A guide to oiled shoreline assessment (SCAT) surveys. Good practice guidelines for incident management and emergency response personnel

Transcription

1 A guide to oied shoreine assessment (SCAT) surveys Good practice guideines for incident management and emergency response personne

2 The goba oi and gas industry association for environmenta and socia issues 14th Foor, City Tower, 40 Basingha Street, London EC2V 5DE, United Kingdom Teephone: +44 (0) Facsimie: +44 (0) E-mai: Website: Internationa Association of Oi & Gas Producers Registered office 14th Foor, City Tower, 40 Basingha Street, London EC2V 5DE, United Kingdom Teephone: +44 (0) Facsimie: +44 (0) E-mai: Website: Brusses office Bouevard du Souverain 165, 4th Foor, B-1160 Brusses, Begium Teephone: +32 (0) Facsimie: +32 (0) E-mai: Houston office Westheimer Road, Suite 1100, Houston, Texas 77042, United States Teephone: +1 (713) E-mai: IOGP Report 504 Date of pubication: January 2014 IPIECA-IOGP 2016 A rights reserved. No part of this pubication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieva system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, eectronic, mechanica, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of IPIECA. Discaimer Whie every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this pubication, neither IPIECA, IOGP nor any of their members past, present or future warrants its accuracy or wi, regardess of its or their negigence, assume iabiity for any foreseeabe or unforeseeabe use made of this pubication. Consequenty, such use is at the recipient s own risk on the basis that any use by the recipient constitutes agreement to the terms of this discaimer. The information contained in this pubication does not purport to constitute professiona advice from the various content contributors and neither IPIECA, IOGP nor their members accept any responsibiity whatsoever for the consequences of the use or misuse of such documentation. This document may provide guidance suppementa to the requirements of oca egisation. However, nothing herein is intended to repace, amend, supersede or otherwise depart from such requirements. In the event of any confict or contradiction between the provisions of this document and oca egisation, appicabe aws sha prevai.

3 A guide to oied shoreine assessment (SCAT) surveys Good practice guideines for incident management and emergency response personne A photographs are reproduced courtesy of Owens Coasta Consutants uness otherwise stated.

4 IPIECA IOGP Preface This pubication is part of the IPIECA-IOGP Good Practice Guide Series which summarizes current views on good practice for a range of oi spi preparedness and response topics. The series aims to hep aign industry practices and activities, inform stakehoders, and serve as a communication too to promote awareness and education. The series updates and repaces the we-estabished IPIECA Oi Spi Report Series pubished between 1990 and It covers topics that are broady appicabe both to exporation and production, as we as shipping and transportation activities. The revisions are being undertaken by the IOGP-IPIECA Oi Spi Response Joint Industry Project (JIP). The JIP was estabished in 2011 to impement earning opportunities in respect of oi spi preparedness and response foowing the Apri 2010 we contro incident in the Guf of Mexico. The origina IPIECA Report Series wi be progressivey withdrawn upon pubication of the various tites in this new Good Practice Guide Series during Note on good practice Good practice in the context of the JIP is a statement of internationay-recognized guideines, practices and procedures that wi enabe the oi and gas industry to deiver acceptabe heath, safety and environmenta performance. Good practice for a particuar subject wi change over time in the ight of advances in technoogy, practica experience and scientific understanding, as we as changes in the poitica and socia environment. 2

5 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Contents Preface 2 How to use this guide 4 What is a shoreine assessment survey? 5 Why is an oied shoreine assessment programme important? 6 What are the objectives of an oied shoreine assessment programme? 8 Initia or reactive phase objectives 8 Panning phase objectives 9 Operationa phase objectives 9 Competion phase objectives 9 How does a shoreine assessment 10 programme fit into a shoreine response programme? Who is invoved in an oied shoreine 11 assessment programme? Integration with the response management 11 organization Oied shoreine assessment team participation 11 What are the key information 14 requirements for decision makers? Stranded oi distribution 16 Treatment options and constraints 20 Treatment end points 20 Shoreine treatment recommendations (STRs) 20 Treatment constraints good management practices 21 How is an oied shoreine assessment 23 programme impemented? Survey panning and strategies 23 Scope of the project 23 Segmentation 23 Coordination with operations personne 23 Coordination with stakehoders 23 Fied survey requirements 24 Data management 25 Time and space considerations 26 What types of data are generated? 27 How are shoreine treatment 30 programmes competed? Shoreine assessment surveys and reports 30 Shoreine treatment recommendations (STRs) 30 Sign-off and competion 30 Appendix 1: Exampe of an oied 32 shoreine assessment form Appendix 2: Oied shoreine assessment 34 programme checkist Acronyms 36 Acknowedgements 36 References and further reading 37 3

6 IPIECA IOGP How to use this guide Oied shoreine assessment surveys aso known as Shoreine Cean-up Assessment Technique (SCAT) surveys are a critica component of a response operation. The information gathered by the survey teams is used by the response managers to set objectives, priorities, constraints and end points, a of which are essentia in supporting the panning, decision making and impementation of an effective shoreine response programme. This guide expains why an oied shoreine assessment programme is an important eement of a response, and outines the benefits of systematic surveys. In addition, the guide expains why and how an effective shoreine assessment programme supports the panning, decision making and impementation process for a shoreine response, and how the key components of shoreine surveys are integrated into the data generation, decision making, and impementation and cosure stages of a shoreine response programme. The key eements of the survey process are aso outined with respect to the types of information that are coected and the purpose for which they are used by decision makers. The manner in which the data are coected is described, and a checkist is provided as a guide to the specific fied and management activities within an oied shoreine assessment programme. It shoud be noted, however, that this report is intended to be a guide rather than a fied manua. The guide expains the important concept of shoreine segments and segmentation as a method for conducting systematic surveys and managing the data and information that is generated. Exampes of the types of recommendations, maps and tabes that are produced as part of the data management process iustrate how the fied data are used in a shoreine response programme. 4

