Contents. VII XIX List of Contributors Part One Background 1. Foreword Preface XXIII

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1 IX Foreword Preface VII XIX List of Contributors Part One Background 1 XXIII 1 Modeling and Simulation: a Comprehensive and Integrative View 3 Tuncer I. Ören 1.1 Introduction Simulation: Several Perspectives Purpose of Use Problem to Be Solved Connectivity of Operations M&S as a Type of Knowledge Processing M&S from the Perspective of Philosophy of Science Model-Based Activities Model Building Model-Base Management Model Processing Behavior Generation Synergies of M&S: Mutual and Higher-Order Contributions Advancement of M&S Preeminence of M&S Physical Tools Knowledge-Based or Soft Tools Knowledge Generation Tools Summary and Conclusions 32 2 Autonomic Introspective Simulation Systems 37 Levent Yilmaz and Bradley Mitchell 2.1 Introduction Perspective and Background on Autonomic Systems Decentralized Autonomic Simulation Systems: Prospects and Issues 41 Agent-Directed Simulation and Systems Engineering. Edited by Levent Yilmaz and Tuncer Ören Copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:

2 X Motivating Scenario: Adaptive Experience Management in Distributed Mission Training An Architectural Framework for Decentralized Autonomic Simulation Systems Challenges and Issues Symbiotic Adaptive Multisimulation: An Autonomic Simulation System Metamodels for Introspection Layer Design Local Adaptation: First-Order Change via Particle Swarm Optimizer The Learning Layer: Genetic Search of Potential System Configurations SAMS Component Architecture Case Study: UAV Search and Attack Scenario Input Factors Agent Specifications Validation and Preliminary Experimentation with SAMS Face Validity of the UAV Model Experiments with the Parallel SAMS Application Summary 70 Part Two Agents and Modeling and Simulation 73 3 Agents: Agenthood, Agent Architectures, and Agent Taxonomies 75 Andreas Tolk and Adelinde M. Uhrmacher 3.1 Introduction Agenthood Defining Agents Situated Environment and Agent Society Agent Architectures Realizing Situatedness Realizing Autonomy Realizing Flexibility Architectures and Characteristics Agenthood Implications for Practical Applications Systems Engineering, Simulation, and Agents Modeling and Simulating Human Behavior for Systems Engineering Simulation-Based Testing in Systems Engineering Simulation as Support for Decision Making in Systems Engineering Implications for Modeling and Simulation Methods Agent Taxonomies History and Application-Specific Taxonomies Categorizing the Agent Space Concluding Discussion 101

3 XI 4 Agent-directed Simulation 111 Levent Yilmaz and Tuncer I. Ören 4.1 Introduction Background Software Agents Complexity Complex Systems of Systems Software Agents within the Spectrum of Computational Paradigms Categorizing the Use of Agents in Simulation Agent Simulation Agent-Based Simulation Agent-Supported Simulation Agent Simulation A Metamodel for Agent System Models A Taxonomy for Modeling Agent System Models Using Agents as Model Design Metaphors: Agent-Based Modeling Simulation of Agent Systems Agent-Based Simulation Autonomic Introspective Simulation Agent-Coordinated Simulator for Exploratory Multisimulation Agent-Supported Simulation Agent-Mediated Interoperation of Simulations Agent-Supported Simulation for Decision Support Summary 141 Part Three Systems Engineering and Quality Assurance for Agent-Directed Simulation Systems Engineering: Basic Concepts and Life Cycle 147 Steven M. Biemer and Andrew P. Sage 5.1 Introduction Agent-Based Systems Engineering Systems Engineering Definition and Attributes Knowledge People and Information Management Processes Methods and Tools The Need for Systems Engineering The System Life Cycle Conceptual Design (Requirements Analysis) Preliminary Design (Systems Architecting) Detailed Design and Development Production and Construction Operational Use and System Support Key Concepts of Systems Engineering Integrating Perspectives into the Whole 164

