9/1/2016. Pre-AP World History. Instructions: Agenda 8/30/16

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1 Pre-AP World History What to expect from the first unit of this class 1 Instructions: What follows is the daily objectives. They are to be dated and copied for each new set of objectives. There may or may not be new objectives for each day as some days can carry over into the another. 2 Agenda 8/30/16 This Week Mon - world map, will be for a minor grade on Thursday 9/1/16. Tues/Wed Discussion on pre-history science. Thurs Map quiz, discussion cont. Fri (Sub) Course work will be due next week. Today s Objectives Introduction to World History studies. Students will be able to define and explain several key terms and concepts introduced here that are used throughout the course. Students will write the information they need to review and understand these concepts. 3 1

2 Course Themes Social Control Leadership Archetypes Societal Criminal Standards Societal Moral Standards (Religion/Ethics) Modernity Simple to complex socially and technologically The state of being modern and humankinds motivations for perusing modernity. Resource Control Hunting grounds Arable Land Fresh water Open water access Conflict Protection Invasion Revolt Civil wars Local conflict Regional conflicts Global conflicts 4 Units of Study Pre History A brief overview of the world before written records. Because of this, experts in the fields of archeology and anthropology are at the forefront of most major finds. Ancient River Valley Civilizations: Ancient Mesopotamia The examination of the fertile crescent which was formed around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and its inhabitants. Includes: Akkadian, Babylonians, Assyrian, and Neo Babylonian Empires. Ancient Egypt The great Nile river; it s dynasties, leaders, and inventions. Ancient India India's massive rivers, its lost civilizations and the coming of the Aryans who brought their social and religious structure. Much of which is still followed today. Ancient China China s network of rivers, their culture including social/government service to China, and long periods of isolation. 5 Physical Geography of Earth Stuff about the spatial distribution of land forms and how humans adapted to it. 6 2

3 World History and World Geography Relationship The subjects are similar in some respects. The study of physical and cultural geographies set the stage for the in-depth study of human interactions that characterizes a world history survey course that you would be exposed to in college. It is important to keep some geographic ideas in mind while in this course: Many natural geographic barriers blocked early human movement and interactions. People of diverse cultures we not predisposed to get along due to their many cultural traditions and differences. Culture Religion, writing, language, art, music etc. which was unique among most early culture groups. 7 What is a resource? Resource - Is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. List of early global resources important to humankind: Timber (Building material and fuel) Fresh Water (nutrition, agriculture, transportation) Arable Land (crops and controlled territory) Grains (rice, wheat, sorghum, millet, barley = early serial crops) Fibrous plants (cotton) Activated crops (sugarcane) Food Clothing Innovation Civilization From the time we begin to study humankind they will be in competition for these resources and this competition vigorously continues today. 8 The World Physical and geographic features of your planet. There will be a quiz over this tomorrow. The copy of this is located on my website. Find it and study it. 9 3

4 10 Earth Physical Elevation Map 11 Global Arable Land Where is the majority of cultivated arable land? Answer, the Northern Hemisphere. 12 4

5 Earths Major Bodies of Water 13 Label the Earths Major Mountain Ranges 14 Ancient and Classical Regions Iberian Peninsula Mediterranean Sea Fertile Crescent Latium Red Sea Arabian Peninsula Anatolia Black Sea Greece 15 5

6 AP World History Chapter One Materials These are notes about chapter one and stuff, you need them for quizzes and test 16 Time Codes BC/AD vs. BCE/CE Antiquated Terms B.C. = Before Christ A.D. = Anno Domini or Year of Our Lord which refers to the approximate date in reference to the birth of Jesus Christ. (Who do you think devised these terms?) Modern Terms B.C.E. = Before Common Era C.E. = Common Era Both sets of time codes are identical in terms of historical dates (ex 2010 is both 2010 AD and 2010 CE) but the later sets of dates codes attempts to avoid religious references and other religious dogma. Circa = about where referring to a topic when the exact date cannot be determined due to incomplete, missing, or a total lack of records. Question When then deciphers this historical facts and evidence? 17 Pre-History Prehistory The period before writing was developed.(q) How is prehistory studied? Archeologists Examine the material artifacts left behind by prior peoples. Anthropologists Examine the fossil record of humanoid and animal species to determine variations. Historians Using physical evidence provided by the scientists above as well as combining cultural artifacts this group attempts to provide answers on the past actions and motivations of cultures. 18 6