7 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS What is a shoreine assessment survey? Despite the best intentions of an on-water response to an oi spi at sea or in a river, the ikeihood is that at east some of the spied oi wi eventuay reach the shoreine. When shoreine impact occurs, or is ikey to occur, shoreine assessment is a critica component of the response programme and provides essentia information for setting objectives, priorities, constraints and end points for an effective shoreine response. Oied shoreine assessment surveys are carried out to: define and document the scae and character of shoreine oiing; identify and document the shoreine type and coasta character within the affected area; deveop recommendations for treatment end points and treatment techniques which provide a net environmenta benefit (see Box 5 on page 21) based on sound science; provide support throughout the treatment programme so that shoreine cean-up operations personne understand the expectations and concerns of the response managers; provide a process for cosure once treatment has been competed; and invove appropriate representatives to ensure consensus throughout the shoreine response programme. Oied shoreine assessment surveys may have different objectives as the phases of a response deveop. During the initia or reactive phase the survey information defines the overa scae of the affected area and the character of the shoreine oiing, which enabes cean-up teams to focus on higher priority ocations. The panning phase is characterized by systematic surveys that provide detaied information and defensibe recommendations on how to treat areas where cean-up is required, and by support for the cean-up teams so that they understand the objectives and strategies of the shoreine response programme. Typicay, the survey teams incude representatives from agencies or and owners/managers in the affected area so that they can be part of the evauation process. The same survey teams inspect ocations when treatment has been competed to ensure that the site-specific objectives have been met, so that the cean-up teams can be depoyed to other areas. Far eft: shoreine oiing is typicay discontinuous. Near eft: shoreine assessment teams at work. 5

8 IPIECA IOGP Why is an oied shoreine assessment programme important? A we-managed oied shoreine assessment programme generates systematic data whie fuy engaging stakehoders in the response management process. An oied shoreine assessment programme provides: comprehensive documentation of oiing and shoreine conditions; objective and defensibe scientific data and recommendations; standard measurements, terminoogy and descriptions; recommended treatment strategies; recommended end point criteria for segment sign-off; detais of operationa constraints, safety and security issues; data on ecoogica, cutura and socio-economic constraints; the use of good management practices; a management decision making process which incudes stakehoder and reguatory input; monitoring of treatment progress; trained and caibrated inspection teams for competion surveys; and data that can be usefu for a number of other purposes, incuding damage assessment or recovery studies. An oied shoreine assessment programme provides a strategy for competion, without which a spi response woud be unabe to ensure an efficient process and an appropriate and sensibe concusion. Without this set of information, effective response panning and prioritization for a shoreine response programme woud not be possibe, and the operations teams woud have to make spontaneous, on-site decisions regarding treatment. Instead, an oied shoreine assessment programme utiizes expert personne to survey shoreines ahead of operations; it assesses the need for treatment, and produces Figure 1 Strategy for shoreine treatment competion Stakehoder input and management approva Shoreine survey Data anaysis Shoreine treatment recommendations, priorities and cean-up endpoint criteria Operations impementation recommendations and objectives that, aong with stakehoder input, aow for efficient and effective panning. In addition, an oied shoreine assessment programme provides a strategy for competion (see Figure 1) which aims to assure an efficient process and an appropriate and sensibe concusion to spi response operations, whie avoiding under- or over-utiization of resources and potentia negative environmenta impacts due to excessive treatment. Shoreine assessment surveys therefore provide vauabe information and support for decision makers, panners and operations personne to enabe the effective treatment or ceaning of oied shoreines by acceerating recovery without causing additiona harm to the environment. Post-treatment shoreine survey Sign-off/competion Oi spi responders have been conducting shoreine surveys in one form or another for more than forty years. Prior to 1989, shoreine assessment historicay invoved reativey informa surveys, which often covered ony the areas with the greatest oi concentrations, 6

9 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS and rarey invoved a systematic or consistent recording or mapping process. The Shoreine Ceanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) survey programme created in 1989 during the response to the Exxon Vadez oi spi was designed to meet the chaenge of documenting shoreine oiing, and evauating treatment priorities and concerns in a remote area (Owens and Reimer, 2013). The SCAT concept invoved a systematic survey of a shoreines in the affected area, with the data being managed using a geographic information system (GIS) database. This programme supported the panning and cean-up decisions that were the foundation for the 1989 shoreine response operation at both the strategic and tactica eves. The fied procedures, the process of deveoping recommendations for shoreine treatment, and the data management toos have evoved since that first systematic survey, and the basic concept has stood the test of time in both arge and sma response operations wordwide. Beow: oied shoreine assessment surveys being carried out in wetand environments ITOPF 7

10 IPIECA IOGP What are the objectives of an oied shoreine assessment programme? The primary objectives of an oied shoreine assessment programme are to: define the ocation, extent and character of the oiing; deveop shoreine treatment recommendations; support operations during the treatment programme; and provide cosure once the shoreine treatment objectives have been met. This is achieved through: standardized procedures; good management practices; coection of data which are: scientific; systematic; accurate; consistent; compete; and defensibe; provision of data, information and support to decision makers and operations personne; and engagement of stakehoders. In addition to these key strategic programme objectives, there may be other survey objectives during the different phases of a shoreine response programme, as described beow. Beow eft: aeria reconnaissance enabes an initia assessment of the scae of the affected area. Beow right: video coverage with a descriptive commentary provides a rapid method of documenting shoreine oiing conditions. Initia or reactive phase objectives Generate immediate information on the scae of the probem, by aeria reconnaissance and rapid ground or vesse assessment. In some cases, surveys can be conducted prior to oi reaching the shoreine to estabish baseine conditions. Define the area(s) of affected shoreine and the degree and character of oiing. Estabish immediate cean-up priorities and depoy operations to the right pace(s) quicky. Prioritization is typicay associated with the distribution of the heaviest oi concentrations and the oi s remobiization potentia, and with the sensitivity of the affected shoreine. Treatment may primariy address buk oi remova to minimize further impacts and enhance natura degradation. 8

11 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Panning phase objectives Systematicay document oiing conditions by detaied ground surveys for the deveopment of a shoreine response pan (see Box 8 on page 25), taking into consideration the potentia for oiing conditions to change over time. Recommend overa treatment objectives. Assess and recommend treatment techniques and strategies, and recommend cean-up end points and test methods. Define treatment constraints. Operationa phase objectives Provide a set of specific instructions (or work orders ) to operations teams for the treatment of individua shoreine segments. Incude environmenta or other constraints and good management practices to prevent any additiona impacts or damage that might otherwise resut from treatment. Monitor and document the effectiveness of treatment and natura recovery. Track the status and progress of the treatment operations. Competion phase objectives Compare treatment end points with oiing conditions during inspections so that a parties can agree that sufficient treatment has been competed on a segment-by-segment basis. Document the achievement of end points within segments designated for treatment, and enabe sign-off or cosure (see Box 2 on page 15 for an expanation of segments and segmentation). Identify possibe ocations for ong-term monitoring where end points do not require remova of a of the oi, to ensure that natura weathering or sef-ceaning takes pace as anticipated. Beow: Shoreine surveys define the ocation and character of the oi: (eft) oied mangrove; (right) oied marsh. ITOPF 9