4 XII Risk Management Decisions and Trade Studies (the Strength of Alternatives) Modeling and Evaluating the System Summary Quality Assurance of Simulation Studies of Complex Networked Agent Systems 173 Osman Balci, William F. Ormsby, and Levent Yilmaz 6.1 Introduction Characteristics of Open Agent Systems Issues in the Quality Assurance of Agent Simulations Large-Scale Open Complex Systems The Network-Centric System Metaphor M&S Challenges for Large-Scale Open Complex Systems Quality Assessment of Simulations of Large-Scale Open Systems Conclusions Failure Avoidance in Agent-directed Simulation: Beyond Conventional v&v and qa 189 Tuncer I. Ören and Levent Yilmaz 7.1 Introduction The Need for a Fresh Look Basic Terms What Can Go Wrong Increasing Importance of M&S Contributions of Simulation to Failure Avoidance Need for Failure Avoidance in Simulation Studies Some Sources of Failure in M&S Assessment for M&S Types of Assessment Criteria for Assessment Elements of M&S to be Studied Need for Multiparadigm Approach for Successful M&S Projects V&V Paradigm for Successful M&S Projects QA Paradigm for Successful M&S Projects Failure Avoidance Paradigm for Successful M&S Projects Lessons Learned and Best Practices for Successful M&S Projects Failure Avoidance for Agent-Based Modeling Failure Avoidance in Rule-Based Systems Failure Avoidance in Autonomous Systems Failure Avoidance in Agents with Personality, Emotions, and Cultural Background Failure Avoidance in Inputs Failure Avoidance for Systems Engineering Conclusion 213

5 XIII 8 Toward Systems Engineering for Agent-directed Simulation 219 Levent Yilmaz 8.1 Introduction What Is a System? What Is Systems Engineering? The Functions of Systems Engineering Modeling and Simulation The Synergy of M&S and SE The Role of M&S in Systems Why Does M&S Require SE? Why Is SSE Necessary? Toward Systems Engineering for Agent-Directed Simulation The Essence of Complex Adaptive Open Systems (CAOS) The Merits of ADS Systems Engineering for Agent-Directed Simulation Sociocognitive Framework for ADS-SE Social-Cognitive View The Dimensions of Representation The Functions for Analysis Case Study: Human-Centered Work Systems Operational Level Organizational Subsystem Operational Level Organizational Subsystem Operational Level Integration of Organization and Social Subsystems The Technical Level Conclusions Design and Analysis of Organization Adaptation in Agent Systems 237 Virginia Dignum, Frank Dignum, and Liz Sonenberg 9.1 Introduction Organizational Model Organizational Structure Organizational Structures in Organization Theory Organizational Structures in Multiagent Systems Organization and Environment Environment Characteristics Congruence Organization and Autonomy Reorganization Organizational Utility Organizational Change Organizational Design Designing Organizational Simulations Application Scenario Understanding Simulation of Reorganization 256

6 XIV Reorganization Dimensions Analyzing Simulation Case Studies Conclusions Programming Languages, Environments, and Tools for Agent-directed Simulation 269 Yu Zhang, Mark Lewis, and Maarten Sierhuis 10.1 Introduction Architectural Style for ADS Agent-Directed Simulation An Overview Language Environment Service Application A Survey of Five ADS Platforms Ascape NetLogo Repast Swarm Mason Brahms A Multiagent Simulation for Work System Analysis and Design Language Environment Service Application CASESim A Multiagent Simulation for Cognitive Agents for Social Environment Language Environment Service Application Conclusion Simulation for Systems Engineering 317 Joachim Fuchs 11.1 Introduction The Systems Engineering Process Modeling and Simulation Support Facilities An Industrial Use Case: Space Systems Simulators for Analysis and Design Facility for Spacecraft Qualification and Acceptance Facility for Ground System Qualification and Testing and Operations Outlook Conclusions 327

