Temporary Trade Barriers Database: Update through 2013

Transcription

1 Temporary Trade Barriers Database: Update through 2013 Chad P. Bown The World Bank June 26, 2014 Executive Summary The World Bank has released its Temporary Trade Barriers Database with import protection figures based on newly updated data through 2013 for more than 25 major economies. This information on temporary trade barriers antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing duties has become important for monitoring national changes in trade policy, especially since the Great Recession began in First, the newly released data on temporary trade barriers () provide two pieces of evidence that the increase in import protection that began alongside the Great Recession in 2008 may be leveling off: The major economies experienced a relatively low share of imports subject to governments newly initiated TTB investigations in This leading indicator of forthcoming import protection involves governments initiating investigations after receipt of petitions from domestic industry and labor groups. The cumulative levels of imposed TTB import protection in 2013 remained relatively flat or even declined slightly in comparison with A decline occurs when the share of imports covered by the that have just been removed is larger than the share covered by the newly-imposed. Second, exporters from emerging economies are the countries most targeted by the cumulative TTB import protection in effect in These exporters include a number of relatively new entrants into global markets. Third, 2014 begins a critical period for trade policymakers presented with the market-opening opportunity of dismantling the large build-up of import protection that began in Many of the currently in effect were originally applied through the antidumping policy, and under its rules, policymakers must perform sunset reviews at the 5 year mark after imposition and determine whether to remove or extend the import protection. Thus, the next three years form a critical tapering period for policymakers to follow through and wind down the that began during the early phase of the Great Recession. For more, see the Temporary Trade Barriers Database website: Lead Economist, Development Research Group, Trade and International Integration (DECTI); The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, MSN MC3-303, Washington, DC USA. Tel: , fax: , cbown@worldbank.org, web: Carys Golesworthy, Aksel Erbahar, and Milla Cieszkowsky provided excellent research assistance. Any findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. All errors are solely the responsibility of the author.

2 1. Introduction Many of the major economies around the world apply relatively low import tariffs that they cannot legally increase without violating the commitments that they have taken on under trade agreements. As such, temporary trade barriers () antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing duties have become important instruments of import protection that countries use instead to legally implement changes to their trade policy. TTB use has proliferated over the last two decades in particular, especially across a number of emerging economies, as highlighted by the increased use of since the Great Recession began in The World Bank has provided its annual release to the Temporary Trade Barriers Database (Bown, 2014) with newly updated data and import protection figures through 2013 for more than 25 major economies. 1 This paper first provides a review of the most recent evidence of general TTB import protection trends from the 2013 data. Second, it presents country-specific snapshots of TTB use by specific policy instrument over time for each of the economies with detailed data available in the Database (Appendix B). Third, it provides a guide to the additional series of constructed measures of TTB import protection that are available at the Temporary Trade Barriers Database website, which also archives the underlying raw data files. 2. Initiations of New Investigations in 2013 A leading indicator of potential oncoming import protection involves the product coverage of government initiations of new TTB investigation. Governments initiate investigations after receiving petitions filed by domestic industries or labor groups claiming to suffer injury from imports. 1 The Temporary Trade Barriers Database contains historical trade policy data for a number of countries that dates back to the 1980s. It forms the most comprehensive and detailed database available regarding these particular policies of import protection. The first version of the Internet database was disseminated freely and publicly under the name of the Global Antidumping Database in Throughout the Great Recession period, the database was updated quarterly, renamed, and accompanied with trade policy monitoring and surveillance reports. Since 2011, the database has been updated annually. For a description, see the database website (Bown, 2014). Examples of recently published research using the Database are listed in the References below. 1