12 IPIECA IOGP How does a shoreine assessment programme fit into a shoreine response programme? An oied shoreine assessment programme fits into the response management organization both verticay, under the Panning and Environment functions, and horizontay, with strong inks and reciproca communications with shoreine Operations (IPIECA-IOGP, 2016). See Figure 2, beow. A we-panned shoreine assessment programme systematicay documents detaied shoreine character, oiing and ogistics data for a of the affected area(s) on a segment-by-segment basis. The key objectives of a shoreine assessment programme are to: provide oiing data and treatment recommendations to decision makers and operations personne in an efficient and timey manner to support the different phases of a response; enabe rapid decision making and approva of the response pan, and to direct shoreine ceanup operations during a phases of a response; compie systematic, consistent and defensibe documentation during a phases of a response; work cosey with shoreine operations personne to expedite and provide fied support for the appication of recommended treatment and end point criteria; provide accurate and informative data to stakehoders; and work with the spi management team to provide non-technica information to the genera pubic. Figure 2 The SCAT programme s position in a typica response organization structure 10

13 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Who is invoved in an oied shoreine assessment programme? A we-designed shoreine assessment programme invoves experienced shoreine assessment fied surveyors, key decision makers, panners and operations personne, ensuring a comprehensive fow of information and data between a parties associated with the response. The programme aso ensures that reevant stakehoders remain engaged, and keeps them invoved with, and informed of, the decision making process. Data management is a key component of the shoreine assessment programme, to ensure data integrity, storage and backup, and to provide a means of processing and anaysing raw shoreine oiing data and presenting it in a format that can be easiy communicated with decision makers and stakehoders. Oied shoreine assessment teams carry out the surveys ahead of the operations teams, and often recognize the hazards and constraints before anyone ese; oied shoreine assessment survey teams must therefore have a strong safety cuture and shoud share their earnings with the rest of the response personne. Integration with the response management organization The oied shoreine assessment programme shoud be integrated within the function responsibe for environmenta decision making and recommendations. For exampe, within an Incident Management System (IMS) SCAT resides within the Environmenta Unit, under the Panning Section. This ensures that agreement on the end points of the operation fas under one team, and that fied data is passed back to those decision makers and response panners so that the response can be panned accordingy. The Panning Section is aso responsibe for ensuring that other reevant sections are kept informed via the Situation Unit. A key roe of the oied shoreine assessment team is to support the response operations by communicating directy with the Operations personne; this ensures that both teams understand each other s roes and requirements and enabes each team to provide input to the other s decisions. For exampe, the fied survey team can discuss with supervisors in the fied how they can determine whether end points are reached, and the Operations personne may provide an understanding of the practica benefits and imitations of avaiabe treatment methods. Oied shoreine assessment team participation A fuy functioning shoreine assessment team requires the joint participation of representatives of the responsibe party and the agencies responsibe for the affected area. This heps to maintain consistent reporting between the various reguators and stakehoders as we as preventing different interpretations about the ocation and degree of oiing. Agencies or and managers might be from the oca, regiona or nationa eves, or a combination of a three. The reevant nationa or oca oi spi contingency pan may specify the membership of a shoreine assessment team. However, care must be taken to ensure that the membership of a shoreine assessment fied team remains at a eve that is easy to manage; it is not practica or efficient to have a arge fied team, and it may therefore be necessary to restrict fied participation to seected key representatives. A 11

14 IPIECA IOGP team of more than five peope can become inefficient and difficut to manage from both a ogistica and safety perspective. As mentioned on page 11, the fied survey teams must have appropriate safety training and a strong safety cuture because they typicay work remotey, often away from arger operationa units and infrastructure. They shoud have the competence and authority to turn back where conditions or transportation may be deemed to be unsafe, and shoud pass safety reports and observations on to the Safety Officer in the response organization. The roe of a shoreine assessment survey Team Leader requires basic eadership skis. Leaders shoud be team payers and isten to the views of each team member, with the aim of seeking a fu team consensus on oiing conditions and recommendations for treatment. Fied team members who are new to shoreine assessment wi require appropriate cassroom and/or in-fied training, and a team members require reguar, spi-specific caibration to ensure consistency both between individua team members and between different teams. Consistency of data is improved by minimizing the turnover of fied surveyors, and by ensuring that the same group of trained and caibrated personne is used from the initia reconnaissance surveys through to competion. Training shoud incude reevant safety issues and potentia risks as we as shoreine assessment methods and shoreine processes specific to the geographic area to be surveyed. The composition of an oied shoreine assessment programme might incude the foowing components: Beow: an oied shoreine survey team, incuding representatives from oca agencies. Oied shoreine assessment programme management/coordination: responsibe for designing and directing the programme, setting programme objectives, and iaising within the Environmenta Unit and with other managers and decision makers within the response organization. Fied survey teams: responsibe for conducting aeria reconnaissance and ground/vesse surveys, gathering oiing (and other) data in the fied, producing reports and recommendations for treatment, and inspecting segments where treatment is required to ensure end points are reached. Depending on site-specific needs, other data to be coected may incude cutura resources, sensitive widife resources, environmenta resources or operationa, safety or ogistica constraints. Data management: responsibe for coecting and coating data, presenting data maps and summary tabes and reports, and for coordinating with the response data management team to preserve shoreine assessment survey documentation on oi character and treatment or natura attenuation. GIS support: responsibe for creating fied maps for the survey teams and maps for survey reports. Logistics support: responsibe for managing ogistics and communications for the fied teams, an important roe when covering a arge and/or remote area, and providing safety training and support (see Box 1 on Safety and safety pans, overeaf). SCAT Operations Liaison: responsibe for direct communications between the shoreine assessment programme and Operations personne, an important roe when the fied survey teams are unabe to provide that function themseves, for exampe during a response when the fied survey teams are spread over a wide area, away from operationa zones. 12

