Chapter 3, Introduction to Triads and Seventh Chords Chapter 3 Glossary = or = Augmented Triad (+): Bass Position: Bass-Position Symbols:

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1 Chapter 3, Introduction to Triads and Seventh Chords Chapter 3 Glossary = or = Augmented Triad (+): A triad featuring a +5 divided into to M3s. Bass Position: An arrangement of the notes of a triad, identified y the chord memer that is in the loest sounding voice. Bass-Position Symols: Not to e confused ith figured ass symols, these symols are usually used ith a roman numeral as part of a harmonic analysis to indicate hat inversion a chord is in. Diminished Seventh Chord ( o 7): Diminished triad ith a o7 aove the root. Diminished Triad ( o ): A triad ith a o5 divided into to m3s Douled: A chord note that is duplicated in another octave. Figured Bass (Thoroughass): A method of areviated notation used in the Baroque era. Consists of a ass line and some symols indicating the chord to e played aove each ass note. First Inversion A chord ith the 3rd as the loest tone. Half-Diminished Seventh Chord ( Ø 7): Diminished triad ith a m7 aove the root. Inversion: The transfer of the loest note of a root-position chord to any higher octave Inversion Symols: Numers used to indicate the ass positions of chords. Lead Sheet 'Chord Symols': Used in azz and most popular music styles to indicate chords to e played under a given melody. Maor-Minor Seventh Chord (Mm7) Maor triad ith a m7 aove the root. Maor Seventh Chord (M7): Maor triad ith a M7 aove the root. Maor Triad (M): A triad featuring a P5 divided into a M3 (ottom) and m3 (top) Minor Seventh Chord (m7): Minor triad ith a m7 aove the root. Minor Triad (m): A triad featuring a P5 divided into a m3 (ottom) and M3 (top). Pitch Class: Term used to group together all pitches that have an identical sound or that are identical except for the octave or octaves that separate them. Realization: Originally used in performances during the Baroque period, this term refers to the practice of improvising chords ased on a given figured ass part. Root Position: A chord ith the root as the loest tone Second Inversion: A chord ith the 5th as the loest tone. Seventh Chords: Triads ith another 3rd added aove the 5th of the triad. The added note is a 7th aove the root. Tertian: A chord structure uilt of thirds. Third Inversion: A seventh chord ith the 7th as the loest tone. Triad: A three-note chord consisting of a 5th divided into to superimposed 3rds. The ottom note of the 5th is the root, the top note is the 5th, and the note eteen them is the 3rd. There are four possile ays to comine maor and minor 3rds to produce a tertian triad.

2 Chapter 3, Introduction to Triads and Seventh Chords Important links: =or= Chapter 3 'Take-aays': 1. What are the "triad" and "seventh-chord" types Can you recognize and spell (rite) them 2. What is a "chord progressioin" 3. What is a "chord inversion" What are the 3 positions of a triad What are the 4 positions of a seventh chord 4. What is a "chord inversion" What are the 3 positions of a triad What are the 3 positions of a seventh chord 5. What is "figured ass" What are "lead-sheet 'chord symols'" 6. Can you recognize and identify chords that are ritten on the grand staff Can you make an inventory of all "pitch classes" of a chord spread across the grand staff Chapter 3, homeork test sequence: 1. Students ill read Chapter 3 and complete "Chapter 3 'Student Study Guide'" orksheet 2. Students ill complete the folloing in Chapter 3 Exercise Packet: - all of page 19 (2 points each anser) - and EX 3-1 D, 1-20 on page 20 (5 points each anser) - Note: this is important practice in riting triads and seventh chords; these skills ill help students "realize" chords hen e get to 'figured-ass'. 3. Students ill complete the folloing in Chapter 3 Exercise Packet: - EX 3-2 A, 1-7 and EX 3-2 B, 1-7 on page 21 (5 points each anser) - and EX 3-2 C, 1-7 on page 22 (5 points each anser) - Note: this is also invaluale practice for upcoming 'figured-ass' realization skills Students ill complete the folloing in Chapter 3 Exercise Packet: - EX 3-3 A, 1-16 and EX 3-3 B, 1 2 on page 23 (100 points on the page) - Note: for EX 3-3 B, 1 2 students ill: a. use manuscript paper to rite each chord as ased on the 'figured-ass symols'. complete a chord-chart for each Key c. refer to (study) the section of the text "Inversion Symols and Figured Bass" d. use and study the folloing reference hand-outs: 1. "Figured Bass 'Chromatic' alterations" 2. "Chord Symols (Slash Chords)" 3. "Lead-Sheet 'CHORD SYMBOL' Definitions". 5. 'Pop-Quiz', classork: students ill complete the folloing in Chapter 3 Exercise Packet: - EX 3-3 B, 3 and EX 3-3 C on page 24 (100 points on the page) - Note: for EX 3-3 B, 3 students ill: a. use manuscript paper to rite each chord as ased on the 'figured-ass symols'. complete a chord-chart for each Key c. refer to (study) the section of the text "Inversion Symols and Figured Bass" d. use and study the folloing reference hand-outs: 1. "Figured Bass 'Chromatic' alterations" 2. "Chord Symols (Slash Chords)" 3. "Lead-Sheet 'CHORD SYMBOL' Definitions". 6. Recognizing Chords in Various Textures. Students ill complete the folloing in Chapter 3 Exercise Packet: - EX 3-4 A, 1-9 onpage 25 and provide 'chord-symols shoing inversions' for each. (100 points on the pg) - EX 3-4 B 2, 1-8 on page 27 (4 points per lank) - EX 3-4 B 2, 9-19 on page 28 (3 points per lank) - EX 3-4 C on page 30 (9 points per lank) 7. Chapter 3 Test. Assign homeork: read Chapter 4 and complete "Chapter 4 'Student Study Guide'" orksheet.