3 percent of imported products (nonoil) 3.5 Figure 1. G20 High-Income versus G20 Emerging Economies' Use of Temporary Trade Barriers, G20 Emerging economies: Stock of import products under temporary trade barriers G20 High-income economies: Stock of import products under temporary trade barriers G20 Emerging economies: Flow of import products subject to newly initiated temporary trade barrier investigation G20 High-income economies: Flow of import products subject to newly initiated temporary trade barrier investigation Note: Share of G20 economies non-oil import products at the HS-06 level. G20 emerging economies include Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey; G20 high-income economies include Australia, Canada, European Union, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. These measures therefore do not include imports or imposed by Mexico, Russia, or Saudi Arabia. Constructed by the author following the methodology in Bown (2011b) applied to updated data available from Bown (2014). Country-specific applications of Figure 1 are available in Appendix B and from the World Bank s Temporary Trade Barriers Database website. The first piece of evidence from 2013 of low levels of potential new import protection is given by the grey lines in the lower half of Figure 1. The major Group of 20 (G20) economies collectively experienced a relatively low share of their imports becoming subject to new TTB investigations. Both G20 high income and G20 emerging economies experienced a relatively low flow of potential new import protection arising in Table 1 provides a country-by-country reporting of the trade policy data illustrated in Figure 1 for the G20 as well as many other countries. At the country level, 18 of the 28 countries listed in the table had a smaller share of import products involved in new investigations in 2013 than the country s annual average over

4 Table 1. Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers through 2013 Policy-imposing economy (average applied MFN tariff) Share of import products subject to new TTB investigations 2013 Annual average, * Share of import products subject to imposed Temporary Trade Barriers in effect under All TTB polices Antidumping Safeguards G20 economies Argentina (12.5) < Australia (2.7) Brazil (13.5) <0.1 <0.1 Canada (4.3) China (9.6) EU (5.5) India (13.7) Indonesia (7.0) Japan (4.6) <0.1 <0.1 < <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Mexico (7.8) Russia (1) MI MI MI MI MI MI 0.1 South Africa (7.6) <0.1 <0.1 South Korea (13.3) Turkey (9.6) < USA (3.4) Non-G20 economies Chile (6.0) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < Colombia (8.8) Costa Rica (5.6) <0.1 <0.1 < <0.1 <0.1 Ecuador (10.1) 0.3 <0.1 < <0.1 <0.1 < Israel (5.7) Jamaica (7.6) < Malaysia (6.5) 0.1 < New Zealand (2.0) <0.1 < Pakistan (13.5) Peru (3.7) Philippines (6.2) < Taiwan, China (6.1) Thailand (9.8) <0.1 Notes: Simple average share of non-oil import products at the HS-06 level. Constructed by the author following the methodology in Bown (2011b) applied to updated data available from Bown (2014). All includes a non-redundant accounting of antidumping, countervailing duties, global safeguards, and China-specific transitional safeguards. MI = a known user of the policy but for which HS-06 product data needed to construct the estimates is missing. *Annual average calculated over or the sub-period for which the particular country s data was available. The average applied MFN tariff is the simple average for the most recent year available (2012 or 2011) and is taken from the WTO s World Tariff Profiles. 3