15 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Box 1 Safety and safety pans As with any part of an oi spi response, safety is the number-one priority. For fied survey teams there are many inherent risks to personne, and safety pans shoud be produced at an eary stage to ensure that teams are abe to recognize, prevent and mitigate those risks. Hazards might incude, but are not imited to: weather: cod/ice; working with heavy machinery (e.g. augers, excavators); heat/sun; sips, trips and fas; rain/thunderstorms; uneven and soft surfaces; high winds; widife; fog; darkness; sea state; fatigue; aviation operations; dehydration; boat operations; musce strain; working on/around water; trash (e.g. sharps, gass, chemicas); and driving/road conditions; members of the pubic/security. The fied Team Leader shoud conduct daiy briefings before beginning a survey to ensure that a members are aware of potentia safety hazards and have the necessary knowedge and toos to minimize and mitigate risks. Because the oied shoreine assessment survey team is often first on the scene, the team wi aso need to observe and identify new hazards daiy and as conditions change. The safety briefing is aso a means to ensure that a members understand the day s mission and objectives. 13

16 IPIECA IOGP What are the key information requirements for decision makers? Foowing an oi spi, an effective and efficient response depends argey on rapid and informed decision making. A we-panned shoreine assessment programme provides critica information to enabe decision makers to pan and execute a successfu shoreine cean-up operation. To set objectives and priorities in the eary stages of a response, spi managers require a fu, nontechnica overview of the situation as quicky as possibe. Throughout the panning and operationa stages, managers ook to the shoreine survey team for defensibe recommendations regarding objectives, priorities and cean-up end points, incuding appropriate cean-up techniques and operationa constraints. In addition, they rey on reports regarding tempora changes in shoreine oiing and on treatment progress. It is important to estabish agreed-upon metrics in terms of distances surveyed, oi impacts (for exampe, oiing category percentages see Figure 3) and treatment to communicate consistent information to managers and the pubic. Finay, during the competion phase, managers rey on the opinions and recommendations of the experienced fied teams to agree on and document segments for which the end points have been reached so that the response may be demobiized accordingy on a segment-by-segment basis. Figure 3 Percentage of tota oied shoreine by category for seected oi spis In Figure 3, the Deepwater Horizon categories foow the Sma tida range band width and Surface oi cover matrix definition shown in Box 4 (pages 18 19); a other exampes foow the Large tida range definition for oied band width. percent heavy moderate ight very ight shoreine oiing category Exxon Vadez Seendang Ayu Cosco Busan Deepwater Horizon average Figure 4 Information fow and the decision process An efficient shoreine assessment programme produces compete systematic data, ensuring that a shoreines in the affected area are surveyed. We-caibrated shoreine assessment teams provide data which are consistent, both between different surveys and between different individua observers/teams. Quaity is enhanced by maintaining a consistent team of oied shoreine assessment fied surveyors throughout the response. Reporting forms shoud generate quantitative data, thereby removing the need for quaitative descriptions or opinions. 14

17 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Box 2 Segments and segmentation At the very beginning of (or ideay before) a response, the shoreine or river bank(s) is divided into working units caed segments. These segments are deineated to provide manageabe areas of the shoreine for assessment, cean-up and subsequent inspection by the shoreine assessment survey teams. Each segment shoud have a reativey simiar shoreine character in terms of physica features and sediment type. Segment boundaries are estabished based on: prominent geoogica features, incuding inets or stream/river mouths; changes in shoreine or substrate type; changes in oiing conditions; operationa considerations, such as backshore character, access or staging factors; and jurisdictiona or and ownership/management areas. Each segment is given a unique identification number, which can then be used to cross-reference a documents and maps reating to shoreine surveys and operations. Segmentation breaks the shoreine down into manageabe and practica portions for survey and operations teams, and simpifies the identification and ocation of different sections of shoreine (see map beow). Segments where treatment is panned can correspond to operationa areas or divisions. Poygons may be used for segmentation on non-inear shoreines, such as wetands, or in cases with highy irreguar shoreines or terrestria oiing (for an exampe see the oied wetand status map on page 28). Pre-SCAT mapping and segmentation avoids the need for reactive segmentation, or the use of mutipe unconnected segmentation schemes created by different groups within a response; it can aso be competed without the pressures and time constraints of a rea incident. Where segmentation has been competed in advance, key shoreine sensitivity and ogistica information such as shoreine type and backshore operationa considerations (see map beow) wi be immediatey avaiabe to the shoreine teams. The use of aeria videotape surveys has been found to provide a vauabe source of data for shoreine segmentation, aong with charts, maps and sateite imagery. In the event of a spi, sub-segments can be created to account for variations in the degree and type of oiing. Pre- SCAT sensitivity and segmentation maps shoud be evauated periodicay in the fied and revised as necessary to account for changes due to natura coasta processes and human activities, as we as to verify access points and staging areas. Exampe of pre-scat shoreine segmentation that defines shore zone type (where oi coud be deposited) and coasta character (the backshore where operations woud be depoyed and staged). In this exampe, the Environmenta Sensitivity Index (ESI) shore type for segments DAN-022 through DAN-025 is the same (sand beach), but the backshore character changes significanty: dunes (22); man-made (23); ciff/buff (24); and dunes (25). Map courtesy of ACEPA, the Angoa Ministry of Petroeum and Ministry of the Environment 15

18 IPIECA IOGP Stranded oi distribution A shoreine assessment survey shoud be designed to evauate and document severa important factors reated to oiing in order to faciitate the decision making process for a response programme. Surveys shoud identify and report the foowing information on a segment-by-segment basis: Layer of subsurface (buried) oi residue in a hand-dug pit on a sandy beach. Location: maps, GPS coordinates and descriptions of where shoreine oiing is observed, noting which segments are oied and in which tida zone the oi has been stranded. Segments in which there is no observed oi (NOO) shoud be documented. Shoreine type: descriptions of the primary and secondary shoreine types surveyed, ideay using standard descriptors and coding such as the Environmenta Sensitivity Index (ESI) (see IPIECA/IMO/IOGP, 2012) or Environment Canada s shoreine cassification system (see Box 3 on page 17). Coasta character: description of the backshore, specificay noting access and staging factors for operations. Oi concentration: quantitative descriptions of the distribution (ength, width and percentage cover) and thickness of surface oi, and the ocation, thickness, depth and percentage cover of subsurface oi, using standard and consistent measurements and definitions (see Box 4 on pages 18 19). Character of the oi: standard descriptions of the character of the oi and the degree of weathering, for exampe, fresh oi, emusification, oi residue, or sheen (see Box 4 on pages 18 19). Potentia behaviour of the oi: an indication of the ikey persistence (days to weeks, weeks to months, months to years) of the oi and its remobiization potentia, based on the characteristics of the oi, the change of oiing with time (weathering), and the water and weather conditions. This information set is initiay used to deveop immediate cean-up priorities, which are typicay those segments with the heaviest oi concentrations and the greatest potentia for remobiization of the oi. During the subsequent panning stage, shoreine oiing data is combined with information on sensitivity and resources at risk in order to set ong-term objectives and priorities. Oiing data incudes the foowing segment-specific information: oied shoreine assessment forms and associated maps, sketches, diagrams and photos; safety and ogistica issues, such as access and constraints; observed resources at risk; and beach profie data (see What types of data are generated? on page 27) Such information can be coated to produce area or regiona overviews of the shoreine oiing and of the response progress, in the form of oiing and status tabes and maps and time series diagrams (see pages 27 28). Appendix 1 on pages provides an exampe of an oied shoreine assessment form. Standard forms can be modified to refect the specific shoreine character (e.g. wetands) or oiing conditions of a particuar region or spi. 16