3 Chapter Three Introduction to Triads and Seventh Chords Introduction: In Chapter Three e learn aout the construction of chords, not ho they're used in composition (that's later). Keep in mind that chords are the asis of harmony Tonal harmony makes use of chords uilt in thirds, hich is called 'Tertian' harmony Triads: The most asic chord is called a 'Triad'; a three-note chord consisting of a 5th divided y to superimposed 3rds. The four 'Triad' types are illustrated elo. Memorize the construction, names, areviations for each type: Example 1 +5 M3 M3 P5 m3 M3 fifth third root M3 P5 m3 Augmented Maor Minor diminished (+) (M) (m) (o) G+ G Gm Go Maor triads are indicated y an uppercase letter (G), minor y an uppercase letter folloed y the letter "m" (Gm), augmented y a "+" (G+), and diminished y a superscript "o" (Go). 'chord activity' Example 2 Every triad has a root, 3rd, and 5th. Make a hait of 'staggering' accidentals hen notating chords! CHECKPOINT 1. Which triad types contain a m3 as the ottom interval As the top interval o5 m3 m3 2. Which triad types contain a M3 as the top interval As the ottom interval 3. Which triad types contain a P5 eteen the root and the 5th a o5 a +5 Complete Chapter 3 ET 'chord activity' Complete Self-Test 3-1; A, B, C D (revie procedures found on page 4 first) Triad riting Completion Hint 1: first rite a maor triad, then teak per Example 1, aove, to rite m, o or +. Triad riting Completion Hint 2: maor scale degrees 1, 3 5 (or do, mi sol) 'spell' a maor triad B A Fm B o D B o m + M m o M +

4 Chapter Three 4 Seventh Chords: If e extend a 'tertian' triad y adding another 3rd on top of the 5th of the triad, the result is a four-note chord. Because the interval eteen the added note and the root is some kind of a 7th (M, m, or o ) these chords are called seventh chords. Tonal harmony makes use of five seventh-chord types. The five 'Seventh Chord' types are shon elo. Memorize the types, symols, construction areviations for each type: Example 3 21 Type of chord: maor seventh maor-minor seventh minor seventh Symol: M7 Mm7 m7 Construction: maor triad maor triad minor triad maor 7th minor 7th minor 7th Chord symol: AM7 A7 Am Type of chord: half-diminished seventh diminished seventh Symol: Ø7 o7 memorize Construction: diminished triad diminished triad minor 7th diminished 7th Chord symol: A Ø7 Ao7 CHECKPOINT 1. Which seventh-chord types have a diminished triad on the ottom 2. Which ones have a M3 eteen the 5th and the 7th of the chord 3. Which ones have a m3 eteen the 3rd and the 5th of the chord 4. Which ones contain at least one P5 Which contain to 5. Which one consists entirely of a stack of minor thirds memorize Every seventh chord has a root, 3rd, 5th 7th. Complete Chapter 3 ET 'seventh-chord activity' Complete Self-Test 3-2, and Exercise packet 3-2. Seventh-chord riting Completion Hint 1: first rite a M7, then teak per EX 3, aove, to rite Mm7, m7, Ø 7 or o 7. Seventh-chord riting Completion Hint 2: maor scale degrees 1, 3, 5 7 (or do, mi, sol ti) 'spell' a M7 chord. Self-Test 3-2 A; Identify the type of each seventh chord, using these areviations: M7, Mm7, m7, Ø 7, o7 EX: Mm7 Hint: look at the ottom note and 'uild' a M7 aove (SD 1, 3, 5 7 of Maor scale) compare!