7 The raiders attacked just before dawn again today. Five were killed and four more injured. We cannot sustain those kinds of losses each day while we continue to hold out. The scouts warned us of the attack and the herdsman were able to bring the animals and some crops behind the walls. We he have provisions for over sixty days. The well in town is old and has dried to mud in the past. If it does not stay full, the food will not matter. We will organize a group to sneak away this night and ride to our allies in the south. We must break the will of the interlopers before they pillage and burn the town 19 Clues What are some items or clues that anthropologists look for? Fossils human or animal remains. Their distribution over the area they were discovered is key. Pottery ancient containers. Shape, size, technology used, decoration all gives and insight into the society that created them. Tools natural items like stone or wood that have been modified by ancient people into tools for a more efficient existence. Weapons similar to tools in that it makes the stalking and harvesting of wild animals for efficient. Plant seeds Gives a view of the environment in prior eras in terms of food output and population sustainability. Shelter What people used to live in and how the shelter was constructed. Closer Examination Carbon-14 (c-14) dating is a way of determining the age of certain archeological artifacts of a biological origin up to about 50,000 years old. It is used in dating things such as bone, cloth, wood and plant fibers that were created in the relatively recent past by human activities. Thermoluminescence (TL) allows for a very accurate date to about 200,000 years to date. This mainly works with items, like pottery, that have been fired or heated to be cured and their TL signature has been reset. 7

8 C13 Made Simple! 22 Thermolumonescence made simple! Sorta

9 Unit 1.2 Bering land bridge and human migration. Modernity Behavioral types Three age system Stages of human development Agenda 9/2/14 SWBAT explain the different stages of human cultural development and early technological and social advancement. Students will formulate their own lists of concrete and complex behaviors in small groups. Students will write the information they need to have the basic information for these discussions. 25 Progression of Humankind Stuff about the progression of human kind and stuff 26 Ice Age Circa 18,000 Years Ago Which allows for the migration of people from Asia. Massive amounts of water a locked in the glaciers expose shallow sea floor. 27 9

10 Modernity The state of being modern We will see people, states, and movements attempt to attain modernity throughout history. There are many different types of modernity: technological, military, social, educational, infrastructural, etc And so, lets look at some periods of modernity 28 Three Age System Stone Age Lower Paleolithic - Homo, Homo erectus Middle Paleolithic - Early Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic - Behavioral modernity Neolithic Early civilization Bronze Age India Europe China Korea A period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Iron Age India Europe China Japan Korea Nigeria A period marked by the prevalent use of iron. 29 Concrete Thought - (Ex - Only concerned with the here and now, no looking forward or backward.) Symbolic Thought - Involves the ability to identify and create representations of things. This might be in terms of sounds (spoken language), signs (sign language), or art. Behavioral modernity is a term used in anthropology, archeology and sociology to refer to a set of traits that distinguish present day humans and their recent ancestors from both other living primates and other extinct hominid lineages. It is the point at which Homo sapiens began to demonstrate a reliance on symbolic thought and to express cultural creativity through abstract thought and language. Abstract Thought Able to ask the question why as a look back into their experience and to predict. (Ex - A good chess player can use that strategy to be an effective general.) Stone Age Eras Stone Age Paleolithic Means old stone age. Hunter Gathering societies. (200k to 10,000 BCE), Stage I Mesolithic Middle Stone Age. Small flint tools, fishing tackle, canoes, and bows. (10, 000 to 5,000 BCE), Stage I Neolithic New Stone Age. Development of villages, agriculture, animal domestication, and advanced tools. (5,000 to 2,500 BCE), Stage II Subsistence/simple/Low yield Farming Begins with Sumerians in 9500 BC/BCE. Chalcolithic Copper Age - a transitional period where early copper metallurgy appeared alongside the widespread use of stone tools. Stage II Written Records Cuneiform appears and written records are kept. Metallurgy Transition to metal tools and weapons