19 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Far eft: a pebbe/ cobbe beach with oi deposited primariy above the intertida zone. Near eft: an oied river bank during a period with a faing water eve. Box 3 Environment Canada s shoreine cassification (for temperate and arctic environments) Marine shoreine types Bedrock ciff/vertica Bedrock soping/ramp Bedrock or beach rock patform Gacier/ice shef Man-made soid Man-made permeabe Sand beach Mixed sediment beach Pebbe/cobbe beach Bouder beach Mud fat Sand fat Mixed sediment fat Pebbe/cobbe/bouder fat Wetand Mangrove Peat shoreine Tundra ciff ice rich Tundra ciff ice poor Inundated ow-ying tundra Winter shoreines marine and freshwater (usuay temporary) Ice foot Snow Frozen swash Frozen spray/spash Grounded ice foes Marine and ake coasta character Ciff/ hi Soped Fat/ owand Beach Deta Dune Lagoon River inet/ channe Wetand Man-made Freshwater shoreine types (ake, river, stream) Bedrock ciff/ramp Bedrock patform/shef Man-made soid Man-made permeabe Sediment ciff Mud/cay bank Sand beach or bank Mixed sediment beach or bank Pebbe/cobbe beach or bank Bouder beach or bank Peat/organic beach or bank Mud fat Sand fat Mixed sediment fat Vegetated bank Marsh Swamp Bog/fen Wooded upand River or stream vaey character Ciff Soped Canyon Straight Confined or eveed Meander Food pain vaey Braided Oxbow Man-made River or stream channe character Shoas Point bars Cascade Rapids Riffe Poo Gide Log jams Undercut banks 17

20 IPIECA IOGP Box 4 Standard terms and definitions A key eement of shoreine assessment is the use of agreed standard terms and definitions, without which comparison between different survey forms and reports woud be difficut. By using the same words or phrases to describe oiing, everyone in the response understands their meanings and there is no misinterpretation. Exampes of accepted terms and their definitions to describe surface oiing character incude: Oi band width can be categorized depending on tida range or shoreine environment: Wide Medium Narrow Very narrow Sma tida range (< 2 m), ake or river shoreine > 2 m 1 2 m m < 0.3 m Large tida range (> 2 m) > 6 m 3 6 m m < 0.5 m Oi character Fresh: un-weathered, ow viscosity oi Mousse: emusified oi (a mixture of oi and water) Tar bas: discrete oi bas on a beach or adhered to the substrate (< 10 cm diameter) Tar patties: discrete oi patties on a beach or adhered to the substrate (> 10 cm diameter) Tar: weathered coat or cover of tarry, amost soid, consistency Surface oi residue: non-cohesive oied surface sediments Asphat pavements: cohesive mixture of oi and sediments No oi observed (NOO) Oi distribution is grouped into the foowing categories (see Figure 5): Trace: < 1% Sporadic: 1 10% Patchy: 11 50% Broken: 51 90% Continuous: % Note: Tar bas can be counted for a fixed area, aso noting average and argest sizes. Figure 5 Percentage distribution exampes Owens Coasta Consutants 18

21 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Oi thickness is described according to the foowing categories: Thick oi: > 1 cm Cover: > 0.1 cm to 1 cm Coat: > 0.01 cm to 0.1cm (can be scratched off with a fingernai) Stain: 0.01cm (cannot be scratched off easiy with a fingernai) Fim: transparent or transucent fim or sheen Terms such as ight, moderate and heavy are given specific definitions so that their use is consistent and comparabe. Matrices (see exampes in Figures 6 and 7 beow) can be used to categorize oiing to provide a simpe, yet standardized, description. Figure 6 Initia surface oi cover matrix Oied area width (in this case for a ocation with a sma tida range) and oi distribution are combined in this Initia surface oi cover matrix. Figure 7 Fina surface oi categorization matrix The initia categorization of the surface oi from the Initia surface oi cover matrix (Figure 6) is combined with the average oi thickness in this Surface oi categorization matrix. 19

22 IPIECA IOGP Treatment options and constraints Treatment end points Treatment end points provide measureabe objectives for a shoreine response, ensuring that everyone invoved, from the management eve to the response operators in the fied, understands which segments require cean-up and what eve of residua oiing is considered acceptabe in those segments. When those mutuay-agreed end points are achieved, this means that no further treatment (NFT) is required and that a segment can be removed from the response, and cean-up teams redepoyed esewhere as required. The invovement of the appropriate environmenta agencies in the deveopment of end points ensures that their requirements and concerns can be fuy taken into account in the decision making process. In recommending end points to the spi management team, the shoreine assessment programme team must understand the degree of oiing, the rate of weathering, the potentia for remobiization and the potentia for natura recovery, as we as the shoreine type and sensitivity, and the potentia for exposure to widife and the pubic. Typicay, end points are defined for each of the affected shoreine types and uses. An understanding of the capabiities and imitations of the avaiabe treatment techniques is essentia; in particuar, the team shoud be aware of any negative impact that each treatment option may have on the shoreine habitat. It is important to note that it is rarey technicay or economicay practica to attempt to cean to pre-spi conditions or to the NOO standard, and that some treatment activities may have a negative net environmenta benefit, particuary on sensitive shoreines (see Box 5 on page 21 for the principes of NEBA and ALARP). Technica Working Groups may be estabished to determine NFT end points and treatment options for different shoreine types (see Box 7 on page 24). Ideay, end points shoud be quantitative, reducing any ambiguity from the process, for exampe: surface oiing ess than 10% distribution and ess than 1 cm thick. However, end points may aso be quaitative, providing they are objective and measureabe, for exampe: no oi which produces a rainbow sheen on disturbance. Anaytica measurements coud aso be used to define end points, however it is ikey to be difficut to agree on anything but an arbitrary concentration, so an in-situ quantitative or quaitative assessment is generay preferabe. In situations where the shoreine type is particuary sensitive to physica impacts from treatment, an operationa end point may be preferabe, for exampe: this segment reaches no further treatment (NFT) status when the recommended treatment has been competed (see Box 6 on page 22 for more exampes of shoreine treatment end points). Shoreine treatment recommendations (STRs) Where a segment does not meet the end point criteria, the spi management team needs to know where the oiing is, why it does not meet end points, and how the operations personne can cean the segment. With good data and an understanding of the shoreine oiing, characteristics and required end points, as we as a sound knowedge of avaiabe treatment techniques, the shoreine assessment programme team can make recommendations for shoreine treatment for each segment using an STR form (See NWACP 2014 for an exampe STR form). Where non-standard techniques, or new equipment is used, fied trias or tests may be required 20