5 Chapter Three 5 Triad shortcuts Quick method for 'spelling' or riting any Triad quality (M, m, dim, or Aug): 1. Look at the ottom note spell (uild) a Maor Triad. Hint: scale degrees 1, 3 5 of any Maor scale ill 'spell' or uild any Maor Triad. (memorize this!) 2. Then teak per the 'quality' a. M to m: loer the 3rd y 1/2 step. M to d: loer the 3rd and 5th y 1/2 step c. M to A: raise the 5th y 1/2 step 3. Do the same, as aove, in order to identify Triad qualities NEXT: try the exercises elo Spell these 'triads' as class-activity, then complete ST 3-1, pages 1 2: 36 m o + m M o + m 44 Identify these 'triads' as class-activity, then complete ST 3-1, pages 2: Seventh Chord shortcuts Quick method for 'spelling' or riting any 'Seventh Chord' quality (M7, Mm7, m7, Ø 7 or o 7): 1. Look at the ottom note spell (uild) a M7. Hint: scale degrees 1, 3, 5 7 of any Maor scale ill 'spell' or uild a M7. (memorize this!) 2. Then teak per the 'quality' a. M7 to Mm7: loer the 7th y 1/2 step. M7 to m7: loer the 7th and the 3rd y 1/2 step c. M7 to to Ø 7: loer the 3rd, 5th 7th y 1/2 step d. M7 to to o 7: loer the 3rd 5th y 1/2 step, and the 7th y 2 1/2 steps. 3. Do the same, as aove, in order to identify 'Seventh Chord' qualities NEXT: try the exercises elo NEXT: examine the "Ho to Spell Chords" hand-out in the Chapt. 3 'supplements' folder

6 Chapter Three 6 Inversions of Chords In a musical context, any part of a chord might appear as the loest tone. The three possile 'ass positions' of the triad are illustrated in EX 3-4, elo. Memorize this term: Bass Position: An arrangement of the notes of a triad, identified y the chord memer that is in the loest sounding voice. Example Note: triads have 3 'ass positions' Inversions of Triads When the 'root' is the loest tone (or "in the ass") of a triad, e call that root position. When the 'third' is the loest tone (or "in the ass") of a triad, e call that first inversion. When the 'fifth' is the loest tone (or "in the ass") of a triad, e call that second inversion. Example Example 3-6 Root First Second Position Inversion Inversion Note: these are the names of a triad's 3 'ass positions' Triads spaced across the "Grand Staff" All the chords in Example 3-6 are first inversion F maor triads. Notice that the upper notes of the chord can e spaced in any ay ithout altering the ass position. Also, any of the notes can e duplicated (or douled) in different octaves. Memorize this important term: Douled: A chord note that is duplicated in another octave. (all are in first inversion) Inversions of 'Seventh Chords' The inversions of 'seventh chords' orks ust like the inversion of triads, except that three inversions (four ass positions) are possile. (Example 3-7) Example Root First Second Third Position Inversion Inversion Inversion Note: seventh chords have 4 'ass positions'

7 Inversion Symols and Figured Bass (read pages in the text) Figured Bass (Thoroughass): A method of areviated notation used in the Baroque era. Consists of a ass line and some symols indicating the chord to e played aove each ass note. Inversion Symols: Numers used to indicate the ass positions of chords. In analyzing music e often use numers to indicate the 'ass positions' of chords. Instead of using 1 for first inversion, 2 for second inversion, and so on, e use numers derived from the Baroque system called 'figured ass' or 'thoroughass'. During the Baroque period ( ), the keyoard player in an ensemle read from a part consisting only of a ass line and some symols indicating the chord to e played. (see examples on page ) In the Baroque system, the symols consisted asically of numers representing 'intervals aove the ass' to e formed y the memers of the chord, ut the notes could actually e played in any octave aove the ass. The system deals only ith intervals, not ith roots of chords, ecause 'chord symols' or 'lead-sheet symols' had not een developed. (see examples on page ) Look at an oversimplified example, elo, of a 'part' that the keyoard player ould read: Example 3-7A: 76 Sonority desired The harpsichord player ould read from a 'ass part' as shon aove, ut ould 'realize' or play the chords as shon in Chart 3-1, elo. The folloing tale illustrates the 'figured-ass symols' (numers) for root position and inverted triads and seventh chords for a G maor triad (G) and a G Mm7 (G7): Complete 'figured ass' symol Chart 3-1: Chapter Three Symol most often used (memorize!) Ho to find the root Bass 6th 4th Bass 6th 4th 2nd note aove aove note aove aove aove ass ass ass ass ass Memorize the 'Inversion Hot-Line Numer': (664) Study the 'figured-ass' 'inversion numers' in the exercise elo and provide oth the 'chord symol' and roman numerals 90 DM: Hint: use or create a chord chart in the key of DM!