7 XV 12 Agent-directed Simulation for Systems Engineering 329 Philip S. Barry, Matthew T.K. Koehler, and Brian F. Tivnan 12.1 Introduction New Approaches Are Needed Employing ADS Through the Framework of Empirical Relevance Simulating Systems of Systems Agent-Directed Simulation for the Systems Engineering of Human Complex Systems A Call for Agents in the Study of Human Complex Systems Noteworthy Agent-Directed Simulations in the Science of Human Complex Systems A Model-Centered Science of Human Complex Systems An Infrastructure for the Engineering of Human Complex Systems Components of the Infrastructure for Complex Systems Engineering Modeling Goodness The Genetic Algorithm Optimization Toolkit Case Studies Case Study 1: Defending The Stadium Case Study 2: Secondary Effects from Pandemic Influenza Summary 355 Part Four Agent-Directed Simulation for Systems Engineering Agent-implemented Experimental Frames for Net-centric Systems Test and Evaluation 363 Bernard P. Zeigler, Dane Hall, and Manuel Salas 13.1 Introduction The Need for Verification Requirements Experimental Frames and System Entity Structures Decomposition and Design of System Architecture Employing Agents in M&S-Based Design, Verification and Validation Experimental Frame Concepts for Agent Implementation Agent-Implemented Experimental Frames DEVS/SOA: Net-Centric Execution Using Simulation Service Automation of Agent Attachment to System Components DEVS-Agent Communications/Coordination DEVS-Agent Endomorphic Models Summary and Conclusions A cautodevs A Tool for the Bifurcated Methodology Agents and Decision Support Systems 399 Andreas Tolk, Poornima Madhavan, Jeffrey W. Tweedale, and Lakhmi C. Jain 14.1 Introduction History 399

8 XVI Motivating Agent-Directed Decision Support Simulation Systems Working Definitions Cognitive Foundations for Decision Support Decision Support Systems as Social Actors How to Present the System to the User and Improve Trust Relevance for the Engineer Technical Foundations for Decision Support Machine-Based Understanding for Decision Support Requirements for Systems When Being Used for Decision Support Agent-Directed Multimodel and Multisimulation Support Methods Applicable to Support Agent-Directed Decision Support Simulation Systems Examples for Intelligent and Agent-Directed Decision Support Simulation Systems Supporting Command and Control Supporting Inventory Control and Integrated Logistics Conclusion Agent Simulation for Software Process Performance Analysis 433 Levent Yilmaz and Jared Phillips 15.1 Introduction Related Work Organization-Theoretic Perspective for Simulation-Based Analysis of Software Processes Simulation Methods for Software Process Performance Analysis Team-RUP: A Framework for Agent Simulation of Software Development Organizations Organization Structure Team-RUP Task Model Team-RUP Team Archetypes and Cooperation Mechanisms Reward Mechanism in Team-RUP Design and Implementation of Team-RUP Performance Metrics Validation of the Model Results and Discussion Conclusions Agent-Directed Simulation for Manufacturing System Engineering 451 Jeffrey S. Smith, Erdal Sahin, and Levent Yilmaz 16.1 Introduction Manufacturing Systems Agent-Based Modeling Simulation Modeling and Analysis for Manufacturing Systems Manufacturing System Design Manufacturing Operation Agent-Directed Simulation for Manufacturing Systems 463

9 XVII Emergent Approaches Agent-Based Manufacturing The Holonic Approach: Hierarchic Open Agent Systems Summary Organization and Work Systems Design and Engineering: from Simulation to Implementation of Multiagent Systems 475 Maarten Sierhuis, William J. Clancey, and Chin H. Seah 17.1 Introduction Work Systems Design Existing Work System Design Methods A Brief History of Work Systems Design Modeling and Simulation of Work Systems Designing Work Systems: What Is the Purpose and What Can Go Wrong? The Difficulty of Convincing Management Work Practice Modeling and Simulation Practice vs. Process Modeling Work Practice The Brahms Language Simulation or Execution with Brahms Modeling People and Organizations Modeling Artifacts and Data Objects Modeling Communication Modeling Location and Movement Java Integration Systems Engineering: From Simulation to Implementation A Cyclic Approach Modeling Current Operations Modeling Future Operations MAS Implementation A Case Study: The OCA Mirroring System Mission Control as a Socio-Technical Work System The OCA Officer s Work System Simulating the Current OCA Work System Designing the Future OCA Work System Simulating the Future OCA Work System Implementing OCAMS Conclusion 514 Index 517

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