5 In Table 1, only Brazil, India and the United States had 0.5 percent or more of their products become subject to the initiation of new TTB investigations in However, India and the US each also had relatively higher annual averages of import products covered by new TTB investigations over at 0.9 percent Year-over-year Changes to the Stock of Imposed in Effect in 2013 A second piece of evidence that Great Recession-era import protection may be stabilizing is based on the cumulative levels of imposed TTB import protection in 2013 relative to By construction of these measures, no change occurs in the cumulative coverage when the share of imports covered by the that that are newly imposed in a given year is exactly offset by the share of imports covered by the that have just been removed. On the other hand, a decline in the protection measure occurs when the coverage of new is lower than the coverage of removed, and an increase takes place when the coverage of new is higher than the coverage of removed. The upper half of Figure 1 shows a slight year-over-year decline in 2013 in the stock of imports collectively covered by imposed by both G20 high income and G20 emerging economies. The figure also suggests that these cumulative measures of TTB import protection in effect each year may have peaked in At the level of individual countries, Table 1 indicates 14 out of 27 countries reported declines (or stagnant levels) in the stock of imports collectively covered by in 2013 relative to 2012, while most of the 13 other countries reported only slight increases. Turkey and the United States, for example, achieved significant reductions in the cumulative level of imports covered by TTB import protection in 2013 relative to Turkey removed safeguards on steam irons and vacuum cleaners (imposed since 2006) and cotton yarn (imposed since 2008). The United States removed antidumping and/or countervailing duties on salmon from Norway (imposed since 1992), steel plate from Italy and Japan (imposed since 2000), honey from Argentina (imposed since 2001), and orange juice from Brazil (imposed since 2006), among others. 2 The Table in Appendix A presents an alternative set of estimates of country-by-country TTB import coverage, calculated on a trade-weighted basis, following the methodology proposed in Bown (2011b) with data updated from Bown (2014). On a trade-weighted basis in 2013, only Brazil, Chile, Colombia, India, and the Philippines had greater than 0.5 percent of the trade-weighted share of their imports become subject to new TTB investigations. 3 See again the Table in Appendix A for a comparison of estimates of TTB coverage ratios using trade-weighted import shares. The broad pattern of results also extends to these data. 4

6 Peru is the only country in Table 1 for which there is evidence of a substantial year-overyear increase in the cumulative coverage of import products by in Peru s increase was due to a significant set of new antidumping import restrictions imposed on textiles and apparel imports from China. 4. Comparing TTB Import Coverage in 2013 with Pre-Great Recession Coverage Next consider the cumulative level of import products covered by in 2013 relative to the import coverage in 2007, the year prior to the onset of the Great Recession. Collectively, the G20 economies used to cover a share of import products in 2013 that was 33 percent higher than the share of import products covered in Nevertheless, the top half of Figure 1 illustrates a sharp distinction between G20 emerging and G20 high-income economies in a comparison of the cumulative levels of imports covered by TTB import protection in 2013 versus The G20 emerging economies collectively shown in Figure 1 have a 50 percent higher share of their import products covered by in 2013 relative to The G20 high-income economies collectively have only a 13 percent higher share of their import products covered by in 2013 relative to Table 1 presents indicators required to make these comparisons at the country level. Argentina, India, Indonesia, Peru, and the United States each covered more than a 1 full percentage point higher share of their import products with in 2013 than in Among the major TTB users in the G20, only China, the European Union, Mexico, and South Africa had lower levels of import coverage in 2013 than in The only non-g20 countries with significantly higher shares of imports cumulatively covered by in 2013 compared to 2007 are Peru and Thailand. However, Peru s increase in coverage is partially due to a major uptick in 2013, as described earlier. 5. Exporting Country Trading Partners Targeted by Imposed Because TTB import protection can be imposed in a targeted way that is trading partner- and product-specific, the incidence of is not necessarily evenly spread across exporting countries. Table 2 lists the top twenty exporting countries affected by imposed by the G20 4 Other G20 countries with lower cumulative coverage by in 2013 relative to 2007 include Japan and South Korea; however, these countries have relatively low use of overall. 5

7 economies. Here this is defined as the cumulative share of their total exports to the G20 that is affected by that G20 economies have in place in Most of the countries at the top of the list in Table 2 are emerging economies. China, Ukraine, Russia, India, Macedonia, and Moldova, for example, each have more than 2 percent of their non-oil exports to the G20 import markets subject to imposed in Many of these countries are relatively new entrants into global markets. Finally, Table 2 is headed by Latvia, a small country that is a member of the European Union. Much of Latvia s data is explained by the fact that a relatively large share of its exports to the United States is subject to US antidumping imposed on steel concrete reinforcing bar. While other relatively newly acceding EU member states (Slovenia, Poland) also make the list, the overall share of European Union exports to the G20 that were subject to in 2013 is much smaller. On the other hand, the United States continues to have more than 1 percent of its exports to other G20 countries subject to imposed in Table 2. Countries with Largest Share of Exports Subject to G20-Imposed in 2013 Exporting Country TTB-affected share of exports to G20 countries 1 Latvia China Ukraine Kuwait South Korea Russia India United Arab Emirates Slovenia Macedonia Moldova Indonesia Oman Poland Kenya Mexico Thailand Pakistan Iran United States 1.2 Note: Trade-weighted share of non-oil exports to the G20, excluding exports to and imposed by Russia or Saudi Arabia. Constructed by the author using data at the at the HS-06 level following the methodology in Bown (2013) applied to the updated data from Bown (2014). 6

