Photograph: Norith Eckbo

Transcription

1 Photograph: Norith Eckbo

2 Contaminants in Polar Regions PBDEs Particle deposition (high K OA ) HCHs High volatility: Single hoppers (high K AW ) Condensation DDT PCBs Evaporation Low volatility (low K AW ) Nonachlors Mirex chlordanes Multi-hoppers (grasshopper effect)

3 Arctic vs. Antarctic Predicted global distribution of total PCB 153 environmental burden (21) (Lammel and Stemmler. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 212)

4 Arctic vs. Antarctic Antarctic Circumpolar Current

5 Exposure risks to Antarctica? Increase industrial/agricultural activity in Southern Hemisphere E-waste dumping/ ship dismantling activities OC compounds detected in: air, soil, biota Contaminant monitoring needed to assess impacts of increased emission sources in Southern Hemisphere on Antarctic environment PAHs, PCBs, HCB

6 POLAR-ECOTOX project «To quantify temporal changes in contaminants to identify climatic, ecological, and anthropogenic drivers affecting exposure in Antarctic wildlife King penguin blood (2-217) Crozet Islands Photograph: Robin Cristofari Reside within and rely on the circumpolar current Provide a baseline to assess temporal changes in OC contaminant exposure

7 Challenges Sample material non-destructive sampling Limited material Low concentration levels Sample processing minimized to avoid analyte losses Photographs: Norith Eckbo

8 Sample preparation and analysis Liquid-liquid extraction 5% EtOH(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ):Hexane Automated SPE clean-up using activated Florosil Photograph: Norith Eckbo Photograph: Norith Eckbo Concentrated extract (5 µl) analyzed using GC-Orbitrap HRAM Full scan Targeted SIM

9 GC-Q-Exactive C-TRAP AQT Quadrupole Bent Flatapole HCD Cell 12K mass resolution FWHM (routine at 6K) Orbitrap Mass Analyzer ExtractaBrite Ion Source Resolving power useful to remove co-extracted matrix/chemical inteferences Detection sensitivity at ppt levels using full scan

10 PCB standard (7 pg/µl) RT: SM: 5G RT: PCB 28/ RT: Method details 1 µl injection (SSL injector, 25 C) Splitless time: 1.5 min Column: Thermo TG-5Sil MS Oven: 4 C (hold 1.5 min) 25 C/min -> 18 C 5 C/min -> 28 C 4 C/min -> 32 C (hold 5 min) Fullscan: 5-6 m/z, Res: 6K 6 4 PCB Congener RT: RT: Area 28/31 3.8e e e e e e e5 PCB 11 PCB RT: RT: PCB 153 PCB PCB 18 RT: 21.4

11 Pesticide standard RT: SM: 5G RT: RT: 1.2 HCB:1.3 pg/µl α-hch: 38 pg/µl RT: 1.9 β-hch: 1 pg/µl γ-hch: 26 pg/µl trans-chlordane: 1 pg/µl trans-nonachlor: 1 pg/µl RT: RT: RT: RT: p,p -DDE: 13 pg/µl p,p -DDT: 13 pg/µl Method details 1 µl injection (SSL injector, 25 C) Splitless time: 1.5 min Column: Thermo TG-5Sil MS Oven: 4 C (hold 1.5 min) 25 C/min -> 18 C 5 C/min -> 28 C 4 C/min -> 32 C (hold 5 min) Fullscan: 5-6 m/z, Res: 6K Mirex: 26 pg/µl Compound RT: Area HCB 4.8e5 α-hch 1.e7 β-hch 1.8e6 γ-hch 5.5e6 p,p -DDE 4.3e6 p,p -DDT 1.7e6 trans-chlordane 1.3e6 trans-nonachlor 1.4e6 Mirex 7.4e6

12 Antarctic penguin blood sample (full scan) RT: SM: 7B NL: 1.3e Indicates large matrix contribution to background signal