8 Chapter Three Students: study the folloing Chapt 3 reference 'hand-out': Figured Bass 'Chromatic' alterations Most of the time FB numers indicate chord notes that elong to the given Key Signature. Sometimes, though, if a Baroque composer anted the Keyoardist to raise or loer a note, the folloing methods are used: 8 1. An accidental next to an araic FB numeral could e used to raise or loer a note. A. B. C. 105 CM DM DM 7 = 7 n = 7 3 = 'unrealized' 'realized' Take a CAREFUL look at the Key Signature, then at the accidental next to the FB numer! 2. An accidental BY ITSELF alays refers to the 3rd aove the ass note and could e used to alter that note. A. B. C. 108 CM CM FM = = n = n n A slash or plus sign in connection ith an araic numeral means to RAISE that note... n A. B. C. 6 = 6 = 4+ = CM CM FM 4. Sometimes you'll see a short horizontal line that means to either keep the same note, as in EX A, (3 -) in the Tenor line, or keep the specified intervals in the same voice, as in all the other examples. 14 A. B. C. D. n CM FM CM DM 5-6 = = = = n n A 'Chromatic' note means that the note DOES NOT elong to the given Key Signature

9 Figured Bass 'Realizations' (read page in the text) Realization: Originally used in performances during the Baroque period, this term refers to the practice of improvising chords ased on a given figured ass part. Example 3-8 illustrates a portion of an acutal 'figured ass part' from the Baroque period, along ith a possile 'realization' that ould have een improvised y the keyoardist. Some keyoard players may have added emellishments not shon in this realization. Bach included the numeral 5 at several places to remind the player to play a root position triad. Example Bach, Easter Oratorio, II J.. J DM: n 7 n 5 4 not neccesary, ut helpful; hy Example 3-8 Bach, Easter Oratorio, II -- fully realized J. \. J DM: n 7 n 5 4 B dim7 A m7 4 E m7 128 D 7 G C D 7 G D Chapter Three 9. J \ n J. J Bass Position Symols (read page 49 in the text) Bass-Position Symols: Not to e confused ith figured ass symols, these symols are usually used ith a roman numeral as part of a harmonic analysis to indicate hat inversion a chord is in. The 'realization' of figured asses (parts) is still considered to e an effective ay to learn certain aspects of tonal composition, and e ill complete some for homeork... A fe 'figured-ass symols' have een adopted for use in harmonic analysis. We call these 'ass-position symols' to distinguish them from figured ass, hich is not the same thing. 'Bass-position symols' are usually used ith a roman numeral (as in I 6 or V 65 ) as part of a harmonic analysis. Study the chart elo and memorize the 'figured-ass symols'. Chart 3-2 Bass position Triad symol Seventh chord symol Root position (none) First Inversion Second Inversion Third Inversion (none) or ust "2" Example 3-8A Telemann Sonate aus "Der Getreue Music" - can you correlate BP symols ith 'chord' symols G G F G G 7.. n \. C C F G m

10 Chapter Three Examples of 'Figured Bass Parts' their 'realizations' from music literature Play the finale file "Passepied" from Chapter 3 folder 2. Play the Corelli 'Christmas' Concerto from the YouTue example 10 Discuss the use of 'Figured Bass' and the amazing improvisation y the keyoardists! 132 Next: students ill 'realize' some 'figured ass' parts...as classork homeork Prep-ork: complete a 'chord-chart' and learn hy they can e helpful! 1. "Figured Bass Assignment 1" - - (note: pull up pdf and start in class) 2. "Figured Bass Assignment 2" 3. "Figured Bass Assignment 3" 4. Chapter 3 Exercise Packet Self-Test Packet Note: students ill study the text, use their hand-out references, and complete chord-charts as needed Next: pass out 'Chord-Chart' hand-out reference (found in 'Finale' folder in Chapt 3... Lead Sheet 'Chord Symols': Used in azz and most popular music styles to indicate chords to e played under a given melody. Prep-ork: 1. Pass out the "Chord Symols/Slash Chords Hand-out" "Chord Symols Definitions" reference 2. Students ill complete "Chord Symol Revie Quiz" 3. Study the "Lead-Sheet" examples elo... EXAMPLE 10-26: Gershin, "I Loves You Porgy" q = 96 f D 9. J FM7 138 J.. B M7 G m7 N.. J C 7/G C 7 F F A m7 143 Example 10-24: Auld Lang Syne q= F. 149 C 7 D m F. D m G m. C G m. C F. D m F B C 7. U F G m C 7. PAC HC