8 6. Policy Implications: Antidumping Sunset Reviews The data presented in Figure 1 and Table 1 indicate that a number of countries have a significantly larger share of import products subject to in place in 2013 than was the case before the onset of the crisis in Table 1 also reveals information on the relative importance of different TTB policy instruments covering those import products with protection. First, most of the global safeguard applications that covered products with import protection were eliminated by the end of See, for example, Turkey s safeguards policy removals described earlier. India and Indonesia are the two primary exceptions where economically significant import coverage by safeguards remain in effect as of Second, most of the remaining in place as of 2013 are due to the antidumping policy instrument. The WTO rules on how a policy-imposing country may use antidumping mandate that policymakers must review the state of an applied antidumping import restriction at the 5 year mark after it is originally imposed, under a sunset review investigation process. 5 For the G20 emerging economies in particular, many antidumping investigations were initiated beginning in 2008, as shown in the lower half of Figure 1. Preliminary antidumping import restrictions were imposed shortly thereafter (see the top half of Figure 1), and then definitive or final antidumping import restrictions began to be imposed in higher levels in Having now reached the 5 year mark after the imposition of these definitive antidumping import restrictions, and thus beginning in 2014, the next three years form a critical period in the overall determination of whether these trade barriers are ultimately removed on schedule. If not, a legacy of the Great Recession would be permanently higher levels of temporary trade barrier import protection. 5 Specifically, see the WTO s Antidumping Agreement Article 11, paragraph 11.3 which states Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, any definitive anti-dumping duty shall be terminated on a date not later than five years from its imposition 6 Figure 1 illustrates increases to the stock of TTB import protection as soon as even a preliminary measure is imposed. Many of the preliminary import restrictions imposed in 2008 did not result in definitive (final) import restrictions until Under the Antidumping Agreement s Article 11, definitive antidumping restrictions imposed in 2009 would be up for sunset review and termination in 2014, those definitive restrictions imposed in 2010 would be up for review in 2015, etc. 7

9 7. Conclusion Newly updated data from the World Bank s Temporary Trade Barriers Database for 2013 provide evidence that overall levels of TTB-import protection may have finally peaked, after almost continuous increases since the onset of the Great Recession in In particular, the major economies experienced a relatively low share of their imports becoming subject to governments newly initiated TTB investigations in Furthermore, the cumulative levels of imposed TTB import protection in 2013 remained relatively flat or even declined slightly in comparison with For the emerging economies in particular, an important question is whether the substantial increase in TTB import protection during the early phase of the Great Recession is followed by a symmetric dismantling of those. Will the data for for Figure 1 continue to form an inverted U-shape of TTB import protection? The answer will depend on the decisions that policymakers make regarding the dozens of antidumping sunset review investigations that they will face over the next three years. 8