11 So what did humankind look like through the ages, lets look at some of the proposals. Before we look lets face facts, some of these people are among us right now, so we should 31 Stages of Development Brain Size Comparison 33 11

12 An Example of Modern Day Caveman Behavior 34 Millions of Years Ago 35 The Three Ages of Archeology Expanded Stage 1 Stone Age 2.6 million years to 3,300 BCE. Not only refers to tools but social organization, food sources exploited, settlement, pottery, as well as religion. Stage 2 Bronze Age 3,300 to 1,200 BC/BCE. Separated into three subcategories: (Early B.A., Middle B.A., and Late B.A.) The age of alloys. The ability to combine separate metals into an amalgamation called an alloy. (Copper and tin yield Bronze) Stage 3 Iron Age 1,200 BC/BCE to 500 AD/CE. Humans discover the qualities of iron and its alloys. (Iron combined with carbon yields steel) 36 12

13 Life in a stone age (Upper Paleolithic) European village, 40,000 years ago 37 Stages of Development Development of Hominids Cont Homo Erectus Larger brain capacity (1000 cc) improved tool use control of fire Homo Sapiens, wise man Homo Sapiens Sapiens, very wise man (most of us) Largest brain, esp. frontal regions most sophisticated tools social organization 39 13

14 Early Stages of Development Kenyanthropus platyops mya Australopithecines also know as southern apes flourished in what is now eastern and southern Africa. They were the first hominids which were creatures, human or otherwise, that walked upright about 3.5 million years ago. Very animalistic in nature and behavior. As you can see from the picture, this group did use simple tools. Early Stages of Development Cont Homo Erectus This species emerged around 1.5 million years ago. They made use of larger and more varied tools. This was first group to leave Africa and migrate into other regions of the world like Asia. Understood the benefits of fire. Heat, light, protection, and food preservation. Early Stages of Development Cont Homo sapiens This group is comprised of two main types: Cro-Magnon and Neanderthals both of which developed from homo sapiens. Behavioral modernity is a term used in anthropology, archeology and sociology to refer to a set of traits that distinguish present day humans and their recent ancestors from both living primates and other extinct hominid lineages. Modernity (1) usages, "modernity" denoted the renunciation of the recent past, favoring a new beginning, and a re-interpretation of historical origin. (2) The state of being modern. 14

15 Migrations of Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens 43 Cro-Magnon On the scene about 40,000years ago this group wore jewelry, made paintings and drawing on their walls and had elaborate religious rights. Neanderthal Appearing about 100,000 years ago in Europe and Asia. Fished as well as hunter-gatherers. Buried their dead with great care. Homo Sapiens Bipedal, grasping hands which could use tools, and of most importance a larger brain that could better reason, process, and store information. Hominid Bipedal ape-like creatures capable of using simple tools. 44 Stone Age Eras Stone Age Paleolithic Means old stone age. Hunter Gathering societies. (200k to 10,000 BCE), Stage I Mesolithic Middle Stone Age. Small flint tools, fishing tackle, canoes, and bows. (10, 000 to 5,000 BCE), Stage I Neolithic New Stone Age. Development of villages, agriculture, animal domestication, and advanced tools. (5,000 to 2,500 BCE), Stage II Subsistence/simple/Low yield Farming Begins with Sumerians in 9500 BC/BCE. Chalcolithic Copper Age. - a transitional period where early copper metallurgy appeared alongside the widespread use of stone tools. Stage II Written Records Cuneiform appears and written records are kept. Metallurgy Transition to metal tools and weapons

16 G.O. of Societal Evolution Stage I Hunter-gatherer (foraging) societies which were totally at the whim of nature and the resources it provided which kept population growth stagnate and innovation limited to resource gathering. Stage II Pastoral societies which domesticated some mammals and farmed at the subsistence level which provided far more stability and population growth and modest innovation. Stage III Complex societies with large scale farming and herding as well as multiple occupations and classes which built sustainable communities that relied on their renewable plant and animal resources as well as conquest. 46 Hunting/Gathering Societies Stage I Group size small Nomadic Traveled from point to point as the climate and availably of plants and animals dictated. Survivability Because these group relied on nature for survival they were at the mercy of disease, climate/weather changes, famine, an natural disasters. Growth Potential Limited because it was based on the capacity of their surroundings. (Ex the amount of foragable food both plant and animal limited the societies population capacity. (Malthus) Housing Because they were nomadic they built light mobile structures or used natural features such as caves. They built nothing long term. Paleolithic and Mesolithic tribal socieities. 47 Brief Departure From Pre-History Malthusian Population Demographics 48 16

