Emergency response; Crisis Informatics; Collective Intelligence. Gabriela Avram

Transcription

1 Emergency resonse; Crisis Informatics; Collective Intelligence Gabriela Avram

2 Crises and global communication A crisis an interrution in the reroduction of economic, cultural, social and/or olitical life encomasses a whole range of situations: major natural disasters in Haiti, Chile, China,Jaan, the Philiines that have claimed thousands of lives. human-made crises such as terrorism attacks (9/11, Mumbai bombings), the sread of human and animal viral disease (H1N1, foot-and- mouth disease), nuclear and chemical crises (Bhual, Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, Yokoshima), war and olitical unrest (Syria, Ukraine, Venezuela) Crisis Informatics is the interconnectedness of eole, organizations, information and technology during crises. (Hagar 2006)

3 Information challenges in a crisis: Information overload or, conversely, lack of information Changing information needs at various stages of a crisis: rearedness, warning, imact, resonse, recovery and reconstruction The many diverse actors and agencies involved who increase the amount of information roduced Integration and coordination of information by these actors and agencies The connection of informal and formal channels of information creation and dissemination Information uncertainty Trustworthy sources of information Conflicting information Getting the right information to the right erson at the right time

4 What is emergency management? Phases and rofessional activities: Mitigation Prearedness Resonse Recovery

5 Mitigation Mitigation efforts attemt to revent hazards from develoing into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation hase focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk. The imlementation of mitigation strategies can be considered a art of the recovery rocess if alied after a disaster occurs.

6 Prearedness In the rearedness hase, emergency managers develo lans of action for when the disaster strikes. Common rearedness measures include: communication lans with easily understandable terminology and methods. roer maintenance and training of emergency services, including mass human resources such as community emergency resonse teams. develoment and exercise of emergency oulation warning methods combined with emergency shelters and evacuation lans. stockiling, inventory, and maintain disaster sulies and equiment. develo organizations of trained volunteers among civilian oulations.

7 Resonse The resonse hase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first resonders in the disaster area. likely to include a first wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, olice and ambulance crews. They may be suorted by a number of secondary emergency services, such as secialist rescue teams.

8 Recovery The aim of the recovery hase is to restore the affected area to its revious state. Recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are addressed. Recovery efforts are rimarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed roerty, re-emloyment, and the reair of other essential infrastructure. An imortant asect of effective recovery efforts is taking advantage of a window of oortunity for the imlementation of mitigation measures that might otherwise be unoular. Citizens of the affected area are more likely to accet more mitigation changes when a recent disaster is in fresh memory.

9 CSCW studies of emergency services Call taking ( and sense making) (Whalen 1995)- the work of emergency workers collaborating with callers; the cooerative nature of disatch in an ambulance centre in the UK (Martin et al., 1997; Martin and Bowers, 1999) Artman and Waern (1999) have identified the way in which mutual attentiveness is guaranteed in a Swedish centre through talking to the room, reorting on work in a Swedish emergency service centre

10 CSCW Studies (2) Studies of control rooms (Pettersson et al 2004)- ambiguities, awareness and economy the role of embodied conduct and movement in making sense of the changing situation and in coordinating emergency teamwork (Buscher 2007) design concet of building diagnosis artefacts based on the idea of roviding context as a resource (Ramirez et al 2008)

11 Reflection Think about a secific emergency that you witnessed (either directly or through the media); What were the emergency systems involved? What worked well? What didn t? Can you think about any CSCW tools that could have heled the situation?

12 New ersective- citizen involvement Social media rovides members of the ublic with the oortunity to get involved: Maing bush fires in Australia Post-tsunami hel teams Haiti & Philiines world-wide volunteers Tokyo ost-earthquake relief train system breakdown

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14 Current trend the redefinition of the to-down control and command aroach to crisis information management towards community-based grass-roots strategies whereby access to information and knowledge is created and disseminated by citizens using a mix of methods: social media tools (for examle, hoto and video sharing, text messaging); traditional technologies (e.g., radio), and erson-to-erson interaction at a local community level. Citizen information seekers become information roviders. It is critical that information from informal and formal channels is coordinated, integrated and aligned into the official crisis resonse.

15 Reflection What was your exerience of the recent high winds and floods? Did digital media lay any role in keeing you aware of what was going on? Were you a simle consumer of news, or also a roducer? What collaborative asects were involved? Storm Ohelia, Monday 16 Oct 2017 Storm Brian, Saturday 21 Oct 2017 Storm Eleanor, 2 Jan 2018

16 Collective Intelligence "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indisensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hyostatized communities. (Levy, 1994) The new communication technologies allow huge numbers of eole all over the lanet to work together in new ways.

17 Mass collaboration four re-requisites(tascott&williams): Oenness: Sharing ideas and intellectual roerty: though these resources rovide the edge over cometitors more benefits accrue from allowing others to share ideas and gain significant imrovement and scrutiny through collaboration. Peering: Horizontal organization as with the 'oening u' of the Linux rogram where users are free to modify and develo it rovided that they make it available for others. Peering succeeds because it encourages self-organization a style of roduction that works more effectively than hierarchical management for certain tasks. Sharing: Comanies have started to share some ideas while maintaining some degree of control over others, like otential and critical atent rights. Limiting all intellectual roerty shuts out oortunities, while sharing some exands markets and brings out roducts faster. Acting Globally: The advancement in communication technology has romted the rise of global comanies at low overhead costs. The internet is widesread, therefore a globally integrated comany has no geograhical boundaries and may access new markets, ideas and technology.

18 Examles of mass collaboration: Twitter hashtags- htts://twitter.com/search? f=tweets&vertical=default&q= %23aaroadwatch Quora - htts:// Video Games - htts://youtu.be/tltsfs4uqus htts://youtu.be/ocdjmwxumc

19 Reflection Come u with more examles of mass collaboration; What are the tools used? How are contributors finding each other? What are the major challenges of their collaboration?

20 Media Saces

21 The beginnings- Media saces definitions "Electronic settings in which grous of eole can work together, even when they are not resent in the same lace and time. In a media sace, eole can create real-time visual and acoustic environments that san hysically searate areas. They can also control the recording, accessing and relaying of images and sounds from those environments."(stults, 1986) "Media saces integrate audio, video and comuter networking technology in order to rovide a rich communicative environment for collaboration. " (Dourish, 1993)

22 Definitions (cont-d) a media sace "connects fixed locations such as office desktos, uses continuous audio and video media, and enables both awareness and communication by means of always-oen channels." (Aoki et al, 2006)

23 Beyond Being There What could media saces do better than being there? How could they augment face-to-face communication? htts://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=142769

24 Privacy, Protection and Control Issues Dourish (1993) - these are issues that have to be addressed: key asect of this work - the relationshi between two asects of this control system: the technological comonents which determine how the system will behave, and the social comonents which determine accetable use and behaviour. their exeriences with the rivacy and control asects of their RAVE media sace environment, secifically with regard to connection management discussion of the nature of the relationshi between technological and social elements in using this technology, and of the consequences for the design of such systems.

25 Media Saces today Facebook, Skye, FaceTime Facebook Live Periscoe & LiveStream - Live streaming Google Glass