10 Selected References to Research Using the Temporary Trade Barriers Database Baldwin, Richard E. and Simon Evenett, Eds. (2009) The Collapse of Global Trade, Murky Protectionism, and the Crisis: Recommendations for the G20. A VoxEU.org Ebook, March Bown, Chad P. (2014) Temporary Trade Barriers Database, The World Bank. Available at June. Bown, Chad P. (2013) "Emerging Economies and the Emergence of South-South Protectionism," Journal of World Trade 47(1): Bown, Chad P. (2011b) "Taking Stock of Antidumping, Safeguards and Countervailing Duties, ," The World Economy 34 (12): Bown, Chad P. and Meredith A. Crowley (2013a) Self-Enforcing Trade Agreements: Evidence from Time-Varying Trade Policy, American Economic Review 103(2): Bown, Chad P. and Meredith A. Crowley (2013b) Import Protection, Business Cycles, and Exchange Rates: Evidence from the Great Recession, Journal of International Economics 90(1): Bown, Chad P. and Meredith A. Crowley (forthcoming) "Emerging Economies, Trade Policy, and Macroeconomic Shocks," Journal of Development Economies. Kee, Hiau Looi, Cristina Neagu, and Alessandro Nicita (2013) Is Protectionism on the Rise? Assessing National Trade Policies During the Crisis of 2008, The Review of Economics and Statistics 95(1): Detailed Case Studies The following eleven economy-specific case studies present chapter-length accounts of TTB import protection in historical context and are found in the freely available edited volume: Bown, Chad P., Ed. (2011a) The Great Recession and Import Protection: The Role of Temporary Trade Barriers. London, UK: CEPR and World Bank. Ch. 2, Prusa, Thomas J., USA: Evolving Trends in Temporary Trade Barriers, pp Ch. 3, Vandenbussche, Hylke and Christian Viegelahn, European Union: No Protectionist Surprises, pp

11 Ch. 4, Ludema, Rodney D. and Anna Maria Mayda, Canada: No Place Like Home for Anti- Dumping, pp Ch. 5, Kang, Moonsung and Soonchan Park, South Korea: Temporary Trade Barriers Before and During the Crisis, pp Ch. 6, Chandra, Piyush, China: A Sleeping Giant of Temporary Trade Barriers?, pp Ch. 7, Tovar, Patricia, India: The Use of Temporary Trade Barriers, pp Ch. 8, Olarreaga, Marcelo and Marcel Vaillant, Brazil: Micro- and Macro-determinants of Temporary Trade Barriers, pp Ch. 9, Moore, Michael O., Argentina: There and Back Again?, pp Ch. 10, Robertson, Raymond, Mexico: A Liberalisation Leader?, pp Ch. 11, Karacaovali, Baybars, Turkey: Temporary Trade Barriers as Resistance to Trade Liberalisation with the European Union?, pp Ch. 12, Edwards, Lawrence, South Africa: From Proliferation to Moderation, pp

12 Appendix A: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers through 2013, Trade-weighted Policy-imposing economy (tradeweighted average applied MFN tariff) Share of imports subject to new TTB investigations 2013 Annual average, * Share of imports subject to imposed Temporary Trade Barriers in effect under All TTB polices Antidumping Safeguards G20 economies Argentina (12.2) < Australia (2.6) Brazil (10.3) <0.1 <0.1 Canada (2.4) China (4.1) EU (2.7) < India (6.8) <0.1 Indonesia (4.5) <0.1 Japan (1.9) 0.1 <0.1 < <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Mexico (5.4) Russia (9.9) MI MI MI MI MI MI 0.2 South Africa (5.4) < South Korea (9.6) Turkey (4.8) USA (2.1) Non-G20 economies Chile (6.0) <0.1 < Colombia (9.3) Costa Rica (4.1) 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Ecuador (6.6) 0.2 <0.1 < <0.1 <0.1 < Israel (2.5) < Jamaica (13.4) Malaysia (5.0) New Zealand (1.9) < Pakistan (9.7) Peru (1.8) Philippines (4.2) 0.5 < <0.1 < Taiwan, China (1.6) Thailand (4.8) <0.1 Notes: Trade-weighted share of non-oil imports at the HS-06 level. Constructed by the author following the methodology in Bown (2011b) applied to updated data available from Bown (2014). All includes a non-redundant accounting of antidumping, countervailing duties, global safeguards, and China-specific transitional safeguards. MI = a known user of the policy but for which HS-06 product data needed to construct the estimates is missing. *Annual average calculated over or the sub-period for which the particular country s data was available. The average tariff reported in parentheses is the trade-weighted MFN applied tariff for the most recent year available (2012 or 2011) and is taken from the WTO s World Tariff Profiles. 11