17 Population Capacity Malthusian Population Demographics: In his book An Essay on the Principles of Population Thomas Malthus argued the population was growing faster the rate of food production. He argued that people were growing geometrically and food was growing at a arithmetical rate. Thus the following relationship would develop between food and people in the future and is applicable to the ancient groups we are studying now as to why some societies grow in terms of population and why some did not. Most notably stage I. 49 Population Demographics According to Malthus Today: 1 Person 1 25 YFN 2 Persons 2 50 YFN 4 Persons 3 75 YFN 8 Persons YFN 16 Persons 5 50 Neo - Malthusians Added two points to Malthus. Things they feel he could not have anticipated: MDCs (more developed countries) have exported their medical technology and food surplus to LDCs (less developed countries) thereby increasing the CBR (crude birth rate) and decreasing the CDR (crude death rate) allowing for population growth they would not be capable of on their own. Second, world populations are stripping the earth of resources which cannot be quickly replaced which at its extreme would send billions of people on a desperate search for energy and food. This would thereby increase wars and civil violence over food and energy creating a dark future scenario. FYI Neo means new or a new version of an antiquated form

18 Back to the Past Stuff about the past and stuff 52 Pastoral Societies Stage II In order to increase the rate of growth and primarily the survivability rate ancient simple societies gravitated towards the capture and production of animals and plants. These societies were often in mountainous with insufficient forms of rainfall to supports other forms of settlement. Small scale agriculture was used to supplement the food needs of the society which were mainly milk and eggs which were much easier to produce that meat. Because there was a stable supply of food year round populations began to see a slow-steady increase in numbers. 53 Pastoral Society Women still have few if any rights or major responsibilities. The authority in the society was based on the size of a persons flock or heard. As in foraging societies people still had few possessions. Even though they were no longer foraging, they still were mobile as they were now forced to follow/lead the animals to new ranges for grazing. As they began to domesticate more and more animals they began to experiment with the cultivation and selection of plants which leads to 54 18

19 Neolithic Revolution Stuff about the Neolithic revolution and stuff Neolithic Revolution What is it? The Neolithic Revolution is the first agricultural revolution the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement. Archaeological data indicate that various forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in six separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in India and the Middle East Circa 8,000 BC/BCE. This age represents stage III societies. This villages, permanent settlements, would eventually lead to the worlds first civilizations. During this revolution it is estimated that a warming climate lead to longer growing seasons

20 Neolithic Advantage Which means you can take more land from less well fed, healthy, and technologically inferior cultures Neolithic Revolution The more food you can grow means The people you can grow and sustain, which means Which will then innovate and make your society more productive, efficient, and give themselves a technological advantage. A reserve and abundance food will fuel the rising intellectual percentage of your population 58 Neolithic Advantage Cont With settlements come the discovery and sharing of personal talents and developments in: Art Religion Specialization of Labor Irrigation systems developed Leadership styles: God-King, king, etc Negatives, which don t come close to canceling the positive effects: Close living conditions means disease spreads rapidly, settlements create a prime target for raiders, and natural disasters now could wipe out whole settlements and population. 59 Neolithic Particulars 8,000 BCE/BC to 3,000 BCE/BC Transitioned from nomadic and pastoral communities into town and city life. A.K.A. the Agricultural Revolution. This is not civilization on a grand scale yet, these are still small as well as independent communities