23 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS to determine their effectiveness. In some cases, where a shoreine is particuary sensitive to physica or other impacts from treatment, recommendations of no treatment and/or monitor recovery may be appropriate. The STR shoud identify and define the oied area(s) within the segment (see page 27) and highight the most appropriate treatment technique(s) for the oiing and shoreine type. The STR shoud aso incude cear instructions regarding any safety, ogistica and ecoogica issues and constraints. STR forms are reviewed and approved by the spi management team, so that they can be incorporated into the shoreine response programme, essentiay becoming work orders for the shoreine operations teams. STRs shoud incude: segment number(s), coordinates, maps and photos; description of the oied ocation(s), incuding shoreine characteristics; types and degree of oiing; recommended treatment techniques; a ist of the different stages/steps of treatment; end point criteria for the segment(s); environmenta, cutura and socia restrictions and issues; and safety and ogistica issues. Treatment constraints good management practices To imit negative impacts from the recommended treatment options, the STR shoud refer to good management practices. These shoud expain the measures required to avoid or minimize additiona harm, such as reducing physica impact to sensitive shoreines, avoiding vegetation disturbance, and minimizing disturbance of widife, cutura or historica resources. Box 5 The principes of NEBA (net environmenta benefit anaysis) and ALARP ( as ow as reasonaby practica ) The primary purpose of shoreine treatment is to acceerate the natura recovery processes, such as weathering and biodegradation. There typicay comes a point in the treatment process when either no benefit is gained from any further treatment or the effort may resut in undesired effects (such as root disturbance in wetands), and therefore that treatment activity shoud either be modified or shoud cease. Two key principes for determining end points and treatment options are ALARP and NEBA. ALARP considers that a risk shoud be as ow as reasonaby practicabe, where the risk is greater than zero, but is toerabe and cannot be reduced further without incurring disproportionate cost and effort. NEBA invoves the assessment of the net environmenta benefit of potentia treatment aternatives, incuding natura recovery, by comparing the negative and positive impacts of each treatment option and defining when a particuar treatment activity shoud cease. Different treatment options have different impacts on the environment; generay the more aggressive the technique, the greater the physica shoreine impact. NEBA is therefore used to determine which option provides the greatest overa benefit to the environment. This assessment might incude the options of no treatment or monitor the recovery where the shoreine is particuary sensitive to physica or other impacts from treatment operations. In addition to environmenta impacts, NEBA can aso incude the consideration of cutura and socio-economic issues. For further information on NEBA see the IPIECA-IOGP Good Practice Guide entited Response strategy deveopment using net environmenta benefit anaysis (NEBA) (IPIECA-IOGP, 2015b). 21

24 IPIECA IOGP Box 6 Exampes of shoreine treatment end points No more than 1% tar bas which are ess than 2 cm in diameter. No oi or tar bas greater than background deposition rates (where there is good documentation of background oiing data). No oiing on hard substrates greater than coat (0.1 mm), and no greater than 20% distribution. No oi on pooed water greater than a siver sheen in a marsh or in a pit or trench. No surface oiing more than 10% distribution and more than 1 cm thick. No oi which produces rainbow sheen on disturbance. No oi which rubs off on contact. No subsurface oiing greater than oi residue which is 4 cm thick and patchy (50% distribution). This segment reaches NFT status when the recommended treatment has been competed. Exampe end points: near right: < 1% tar bas; far right: < 10% stain 22

25 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS How is an oied shoreine assessment programme impemented? Survey panning and strategies Scope of the project The first step in a response is to estabish the potentia size of the affected oied area and to scae the shoreine survey programme accordingy. As with response operations, shoreine assessment resources need to be fexibe and can aways be scaed up or down as the situation changes. As ong as oi is sti migrating, daiy overfights with reports are necessary to pan both strategy (scae of the response programme) and tactics (where to send ground survey teams and operations crews). Segmentation Dividing the shoreine into manageabe segments at the beginning of a response, or as part of pre-spi panning, provides a database foundation within which survey documents, photographs and maps can be easiy cross-referenced, and oied areas can be easiy ocated (see Box 2 on page 15). The same segmentation shoud be used throughout the response by a responders so as to avoid confusion. Coordination with operations personne Athough the shoreine assessment programme resides within the Panning function, it is vita that the shoreine assessment programme is abe to estabish direct communications with the shoreine operations personne. This aows for an efficient process by ensuring that the operations teams understand what is required and that they are aware of any environmenta concerns. At the same time, the shoreine assessment survey teams wi become aware of any practicaity, feasibiity and timing issues that may arise during treatment. A SCAT Operations Liaison roe, either within the fied teams or as a separate function, can hep to faciitate two-way discussions of: treatment guideines; techniques and strategies; operationa imitations and good practice guideines; environmenta, cutura and socio-economic imitations; prioritization of treatment; the understanding and appication of STRs; and the identification of ogistica assets and iabiities (such as access points, staging areas, boat docks and aunches, quaity of roads and infrastructure). Coordination with stakehoders Reevant stakehoders, such as the responsibe party and key government agencies, typicay have representation within the shoreine assessment programme, either in the management team and/or in the fied. This ensures good coordination and communications as we as mutuayagreed decisions reating to shoreine oiing and treatment. For arge incidents with mutipe stakehoders, the formation of Technica Working Groups may be appropriate to ensure that the requirements and concerns are addressed during the decision making process (see Box 7 overeaf). 23