13 Appendix B: Country-Specific Snapshots of Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers For each of the more than 25 policy-imposing economies with detailed historical data that the Temporary Trade Barriers Database makes available, we include three sets of information: 1. Figure: Policy-Imposing Country Imports covered by All and Antidumping only. This is similar to the collective (aggregated) information presented in Figure 1 for the G20 emerging economies and the G20 high-income economies, presenting a time series of data on the stock and flow of the share of (non-oil) import products subject to import protection arising under all temporary trade barrier (TTB) policies collectively and under the antidumping (AD) policy only. 2. Table: Top s Affected by the Policy-Imposing Country s Imposed in 2013 Similar to the information presented in Table 2 above, this table presents the top 10 (exporter) trading partners affected by the stock of temporary trade barriers () that the policyimposing economy had in place in These exporters are ranked by the trade-weighted share of their total (non-oil) exports to the policy-imposing economy that were affected by imposed. 3. Table: Share of import products covered by and Table: Share of imports covered by These tables present additional data by policy each year for the stock and flow of import products and imports subject to the policy-imposing country s temporary trade barrier (TTB) import protection. The stock and flow import coverage data are presented for (i) All TTB policies, and then separately for the three TTB policies of (ii) antidumping (AD), (iii) global safeguards (SG), and (iv) countervailing duties (CVDs). (Not included as a separate data series is the relatively little-used policy of the China-specific transitional safeguard. However, data on use of the China-specific transitional safeguard are captured in the All data series.) The data are presented both as the share of HS-06 products affected by, and as a tradeweighted share of imports at the HS-06 level affected by. 12

14 Notes: First, the data collected in the underlying Temporary Trade Barriers Database derives primarily from original national government official publications as described on the website (Bown, 2014). I.e., the information is much more detailed than what the countries report to the WTO. The primary exception is for the data on the global safeguards and the China-specific safeguard policy instrument. Second, the approach to construction of the measures and indicators presented in the Tables and Figures is more fully described in Bown (2011b), to which we refer the reader for additional detail. The flow is defined as the share of products subject to newly initiated investigations in that year. The stock is the share of products subject to trade barriers imposed that year or in an earlier year that had not yet been removed. Additions to the cumulative stock of protection occur as soon as a preliminary measure is imposed. If a preliminary or final TTB is in place over a product for at least one day in the year and it is removed, its removal from the cumulative stock of protection does not lead to a reduction in the stock measure until the following year. The methodology used to construct the trade-weighted share of affected imports at the HS-06 level in particular and the associated caveats are described in the Appendix to Bown (2011b). It has also been applied to construction of measures of affected trade from the exporter s perspective as presented in Bown (2013). In constructing a consistently-defined, trade-weighted import coverage ratio, the critical assumption is on the counterfactual growth rate of TTB-affected products during the period that the TTB is actually in place. The assumption maintained here (and as in earlier applications) is the conservative assumption that all of a policy-imposing country s TTB-affected imports would have grown at the same rate in a particular year t that a TTB is in effect as the average growth rate of imports not covered by (from all countries) in year t. There have been a number of minor improvements in the methodology for constructing these data series that make results for the pre-2010 data (presented below and in this update to the Database) different in some instances from the pre-2010 figures first presented in Bown (2011b). These differences result in innovations associated with i) improvements in comprehensiveness of (historically) available TTB policy and import data, ii) implementation of a consistent concordance for import products at the HS-06 level over time, accounting for product reclassifications, and iii) allowance for differences in how different policy-imposing countries may treat the European Union and EU member states under their application of antidumping and countervailing duties, also accounting for changes to the definition of the EU membership over time. Finally, we report as much data as is available for each of the countries in the Database both in terms of time coverage and policy instrument coverage. For the major economies, the 13

