Presented to the Madonna. Canvas. Venice, SantaMariaGloriosadeiFrari. 63 DetailFig Michelangelo,Crucifixion(detail).Wood.Florence,SantoSpirito. 65 Giotto,MadonnaandSaints.Panel.Florence,GalleriadegliUffizi. 66 DetailofFig DetailofFig Madonna.Fresco.Florence,SantaMariadelFiore. 69 Neriods and SeaCentaurs. Sarcophagus relief. Siena, Museo dell OperadelDuomo. 70 DetailofFig Raphael, Portraits of Agnolo Doni and Maddalena Strozzi. Panel. Florence,GalleriaPalatina. 72 Maestro di Serumido, The flood and Pyrrha and Deucalion (verso s of Fig.71). 73 Donatello,Spiritello.Bronze.Florence,MuseoNazionaledelBargello. 74 Michelangelo. Studies after Donatello s Spiritello. Drawing. London, BritishMuseum. 75 Michelangelo, Madonna and Child and Saint John the Baptist (Taddei Tondo).Marble.London,RoyalAcademyofArts. 76 Raphael,HolyFamily(TheCanigianiMadonna).Panel.Munich,Alte Pinakothek. 77 Raphael,Entombment.Panel.Rome,GalleriaBorghese. 78 Leonardo,MonaLisa.Panel.Paris,Louvre. xi

12 79 Raphael,StudyaftertheMonaLisa.Drawing.Paris,Louvre. 80 AristotiledaSangallo,CopyafterMichelangelo scascinacartoon.panel. Norfolk,HolkhamHall. 81 Copy after Michelangelo s Cascina Cartoon. Drawing. London, British Museum. 82 Filippo Lippi, Virgin Adoring the Christ Child with Saints Johns and Bernard.Panel.Berlin,StaatlicheMuseen. 83 Michelangelo,StudyforaBattleScene.Drawing.Oxford,Ashmolean Museum. 84 DetailofFig Paolo Uccello, Battle at San Romano. Panel. Florence, Galleria degli Uffizi. 86 SixteenthCentury Italian Artist, Reworked by Peter Paul Rubens, Copy after Leonardo da Vinci s Battle of Anghiari. Drawing. Paris, Louvre. 87 Raphael,StudyafterMichelangelo scascinacartoon.drawing.vatican, BibliotecaApostolicaVaticana. 88 Marcantonio Raimondi, Copy after Michelangelo s Cascina Cartoon. Engraving.London,BritishMuseum. 89 Marcantonio Raimondi, Copy after Michelangelo s Cascina Cartoon. Engraving.London,BritishMuseum. 90 Raphael,SchoolofAthens(detail).Fresco.Vatican,VaticanMuseums. 91 AndreadelSarto,PresentationintheTemple(detail).Fresco.Florence, SantissimaAnnunziata. 92 Andrea del Sarto, Modello for an Adoration. Drawing. Florence, GalleriadegliUffizi. xii

13 93 Rosso Fiorentino, Assumption of the Virgin (detail). Florence, SantissimaAnnunziata. 94 Michelangelo,CopyafterMasaccio stributemoney.drawing.munich, GraphischeSammlung 95 Masaccio,Tributemoney(detail).Fresco.Florence,BrancacciChapel, SantaMariadelCarmine. 96 Michelangelo,CopyafterGiotto sascensionofsaintjohntheevangelist. Drawing.Florence,GalleriadegliUffizi. 97 Giotto,AscensionofSaintJohntheEvangelist.Fresco.Florence,Peruzzi Chapel,SantaCroce. 98 Michelangelo, Study for the Battle of Cascina. Drawing. Florence, GalleriadegliUffizi. 99 Michelangelo,Nudestudy.Drawing.Haarlem,TeylersMuseum. 100 Michelangelo,Nudestudy.Drawing.Haarlem,TeylersMuseum. 101 Michelangelo,Nudestudy.Drawing.Vienna,Albertina. 102 Michelangelo,Nudestudy.Drawing.London,BritishMuseum. 103 Horse shead.bronze.florence,palazzomediciriccardi. 104 BaccioBandinelli,HerculesandCacus.Marble.Florence,Piazzadella Signoria. 105 Michelangelo,StudyforaHerculesandAntaeus.Drawing.Washington (DC),NationalGalleryofArt,O NealCollection. 106 Michelangelo, Model for Samson and two Philistines. Clay. Florence, CasaBuonarroti. 107 Michelangelo, Brutus. Marble. Florence, Museo Nazionale del Bargello. xiii

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15 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would have looked completely different without the stimulating intellectual environment and support of the Universiteit Leiden. Protocol prevents me from mentioning the senior faculty members who have guided me. In the almost four years I spent at Leiden, I had the pleasure of sharing an office with Todd Richardson, firstcriticofmyideas.pallas,theuniversity sinstituteforarthistorical and Literary Studies, furnished the necessary interdisciplinary intellectual environment that my research demanded and provided furtherfinancialsupport. MuchoftheresearchpresentedherewasdoneinFlorence,while staying at the Nederlands Interuniversitair Kunsthistorisch Instituut. I thank the institute s director Bert Meijer for his hospitality and its librarian.itwouldbehardtoforgettjardavermeyden spracticalhelpat the Instituut, but impossible to forget her loving care and sense of humor. In Florence, I also benefited from the sources at the Archivio di Stato, the Archivio dell Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore, the Archivio ArciconfraternitàdellaMissericordia,theBibliotecaNazionaleCentrale, the Biblioteca Riccardiana, the Kunsthisorisches Institut, the library of theistitutonazionaledistudisulrinascimentoatpalazzostrozziand the Biblioteca Berenson at Villa I Tatti, the Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies. I thank the staff of all these institutions. In Amsterdam, I exploited the collection of the Rijksmuseum Research Library.Iamgratefultoitsstafffortheirassistance. Manyoftheideasforwardedinthisdissertationwerefirsttriedout ininformalresearchgroupmeetingsatleidenandconferencesthereand inflorence,nijmegen,sanfrancisco,toronto,andchicago. JessicaBuskirkcheckedmyEnglishwithaccuracyandintelligence.

16 Gratitudetomyparentsknowslittlebounds:IfirstexploredItaly with them and my brother and sister. Their support has been a stimulatingforcethroughoutthewritingofthedissertation. Two months before I started this dissertation, my uncle, Chris, died. But much rather than showing him the completed dissertation, I would have liked to introduce him to Eva not just supportive but critical,andabletopullmeoutofmyusualselfinvolvement.idedicate thisstudytothemboth. xvi