26 IPIECA IOGP Box 7 Technica Working Groups The end point criteria and treatment techniques recommended by shoreine assessment teams are approved by the key decision makers at the management eve. Technica Working Groups (TWGs) may be formed to ensure that key agencies representing environmenta, cutura and socio-economic interests at the oca to nationa eves, and reevant stakehoders such as the responsibe party, operations and panning personne, a have the opportunity to present their requirements and concerns during the decision making process. Where severa shoreine environments have been oied, TWGs may be estabished for each shoreine type (e.g. for sand beaches, wetands and man-made shoreines). Data, information and recommendations from the shoreine assessment programme are provided for discussion within the TWG(s) and are used to provide outputs required by the response management, for exampe: definition of shoreine segments that need treatment; estabishment of treatment priorities; deveopment of end point criteria by shoreine type; deveopment of shoreine treatment recommendations by habitat type; recommendation of fied trias to evauate and compare different treatment techniques; and evauation of shoreine assessment data throughout the operationa process to determine the effectiveness and effects of treatment. TWGs add an additiona ayer of confidence to the decision making process so that upper eve management and stakehoders can be assured that the reevant participants and experts, whose opinions or concerns have been considered throughout the process, have aso been invoved in making recommendations on treatment and end points. TWGs therefore hep to make the approva of these recommendations a smooth process, particuary when mutipe agencies are invoved. Fied survey requirements Panning for shoreine assessment surveys shoud incude the mobiization and provision of a variety of resources, incuding: trained and caibrated muti-agency teams; equipment (e.g. notebook, GPS, camera, shove, profie stakes, PPE); transportation (e.g. road, off-road, water, air); a safety pan and job safety anaysis process to identify and remove or mitigate new hazards; communications (e.g. mobie phones, radio, sateite phones); and training toos (job aids, manuas, caibration presentations). A seection of typica shoreine assessment survey resources: (near right) persona equipment incuding PPE, first-aid kit, fouweather gear, GPS, camera and notebook; (far right) paperwork and information, incuding maps, pans, job aids and oied shoreine assessment forms. 24

27 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Pans and resources shoud be in pace to provide the foowing data: oied shoreine assessment forms (paper or eectronic see Appendix 1); sketches/maps; photos/videos; GPS positiona data; beach profie data (see Box 9 on page 29); and monitoring site data (see Box 9 on page 29). Data management Shoreine surveys can generate arge amounts of data which must be coected, reviewed, organized and preserved. Agreed-upon performance metrics must be estabished at the start of the response. Shoreine oiing data (see What types of data are generated? on page 27) shoud be rapidy made avaiabe to the response organization so that once the fied teams have competed a survey that data may be processed quicky by the data management team. This processing incudes quaity assurance/quaity contro (QA/QC) of raw data, entry into a database within a geographic information system (GIS) function, and data anaysis, through to fina data presentation and preservation. The objectives and strategies of the shoreine survey and response programme can be summarized in a shoreine response pan (see Box 8). This pan, when approved by the spi management team, defines what wi be surveyed, who participates, the survey protocos, the approved treatment objectives, priorities and end points, shoreine treatment options, and the inspection process. Box 8 The shoreine response pan A shoreine response pan sets out the specific objectives, priorities and activities of a shoreine assessment programme and describes the treatment options and end points for the shoreine response programme, as agreed by the reevant stakehoders. The pan is beneficia to the shoreine assessment team and the Panning and Operations Sections as it heps each to understand the process, and the cooperation and communications that are required between the different parties. Key components of a shoreine response pan are: heath and safety; data management and reporting; programme objectives; ogistics; programme management; spi management support; fied team participants; iaison with the Operations Section; fied methods and forms: treatment end points; aeria reconnaissance during initia stages; shoreine treatment options; shoreine inspections; prioritization of treatment by segments; and shoreine treatment process; the sign-off and competion process. 25

28 IPIECA IOGP Time and space considerations Beow: mechanica trenching to determine the presence of subsurface oi on a mixed sand-pebbe beach; and (bottom) inspecting a hand-dug pit for subsurface oi. Shoreine assessment surveys are conducted as eary as possibe when oi spis affect, or are ikey to affect, coasta resources. No matter what the size of the incident or where it happens, oiing ocation and conditions shoud be documented for panning, operationa, ega and iabiity purposes. The scae of the shoreine assessment programme varies for each incident. A sma, ocaized spi might ony require one or two fied teams with oversight, data and ogistics coordinated by a singe person in the command post; whereas a spi that affects tens or hundreds of kiometres might require mutipe fied teams with a arge support group to provide data management, GIS support, ogistics support and a iaison with the Operations Section. An important function of the shoreine assessment survey teams during the initia response phase is to debrief the Panning and Operations Sections on key information generated during the day s surveys. This information transfer has to take pace in time for response personne to incorporate that information into panning for the next day s activities. Survey teams ony need to stay ahead of the operations teams by approximatey two or three days during the initia stages of the response; any onger presents the risk that shoreine data may become out of date due to changes in oiing conditions, especiay in the eary stages of a response when the oi is sti reativey fresh and mobie. Teams shoud be prepared to ook for subsurface oi in case the oi has penetrated beach sediments, or has been reworked or buried by sediments due to wave action. A range of detection and deineation options can be considered (API, 2013) and in some cases extensive systematic surveys may be required, for exampe if there are widespread and variabe deposits of subsurface oi (Owens et a., 1995). When mobiizing fied survey personne it is important to consider the amount of time a person can commit to the response. A arge incident might require a shoreine assessment programme to continue for severa months or even years; in order to maintain consistent and accurate data, it is preferabe to use the same caibrated personne throughout the programme. Teams shoud be prepared for a variety of spi environments and regiona adaptations, which might require an understanding of different shoreine processes, different survey types and forms, and different transportation requirements, safety issues and cothing/ppe requirements. In tida ocations, survey panning must take into account the tida range and tide heights so that fied teams can observe the entire intertida zone during their surveys. The range of fied environments incude: marine coasts; river and stream banks; ake shores; terrestria environments; and regiona variation, e.g.: temperate; tropics; and arctic/ice or winter. 26