15 data is virtually complete in the period since 1995, and for much earlier for a number of countries that are longer-term users of these policies. However, for a few smaller countries or new members of the WTO (listed below), we have information that the country is a user of a particular policy e.g., typically antidumping or countervailing duties but the Database is missing historical data on the HS-06 product codes for its use of the policy. MI (missing) identifies when the country is a known user of the policy but the product coverage of the policy use is unknown. Specifically, data are incomplete for the following policy-imposing countries: Dominican Republic: no antidumping HS-06 product data available prior to Prior to 2010, the Table and Figure only report its safeguards flow and stock data. While its antidumping and all TTB flow data become available beginning in 2010, the antidumping and all TTB stock data are missing throughout. Egypt: no antidumping HS-06 product data available prior to Prior to 2009, the Table and Figure only report its safeguards flow and stock data. While its antidumping and all TTB flow data become available beginning in 2009, the antidumping and all TTB stock data are missing throughout. Jordan: no antidumping HS-06 product data available. The Table and Figure only report its safeguards flow and stock data. The antidumping and all TTB stock data are missing throughout. Kyrgyz Republic: no antidumping HS-06 product data available. The Table and Figure only report its safeguards flow and stock data. The antidumping and all TTB stock data are missing throughout. Morocco: no antidumping HS-06 product data available prior to Prior to 2011, the Table and Figure only report its safeguards flow and stock data. While its antidumping and all TTB flow data become available beginning in 2011, the antidumping and all TTB stock data are missing throughout. Russia: no HS-06 product data available prior to 2011 despite known antidumping policy use. After 2011, the Table and Figure report only its flow data. While its antidumping and all TTB flow data become available beginning in 2011, the antidumping and all TTB stock data are missing throughout. Russia only became a WTO member and thus subject to its data reporting requirements in Ukraine: no HS-06 product data available prior to 2009 despite known antidumping policy use. After 2009, the Table and Figure report its flow data. While its antidumping and all TTB flow data become available beginning in 2009, the stock data are missing throughout. Ukraine only became a WTO member and thus subject to its data reporting requirements in

16 Argentina: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Argentina: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By Argentina-Imposed in Kazakhstan China Indonesia Slovakia Taiwan, China South Korea Ukraine South Africa New Zealand India 2.1 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil AD stock, simple average, non-oil SG stock, simple average, non-oil 0.1 <0.1 < <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 CVD stock, simple average, non-oil All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil AD flow, simple average, non-oil SG flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 CVD flow, simple average, non-oil Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.9 < AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.8 < SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil 15

17 Australia: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Australia: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By Australia-Imposed in China Greece Russia South Korea Philippines Italy Vietnam Indonesia Taiwan, China Thailand 0.5 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil AD stock, simple average, non-oil SG stock, simple average, non-oil CVD stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil AD flow, simple average, non-oil < SG flow, simple average, non-oil < CVD flow, simple average, non-oil < < Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.2 < AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.2 < < SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 < < <0.1 <0.1 16

18 Brazil: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Brazil: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By Brazil-Imposed in New Zealand Bangladesh China Ukraine India Taiwan, China Mexico Hungary Thailand United Arab Emirates 2.8 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil AD stock, simple average, non-oil SG stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 CVD stock, simple average, non-oil All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil AD flow, simple average, non-oil SG flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 CVD flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.1 CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < <

19 Canada: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Canada: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By Canada-Imposed in Bulgaria India Ukraine China Greece Turkey South Korea Netherlands Taiwan, China Brazil 1.0 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil AD stock, simple average, non-oil SG stock, simple average, non-oil CVD stock, simple average, non-oil All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil < <0.1 < AD flow, simple average, non-oil 0.2 < < <0.1 < SG flow, simple average, non-oil 0.1 CVD flow, simple average, non-oil 0.1 < < <0.1 < Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < < AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < < SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < <0.1 < < <0.1 <0.1 18