21 Neolithic How Did It Work People figured out how to cultivate plants as long as there was good soil and stable source of water. This allowed for a stable food source and the ability to stay in a place for a longer period of time. Staying close to each other helped them build a strong sense of community and cultural traditions. It also is the beginning of being holding strong ties to a piece of land. 61 Neolithic Sites 1- Tigris/Euphrates 2 Nile 3 Indus 4 Huang He Locations of Neolithic Revolutions The earliest agricultural sites in the world have been found in the Near East: 1. Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent (3500 to 1600 BCE) Settlement begins circa 4500 BCE. Sumerians arrive about 3500 and begin irrigation. Sumerian city states established about 3000 BCE. Polytheistic, ziggurat operates as temples. Advancements: Wooden wheel, plow, bronze alloy, and cuneiform. Hammurabi BCE established written uniform code of laws. Hammurabi s code. Babylonian Empire ends circa 1500 BCE and other civilizations; Assyrians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews

22 Locations of Neolithic Revolutions Cont 2. Egypt (3000 to 2000 BCE) Settlement begins circa 5000 BCE Irrigation and the predictable annual flooding lead to these periods to be known as the Gift of the Nile. Pharaohs ruled as god-kings in a well structured theocracy. Society was polytheistic, multiple gods. Pyramids were built as tombs for the Pharaohs to continue their life after death. Mummification of the royalty was common. Class based society; Royalty, merchants and craftsman, peasants and farmers, and finally later slave labor. Hieroglyphs and papyrus. Achievements: written numbers, geometry, stone columns, calendar for annual flooding cycle, and advanced medicine. 64 Locations of Neolithic Revolutions Cont 3. Indus River Valley (2500 to 1700 BCE) First major cities include Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa that were developed on a grid system and sophisticated irrigation and sewage systems. These cities decline circa 1750 BCE possibly due a change in the course of the Indus river system or invasion. Indo-European tribes known as the Aryans settle in the valley circa 1500 BCE. Aryans bring the Vedas, Upanishads, the caste system, and the idea of reincarnation. 65 Locations of Neolithic Revolutions Cont 4. Chinese River Valley Civilizations (3950 to 1000 BCE) Huang He (Yellow River) Shang Dynasty; 2000 BCE introduces division of classes, importance of family. Chinese written, symbol based system, introduced. Advancements: Silk and bronze alloy

23 Important Consequences of a Food Surplus Pastoral Societies There was enough food for the village, not much to space. Neolithic Revolution (NR) one person could produce enough food 10 people allowing the other to feed people to: Dig irrigation ditches Build structures Fences Tools Jewelry Religious leaders (contemplate the great unknown) So, the end consequence was the improvement of the infrastructure, trade skills, and spiritual health of the people. New positions like war chief (organizer of the common defense, village elder (dude that knows it all), blacksmith (dude that builds stuff) emerge from the ample amount of food. Trade networks spring up to supply the needs of these developing cities; items such as tin, iron, copper, lumber, etc. are brought to these cities for sale or trade. 67 Environmental Impact of the NR People began to modify their surroundings to meet their needs. Diverting water Clearing land to plant crops Creating farmland when none existed (terrace farming) Stones unearthed to be cut into forms to be used in structures such as buildings and monuments Animals were used not only for food and clothing, but also began to be used as sources of labor. (EX pulling plows and transporting heavy item for trade or construction. 68 NR Technologies Hard stone cut, shaped, and sharpened into farming tools and weapons. Pottery invented to help with cooking and storage. Weaving baskets, nets, and more efficient and comfortable clothing. Wheels Sails for boats 69 23

