Displays. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering

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1 Displays

2 Human-Machine System Environment Displays Other Subsystems Human(s) Controls

3 MD-11 Cockpit Copyright Harri Koskinen, used with permission, downloaded from 30 Jun 04 3

4 Classifying Displays Display physical properties/technologies Tasks they support, e.g., status monitoring system control navigation procedural guidance ( how-to... ) surveillance etc. Characteristics of human users mechanical electronic etc. level of expertise etc. Static/dynamic Sensory modality 4

5 Visual Displays Digital FUEL OIL 90 Annunciators Circular Analog 20 0 Linear Analog 5

6 Thirteen Principles of Display Design Perceptual Principles Mental Model Principles Principles Based on Attention Memory Principles 6

7 Perceptual Principles 1. Make displays legible (contrast, VA, font characteristics, etc.)* 2. Avoid absolute judgment limits (< 5-7) 3. Exploit top-down processing 4. Exploit redundancy 5. Utilize discriminability (similarity causes confusion) 7

8 Legibility Oxford English Dictionary: The quality of being legible, esp. of being clear enough to read... Operational definition for IE 545: The extent to which a representation (e.g., a printed word or numeral, graphical symbol, or sound) is sufficiently sensible, recognizable, and distinct to a user of unexceptional sensory acuity working under any expected environmental conditions, that he or she can at least begin to make out its meaning. 8

9 Legibility Character/Symbol Size (MIL-STD-1472G) Character height > 4.5 milliradian (15 min) VA Character Width = 0.9 height Symbol height > 2.9 milliradians (10 min) VA Font (MIL-STD-1472G) Standard, common font Adverse conditions: sans serif e.g., Arial, Times New Roman, Courier, Verdana e.g., Arial, Verdana, Helvetica Contrast (Human Factors Design Handbook, Woodson, Tillman, & Tillman) Average quality illumination black on white black on yellow Character Distance (in) Character Height (in) white on black dark blue on white Poor quality illumination black on white 9

10 Perceptual Principles 1. Make displays legible (contrast, VA, font characteristics, etc.) 2. Avoid absolute judgment limits (< 5-7) 3. Exploit top-down processing 4. Exploit redundancy 5. Utilize discriminability (similarity causes confusion) 10

11 Coding Color < 9 discriminable colors (absolute discrimination) <? (relative discrimination) Shape alphanumeric: < 82 (A-Z, a-z, 0-9, <, (, +, &, ) geometric: < 15 pictorial: <? 11

12 Coding (cont ) Magnitude < 7 (± 2) area line length number of primitives luminance stereoscopic depth inclination 12

13 Mental Model Principles Mental Models for understanding prediction control 6. Apply pictorial realism 7. Apply principle of the moving part (and other principles of movement compatibility) 13

14 Pictorial Realism Source: Source: 14

15 Principle of the Moving Part F E Source: vehicle-maintenance.wonderhowto.com 15

16 Principles Based on Attention 8. Minimize information access costs 9. Apply proximity compatibility principle mental proximity display proximity e.g., aircraft primary flight instruments 10.Utilize multiple resources/modalities (visual + auditory) 16

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:six_flight_instruments.jpg 17 http://upload.wikimedia.

17 Proximity Compatibility: Aircraft Primary Flight Instruments Conventional Electronic Source: Wikimedia commons, downloaded 2 Nov 10 from Source: Wikimedia commons, downloaded 2 Nov 10 from b/d/dc/primary_flight_display.svg/2000pxprimary_flight_display.svg.png

18 Memory Principles 11.Replace knowledge in the head with knowledge in the world, e.g., checklists written procedures placards etc. 12.Provide predictive aiding 13.Be consistent! 18

19 Displays Special-Purpose Displays Examples Application of Principles 19

20 Alerting Displays Alert levels (e.g., Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System [EICAS]) Advisory Caution non-normal salient, perhaps auditory Warning normal but noteworthy noticable but non-intrusive non-normal & requiring immediate attention most salient Another attention principle: Use salince to manage it. 20

21 Labels Examples of static displays: Control/display label Placard: instructions, operating limits/parameters Design criteria 1. Visibility & legibility 2. Discriminability 3. Meaningfulness 4. Location (close & unambiguous) 21

22 Monitoring Displays Used to display changing quantities Design criteria 1. Legibility 2. Analog vs digital 3. Analog form & direction pictorial realism, moving part 4. Prediction & sluggishness 22

23 Check Reading Examples Types RPM ok? Temperature ok? FSMP FPMS Technologies Mechanical Electronic (CRT, LCD, ) 23

24 Check Reading (2)

25 Check Reading (3) A B C 25 D

26 Display Layout Primary visual area Principles Frequency of use: minimize info access costs Importance: '' Display relatedness integration (e.g., aircraft 6-pack ) Sequence of use, to facilitate procedures Functional grouping, engine speed, EGT displays Stimulus-response compatibility, e.g., near related display Clutter avoidance Proximity compatibility: near in mind, near on panel Standardization: like earlier, similar systems Conflicts? Tradeoffs! 26

27 Head-Up Displays HUD image (at optical infinity) windscreen combiner pilot s eye projector 27 mirror

C-130 HUD source: Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.

28 C-130 HUD source: Wikimedia Commons, _performing_pre-flight_checks_on_a_raaf_c130_hercules.jpg source: Wikimedia Commons, 28

29 Head-Up Displays Advantages Disadvantages Far-near in parallel (together in FOV) Conformal display, e.g., runway becomes runway Optical infinity: no need for accommodation Cost: expensive Clutter: too much info, confusion, distraction Also Head-Mounted Displays(HMDs) 29

30 Head-Mounted Display+: Google Glass source: 30

31 Configural/Object Displays Configural displays (object displays) See p. 206, Fig Vol Rate Resp Pt Conventional Respiration Monitoring Display Configural Respiration Monitoring Display Taking advantage of emergent features 31

32 Configural/Object Displays Configural displays (object displays) See p. 206, Fig Conventional NPP Display Nuclear Power Plant Object Display Taking advantage of emergent features 32

33 Navigation Displays and Maps Tasks Guidance Planning Recovery (if lost) Route lists and command displays Maps - principles Legibility (under all conditions) Clutter & overlay (declutter, color coding) Position representation (YAH) Orientation (N-up, Track-up) Scale (appropriate) 3D maps Data Visualization 33

34 Quantitative Information Displays: Tables and Graphs Choice Legibility Precision tables ( digital ) Relationships, trends graphs ( analog ) Adequate contrast Discriminability Redundant coding Clutter: maximize data/ink ratio Proximity: things to be compared should be close Format: many data points visualization 34

35 Display Design Principles Based on Attention 8. Minimize information access costs 9. Apply proximity compatibility principle 10.Utilize multiple resources/modalities (visual + auditory) Memory Principles 11. Replace knowledge in the head with knowledge in the world 12.Provide predictive aiding 13.Be consistent! Driven by requirements from task analysis. 13 Principles of Display Design Perceptual Principles 1. Make displays legible 2. Avoid absolute judgment limits 3. Exploit top-down processing 4. Exploit redundancy 5. Utilize discriminability Mental Model Principles 6. Apply pictorial realism 7. Apply principle of the moving part 35

16.400/453J Human Factors Engineering /453. Displays. Prof. D. C. Chandra Lecture 7

16.400/453J Human Factors Engineering /453. Displays. Prof. D. C. Chandra Lecture 7 J Human Factors Engineering Displays Prof. D. C. Chandra Lecture 7 1 Overview Taxonomy of displays Classic display issues Design and evaluation of flight deck displays EFB discussion Display examples from