29 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS What types of data are generated? Data output from the fied surveys incudes tabes, graphs, maps, photographs and reports. The fied data are scientific and the summary outputs are designed to be easiy understood by non-technica personne and the genera pubic. Fied data, which incude oied shoreine assessment forms, sketches, photographs (see right), videos, and GPS track ines and waypoints, are coated by the data manager or data team to provide maps and other visua presentations reated to segment-specific or area/regiona summaries (see photographs overeaf). Summary tabes and graphs are aso usefu to provide situationa information (see Tabe 1 on page 28). Compiations of shoreine oiing data document the past and current distribution and character of oiing conditions, representing changes through time, and hence the progress of natura recovery and/or treatment of the shoreine. Shoreine assessment data and the derived summary information are important, not ony to spi management and stakehoders to aid decision making and panning, but aso to the genera pubic to understand the evoving situation. The photographs on the right show the different eves of detai of shoreine oiing conditions in the same segment (Owens et a., 2008). 27

30 IPIECA IOGP Shoreine oiing Data sets might incude: status maps: (top) aeria survey forms/reports; an oied wetand oied shoreine assessment forms; environment (poygon segments) and ake shoreine environment (inear segments); and (bottom) inear shoreine segments in a commercia waterway. photographs and videos; GPS track ines and waypoints; fied sketches and maps; shoreine treatment recommendations (STRs); oiing and status tabes; oiing and status maps; operationa maps, showing current treatment areas; diagrams (e.g. time series showing progress); history tracking (chronoogica segmentspecific actions throughout the response); beach profies and reports (see Box 9 on page 29); photomonitoring and time series data (Box 9); cutura/historica data; and incidenta widife information coected during shoreine assessment surveys. Tabe 1 Oiing summary tabe from an assessment survey of an oied ake shore Shoreine type Burush/reed Wetand fringe Oied ength (m) 23,315 4,545 % of tota oied ength Length by oiing category (m) heavy moderate Light/very ight 14,464 2,525 4, ,182 1,234 No observed oi 6,512 10,555 Cobbe-pebbe 1, , ,668 Bouder-cobbe Mixed sediment ,343 Vegetated bank ,134 Sand Peat/soi Man-made permeabe Mud TOTALS 32, ,677 6,428 7,583 30,062 28

31 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Box 9 Suppementary fied data In addition to oied shoreine assessment forms, sketches and photographs, the shoreine assessment fied teams can produce other data which might be usefu for a response. These might incude aeria and shoreine videos, beach profies, and photomonitoring data, as we as information about ecoogica, cutura, socio-economic, ogistica and safety issues. The fied survey teams, being the eyes on the ground, can aso ocate and report stranded operationa equipment, such as boom and anchors washed up on the shoreine, and oied widife. Beach profie data Where oi has been, or is ikey to become, buried by sediment due to dynamic shoreine processes, or penetrates into coarse sediments, beach profie data are essentia to hep response personne understand where oi might be buried and to what depths. Data can be coected by periodicay surveying reguar, caibrated beach profies to show changes in beach eevation with time. By combining beach profie data with initia oiing data, the data team can recommend to the fied teams where to ook for buried oi. Photomonitoring and time-series data Photomonitoring sites at specific ocations (identified by coasta features or stakes) and camera viewpoints produce usefu time-series data through forms and photographs, showing the changes in oiing conditions, vegetative cover, erosion and profie changes over time. These are very usefu for iustrating the progress of natura recovery and treatment of the affected shoreine to response personne, externa parties and the pubic. Time-series photographs from photomonitoring surveys of an oied wetand showing the change of oiing over time: (top) shorty after initia oiing; (bottom) severa months after initia oiing. 29

32 IPIECA IOGP How are shoreine treatment programmes competed? Caibrated and experienced shoreine assessment teams can provide a process that enabes a smooth and efficient cosure of shoreine treatment operations. The response is competed when a responsibe parties agree that sufficient appropriate treatment has been competed and that further activities may cease to provide a net environmenta benefit or are no onger practicabe (see Box 5 on page 21). An integrated, inter-agency shoreine assessment programme deivers consensua satisfaction between the various parties and stakehoders, and each is kept engaged from the initia shoreine assessment surveys through to the segment inspection sign-off recommendations. Shoreine assessment surveys and reports The key objective during shoreine assessment surveys is to reach fu team consensus regarding oiing observations and treatment recommendations to ensure consistent and accurate reporting. Agreement amongst the team members shoud be attained for each segment in the fied so that important detais are not missed or forgotten when producing forma paperwork after the surveys are competed. Fied data, incuding oied shoreine assessment forms, maps, photographs and sketches are coated for each segment. Oied shoreine assessment forms incude a descriptive summary of the oiing conditions for the segment and recommendations for treatment if the oiing is above the agreed end point criteria, together with guidance on whether treatment woud provide a net environmenta benefit. Shoreine treatment recommendations (STRs) Where the fied teams recommend treatment, STRs are generated for approva by the decision makers, and then provided to the Operations Section to guide the shoreine cean-up activities. (See Treatment options and constraints, on page 20.) Sign-off and competion When the oied shoreine assessment survey team agrees that a segment requires no further treatment (NFT) because: (a) the segment meets the agreed end point criteria; (b) the survey team considers the oiing to be ALARP; or (c) they evauate that there woud be no net environmenta benefit in further treatment, they report their recommendation on a shoreine inspection report (SIR). See NWACP 2014 for an exampe SIR form. In addition: (d) the Safety Officer may determine that risks which cannot be mitigated precude the continuation of fied activities. The fina approva for segment competion is made by the response management personne (for exampe, the Incident Manager) based on the recommendations from the fied teams. 30

33 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS Figure 8 Segment competion process Figure 8 highights the basic steps from initia shoreine surveys to competion on a segment-bysegment basis. A successfu shoreine assessment programme incudes: the generation of timey information and data at the start of a response to scae the shoreine response programme; support for the Operations personne to provide them with a cear understanding of what is expected in terms of treatment objectives, and what concerns or constraints appy to their actions and activities; the integration of parties who, through egisation, and management or other reasons, shoud be incuded in the deveopment of treatment objectives and criteria, and the inspection/cosure process; and the production of a forma record of oi conditions and treatment during the response. 31

34 IPIECA IOGP Appendix 1: Exampe of an oied shoreine assessment form The exampe form beow (POSOW, 2013) is designed for marine shoreines and was deveoped for non-technica surveyors. More technicay-oriented forms are provided by MCA (2007), NOAA (2013) and Owens and Sergy (2004). Surface and subsurface oiing conditions are recorded on the exampe beow in boxes 6 and 7, respectivey. Subsurface oi detection and deineation methods are described in API (2013). 32

35 A GUIDE TO OILED SHORELINE ASSESSMENT (SCAT) SURVEYS 33