20 Chile: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Chile: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By Chile-Imposed in Paraguay Czech Republic Poland Argentina Uruguay Bolivia Lebanon Ukraine Romania 0.3 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil AD stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SG stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 CVD stock, simple average, non-oil All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil < < <0.1 <0.1 < AD flow, simple average, non-oil < <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < SG flow, simple average, non-oil < < CVD flow, simple average, non-oil < Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil 1.6 < < < AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < < <0.1 < AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <

21 China: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers China: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By China-Imposed in Poland United States Russia South Korea Netherlands Belgium/Luxembourg Thailand Canada Lithuania Czech Republic 1.6 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil AD stock, simple average, non-oil SG stock, simple average, non-oil CVD stock, simple average, non-oil..... < All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil < AD flow, simple average, non-oil < SG flow, simple average, non-oil CVD flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 < Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil..... < All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <

22 Colombia: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Colombia: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By Colombia-Imposed in Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Venezuela Mexico China Spain Brazil Ukraine Hong Kong SAR, China South Korea 0.1 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil AD stock, simple average, non-oil SG stock, simple average, non-oil 0.1 CVD stock, simple average, non-oil All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil < < < < AD flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 < < < < SG flow, simple average, non-oil < CVD flow, simple average, non-oil Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.7 CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < < < AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 < < < SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil

23 Costa Rica: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Costa Rica: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By Costa Rica-Imposed in No affected exporters in Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil 0.1 < <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AD stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SG stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 CVD stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AD flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SG flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 CVD flow, simple average, non-oil Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.2 CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 < AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil 22

24 Dominican Republic: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Dominican Republic: Import Coverage by Safeguards Only SG stock: imports subject to SG in effect SG flow: imports subject to any newly initiated SG investigations only Top s Affected By Dominican Republic-Imposed in Israel Poland Sweden Vietnam Panama China United States Hong Kong SAR, China Morocco Portugal 0.1 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI AD stock, simple average, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI SG stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 CVD stock, simple average, non-oil All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI 0.1 AD flow, simple average, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI 0.1 SG flow, simple average, non-oil CVD flow, simple average, non-oil Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI 0.3 AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI <0.1 SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil

25 Ecuador: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Ecuador: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By Ecuador-Imposed in Colombia China 0.1 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AD stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SG stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 CVD stock, simple average, non-oil All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 AD flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 SG flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 CVD flow, simple average, non-oil Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.1 SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil

26 Egypt: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers Egypt: Import Coverage by Safeguards Only SG stock: imports subject to SG in effect SG flow: imports subject to any newly initiated SG investigations only Top s Affected By Egypt-Imposed in Turkey Mauritius Greece Brazil Algeria Ukraine Germany France Libya India 0.5 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI AD stock, simple average, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI SG stock, simple average, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 < CVD stock, simple average, non-oil All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI < <0.1 AD flow, simple average, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI < <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SG flow, simple average, non-oil < CVD flow, simple average, non-oil Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 <0.1 < CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI < <0.1 AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil MI MI MI MI MI < <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil < CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil

27 European Union: Import Protection and Temporary Trade Barriers European Union: Import Coverage by All and Antidumping Only Top s Affected By EU-Imposed in China United Arab Emirates Iran Ukraine Argentina Macedonia Pakistan Armenia India Indonesia 1.1 Share of import products covered by All TTB stock, simple average, non-oil AD stock, simple average, non-oil SG stock, simple average, non-oil CVD stock, simple average, non-oil All TTB flow, simple average, non-oil AD flow, simple average, non-oil SG flow, simple average, non-oil 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 CVD flow, simple average, non-oil <0.1 < Share of imports (trade-weighted) covered by All TTB stock, trade-weighted, non-oil AD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil SG stock, trade-weighted, non-oil CVD stock, trade-weighted, non-oil All TTB flow, trade-weighted, non-oil AD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 SG flow, trade-weighted, non-oil 0.4 < CVD flow, trade-weighted, non-oil <0.1 < <0.1 26