24 Metallurgy The ability to use and form metal may have been the most significant technology to emerge in the NR. Tools and weapons were significantly improved, efficiency and work increased, artisans became more important than ever. When people figured out how to combine copper with tin to make a harder metal (Bronze) civilization was on its way. This development was so significant that historians call the later part of the NR the Bronze Age. 70 Graphic Organizer Age System Stone Age 2.9 mya to 3,000 BCE Bronze Age 3,300 BCE to 300 BCE Iron Age 1,200 BCE to 500 CE Paleolithic Age (200k 10k) Emergence of Homo Sapiens Technology Stone and fire 75k Neanderthals in Europe and Asia 40k Cro-Magnons replace Neanderthals Mesolithic Age (10k 5k) Technologies Fishing, bow and arrow, dug-out canoe Neolithic Age (5k 3k) Technologies Wide scale farming, domestication of plants and animals, building types (granaries, houses, etc ) and pottery Early Bronze Age (3,600 BCE) Lead and tin can be melted on an open camp fire. They are to soft to be used for most applications. Middle Bronze Age (5,500 BCE) Copper is first smelted in what is now modern day Serbia, most likely in a kiln. Anatolia (1,200 BCE) Iron first used in small trinkets later to form more complex pieces. The combination of China (600 BCE) Korea & Nigeria (400 BCE) Late Bronze Age (4,200 BCE) Japan (100 BCE) Bronze is discovered allowing for an alloy which was much stronger than anything discovered to this date. This level of technology had a significant advantage over less metal ages. 71 Questions to consider: What are the characteristic plants and animals exploited by the early regional civilizations [the Near East, South Asia, the Far East, sub-sahara Africa, North and South America]? How did Old World agriculturists remedy the inadequacies of a diet based on barley, wheat, or millet? Why is Old World agriculture, unlike New World [ancient American] agriculture, always associated with domesticated animals? 72 24

25 Sedentary/Stationary Agriculture What are some of the problems that peoples adapting to a sedentary agricultural life have to overcome? For example, 1. Why do agriculturists tend to have larger families than hunter-gatherers? 2. Why are agricultural villages more vulnerable--and inviting-- to attack than villages of hunter-gatherers? 3. How did early agriculturists deal with the problem of security? 4. How did they protect the fruits of their labor? 5. Why were early agriculturists particularly vulnerable to disease? 6. Why were some of the earliest agricultural sites eventually abandoned by their inhabitants? 7. To what extent have these problems been solved? 73 Rubenstein's Development of Countries MDCs More developed countries. This includes places like North America, Europe, and Japan. (First World Nations) LDCs Less developed countries. This includes area places like sub-saharan Africa, the Middle East, East Asia, South America, and Latin America. (Second, Third, Fourth World Nations) Material wealth is higher in MDCs that LDCs because people engage in different means of wealth acquisition than poorer countries. MDCs use methods such as manufacturing or service industry jobs. LDCs use methods such as farming, animal handling, and gathering. 74 MDCs and LDCs 75 25

26 Political Institutions Geographers are also interested in political institutions. The political models are designed to protect material artifacts as well as cultural values. As a function of these political models, the earth is divided up into various countries and states and is controlled by various governments put in place through various representative and unrepresentative means. A major element of a group s cultural identity is its citizenship, inhabitants, taxes, votes, and participation in administration of space and resources. 76 Distribution Distribution The arrangement of a feature in a space is known as distribution. There are three properties to distribution: Density The frequency with which something occurs in space is its density. There are three sub-sections to density. Arithmetic Density The total number of objects in an area. This is commonly used to compare populations in countries. Physiological Density The number of people per unit of land suitable for growing food. Agricultural Density The number of farmers per unit of farmland. Concentration The extent of a feature s spread over land is its concentration. If objects are close together they are said to be clustered. If they are relatively far apart they are said to be dispersed. Pattern The geometric arrangement of objects in space. Objects are frequently arranged in a square or rectangle pattern such as cities. This in part is due to the Land Ordinance of 1785 and its grid system. 77 Connections Between Places Geographers think about the connections between places and regions. The term space-time compression is used to explain the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place. Because of technological innovation like the cell phone and internet, distant places now seem accessible to us. Space-time compression promotes rapid change as the culture and economy of other places reach out to foreign areas more quickly every day

27 Spatial Interaction In the past, most form of interaction required the physical movement of people such settlers, explorers, armies, etc. As recently as 1800 AD people traveled at the same speed around the world. Sail, walk, ride animal were all limitations placed on spatial interaction and diffusion. Today travel by car, train, plane, and even the discontinued Concord have increased the physical speed by which we travel. 79 Spatial Interaction Cont Interaction takes place through a series of networks. These are chains of communications that connect places. Phone, fax, cell phone, internet, teleconferencing, etc. Transportation also form networks that connect places to each other. Airlines in the United States and for example have adopted networks known as hub-and-spoke systems. Interaction among groups can be retarded by physical barriers such as oceans or deserts as well as culture such as language and traditions. Contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears. This is known as distance decay. 80 The End 81 27