13 Antarctic penguin blood sample (PCBs) RT: SM: 7G RT: AA: RT: AA: 4497 PCB 28/31 PCB RT: MA: 137 PCB Method details 1 µl injection (SSL injector, 25 C) Splitless time: 1.5 min Column: Thermo TG-5Sil MS Oven: 4 C (hold 1.5 min) 25 C/min -> 18 C 5 C/min -> 28 C 4 C/min -> 32 C (hold 5 min) Fullscan: 5-6 m/z, Res: 6K PCB 28/31, 33, 66 and 153 detected PCB 153 RT: AA: Detection of target ions challenged due to competition within C-Trap with sample matrix and/or other chemical ions present at higher concentrations

14 Antarctic pengiun blood sample (pesticides) RT: SM: 5G RT: 1.33 AA: HCB Method details 1 µl injection (SSL injector, 25 C) Splitless time: 1.5 min Column: Thermo TG-5Sil MS Oven: 4 C (hold 1.5 min) 25 C/min -> 18 C 5 C/min -> 28 C 4 C/min -> 32 C (hold 5 min) Fullscan: 5-6 m/z, Res: 6K p,p -DDE RT: AA: HCB, ppdde and Mirex detected in full scan RT: AA: Mirex

15 Antarctic penguin blood sample T: FTMS p EI Full ms [5. 6.] p [ ] RT: SM: 7B C 5 H 11 = C 5 H 11 = mmu.1942 mmu C 7 H 13 = mmu min 15-2 min C 7 H 15 = mmu C 8 H 17 = mmu mmu min min C 18 H 27 = mmu C 7 H 15 = C 9 H 19 = mmu C 11 H 23 = mmu C 13 H 27 = mmu 2-28 min 2-28 min C 1 H 21 = C H 31 = C mmu 3 16 H 23 = mmu C 1 H 9 O 6 N 4 = mmu mmu C H 25 = C H 11 = mmu mmu C 4 O 13 N = C 14 H 29 = C mmu 19 H 9 O 3 N 5 = mmu mmu 1 1 C 28 H 9 N 6 = mmu 5 C H 9 O 6 N 4 = C 17 H 3 O 4 N 5 = C 28 H 9 NC 6 28 = H 9 N 6 = C mmu 19 H 9 O 3 N 5 = C 1 HC 19 O 14 N 1 = mmu mmu.1264 mmu.1889 mmu 1 H 19 O 14 N = C 1 H 19 O 14 N 1 = mmu mmu mmu m/z m/z 24.5 m/z

16 Full scan vs. reduced full scan RT: SM: 7B Scan:5-6 m/z NL: 1.3e RT: SM: 7B Scan:17-6 m/z NL: 9.2e8 NL: 9.17E8 TIC MS 217_81 _8_ Time 5(min)

17 Antarctic penguin blood sample (PCBs, 17-6 mz) RT: SM: 7G RT: AA: RT: AA: 3274 PCB 28/31 PCB RT: AA: RT: AA: PCB 37 PCB 52 PCB 47 PCB 66 RT: AA: 1437 RT: AA: PCB 11 RT: AA: PCB 99 RT: AA: RT: AA: PCB 149 RT: 17.5 AA: 8494 Higher detection frequency of PCBs with reduced scan range Congeners (orange) not detected in scan 5-6 mz PCB Removed mass regions of non-interest Maintained mass spectral data for identification of unknowns RT: AA: PCB PCB 153? PCB 187 RT: AA: PCB 18 RT: AA:

18 Full scan vs. reduced full scan RT: SM: 7B Scan:5-6 m/z NL: 1.3e RT: SM: 7B Scan:17-6 m/z NL: 9.2e8 NL: 9.17E8 TIC MS 217_81 _8_ Time 5 (min) Large matrix co-elution

19 Antarctic penguin blood sample (pesticides, 17-6 mz) RT: SM: 5G RT: 1.33 AA: RT: 1.21 AA: 1379 HCB RT: 1.91 AA: 2295 HCHs RT: AA: p,p -DDE Pesticide detection frequency also increased with reduced scan range HCHs* trans-chlordane trans-nonachlor RT: AA: trans-chlordane RT: AA: trans-nonachlor Mirex RT: AA:

20 Antarctic penguin blood sample (Targeted SIM (TSIM)) RT: SM: 7B When significant background 9.2e8 matrix present, 25 C/min TSIM -> 18 C is recommended for targeted analysis Scan:17-6 m/z RT: SM: 7B NL: Method details 1 µl injection (SSL injector, 25 C) Splitless time: 1.5 min NL: Column: Thermo TG-5Sil MS 9.17E8 TIC MS 217_81 _8_181 Oven: 4 C (hold 1.5 min) 5 C/min -> 28 C 4 C/min -> 32 C (hold 5 min) Targeted SIM: 8 m/z scan window, Resolution: 6K Targeted SIM NL: 1.48E7 TIC MS 218_123 NL: _7 1.5e

21 Antarctic penguin blood sample (PCBs, Targeted SIM) RT: SM: 7G RT: AA: RT: AA: RT: MA: RT: MA: 254 PCB RT: AA: RT: MA: RT: 16.3 MA: RT: AA: 2986 RT: MA: 1184 RT: AA: PCB 153 RT: AA: 87 Similar findings to reduced full scan PCB 15 RT: AA: PCB 153 detected in TSIM by removing matrix co-elution Additional congeners detected (71, 15, 183) Better peak shape RT: AA: PCB 183 RT: 2.3 AA: 237 RT: AA:

22 Peak shape comparison RT: SM: 5G MA: Reduced full scan: 17-6 mz MA: PCB MA: PCB PCB 187 MA: 412 MA: 581 RT: SM: 5G AA: PCB 153 Targeted SIM MA: 6414 PCB PCB 187 AA: 1862 PCB 183 AA: 129 PCB 18 AA:

23 Antarctic penguin blood sample (pesticides, Targeted SIM) RT: SM: 5G RT: 1.73 AA: RT: 11.9 AA: 137 RT: AA: 4795 RT: 16.9 AA: Similar findings as observed with PCBs Additional pesticides detected DDD, DDT, cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor RT: AA: RT: AA: 457 p,p -DDD RT: MA: 1587 RT: AA: cis-chlordane p,p -DDT 1 5 RT: MA: cis-nonachor RT: AA: RT: AA:

24 Simultaneous full scan and targeted SIM Full scan acquisition at 6K mass resolution Targeted SIM acquisition at 3K mass resolution Can obtain targeted analysis specificity without loss of full scan mass spectral data for identification of unknown compounds

25 Antarctic penguin blood (Target SIM/Full scan) RT: SM: 7B Scan: 5-6 m/z RT: SM: 7G RT: AA: RT: AA: 6673 PCB 28/31 PCB 33 RT: MA: 1965 PCB 52 PCB 47 PCB 66 RT: 13.7 MA: RT: 15.3 MA: RT: MA: 594 PCB 11 PCB 99 RT: MA: RT: AA: 7658 PCB 118 RT: AA: 141 PCB 15 1 RT: AA: 6186 RT: AA: 4314 PCB 153 PCB PCB 149 RT: AA: 1414 PCB 187 RT: AA: 649 PCB 18 RT: AA:

26 Antarctic penguin blood (Target SIM/Full scan) RT: SM: 7G RT: 1.7 AA: HCB p,p - DDE RT: AA: RT: SM: 7B Scan: 5-6 m/z trans-chlordane RT: AA: trans-nonachlor RT: MA: 4425 RT: 18.2 AA: 2668 cis-nonachlor 1 5 Mirex RT: AA:

27 OC concentrations in penguin blood sample PCB congener Concentration (pg/g ww) Pesticide Concentration (pg/g ww) HCB 29 ahch 3.9 p,p -DDT 1.38 p,p -DDD 4.72 p,p -DDE 11 trans-chlordane 11.7 cis-chlordane 3.5 trans-nonachlor 11.7 cis-nonachlor.9 Mirex 38 Blank subtraction performed on sample results LOQ: pg/g ww (compound dependent)

28 GC-Q-Exactive provides excellent sensitivity for OC analysis in penguin blood Sample matrix can hinder detection at ppt concentrations PCBs and OC pesticides detected at ppt concentrations in full scan and TSIM Targeted SIM can reduce influence of matrix ions in C-Trap HCB, ppdde, Mirex dominate in penguin blood Full scan data acquired simultaneously without compromising targeted analysis Photograph: Norith Eckbo

29

30 Acknowledgements Cristian Cojocariu (Thermo Scientific) Strategic Institute Funding grant (CleanArctic, NRC) POLAR-ECOTOX project (NRC) Photograph: Norith Eckbo