11 Lead Sheet 'Chord Symols', continued... NOTE: give students the 2 hand-outs: "Chord Symol Definitions" "Chord Symols - Slash Chords hand-out" There are parallels and contrasts eteen the 'figured-ass system' and the "lead-sheet 'chord symols' (sometimes called "pop symols") developed for use ith azz and other types of popular music in the 20th century. Both facilitated the notation process and served to provide sufficient information to allo the performer to improvise ithin certain ounds. Hoever, hereas the 'figured-ass system' provided the ass line ith symols indicating the chords that ere to e constructed aove it, 'lead-sheet chord symols' appear along ith a melody and indicate the chords that are to e constructed elo. Note: look at examples on page 10 Example 3-9 illustrates some 'lead-sheets chord symols' for the nine chord types e've studied so far... Study Appendix B in the ack of the text-ook (page in edition 6) for more detailed examples... Example 3-9 E Em E o or Edim E+ 153 Chapter Three EM7 E7 Em7 E Ø7 or Em75 E o 7 or Edim7 Slash Chords Lead-sheet chord symols ill occasionally specify a particular ass note, as in C/G, hich calls for a C maor triad over a G in the ass--a triad in second inversion. Lead-sheet chord symols frequently differ from one edition to the next... although e present a consistent method Example 3-10, elo, is from the eginning of a typical American "standard" allad, and it uses five of the chord types seen in Example 3-9, aove. Note that the in Fm75 does not literally mean to flat the fifth ut to loer it from C to C n. Example 3-10, Kosma "Autumn Leaves" Disk 1; Track q= A m7 D 7 GM7 The fall - ing leaves drift y the in - do, CM7 167 F m75 the aut - tumn leaves of red and gold. Pitch Classes (open and read pages in the text) Complete corresponding Exercise Packet examples... B 7 E m

12 Chapter Three 12 'Recognizing Chords in Various Textures' (open and read pages in the text) = or = Ho to Inventory Pitch Classes Those students ithout keyoard experience might find it difficult to analyze a chord that's distriuted over to or more staves, as in Example 3-11, elo. One procedure is to gra manuscript paper, and make an 'inventory' of all the pitch classes found in the chord (B, G D). Next, notate the chord on manuscript ith each pitch class in turn as the loest note. The version that consists only of stacked 3rd ill e in root position, and that'll e the chord! We can see from Example 3-12 that the chord in Example 3-11 is a g minor triad in first inversion. 171 Example 3-11 Example 3-12 A root position try to find 'each-all' position 174 Example 3-13 Example a Pitch Class: Term used to group together all pitches that have an identical sound or that are identical except for the octave or octaves that separate them. Suggestion: take an 'inventory' of all pitches in Example 3-13 in order to identify the chord. Ho Well, count each note once, even if it occurs in more than one octave. The 'pitch class' of Example 3-13 is: E, A, C, G. Next, try each note in turn as the ottom note of a 4-note chord, and look to see hich note creates a 4-note chord stacked in thirds, as in EX a root position can you find the 'each-all' position for these notes a Try this method as you complete your homeork! Class Activity: Next, complete ST 3-4 A, 1-11 (pg 3 of 7), then ST 3-4 B, 1-12 (pg 3 of 7) Then a fe exercises in ST 3-4 B, 2-3 (pg 4 of 7) Then assign homeork: 6. Recognizing Chords in Various Textures. Students ill complete the folloing in Chapter 3 Exercise Packet: - EX 3-4 A, 1-9 onpage 25 and provide 'chord-symols shoing inversions' for each. (100 points on the pg) - EX 3-4 B 2, 1-8 on page 27 (4 points per lank) - EX 3-4 B 2, 9-19 on page 28 (3 points per lank) - EX 3-4 C on page 30 (9 points per lank)

13 'Baroque' okes A guitarist as so Baroque, he roed a music store and ran off ith the lute. His percussionist friend took a drum and eat it. (credits to Q: What do you get if Bach dies and is reincarnated as tins A: A pair of Re-achs. Q: What do you get if Bach falls off a horse, ut has the courage to get on again and continue riding A: Bach in the saddle again. (credits to Beethoven's favourite What is Beethoven's favourite fruit "Ba-na-na-naaaaa" Chapter Three 13 Handel goes shopping Why didn't Handel go shopping Because he as Baroque. Image credit: Elliott Bron

14 202 Chapter Three