Contents Introduction to Design Science Research Design Science Research in Information Systems Design Science Research Frameworks

Transcription

1 Contents 1 Introduction to Design Science Research What Is Design? Different Perspectives WhatIsResearch? Is Design a Science? What Is Design Science Research? PlacingDSRinContext The Spectrum of IS DSR Difference Between Routine Design Practice and DSR Conclusions... 8 References Design Science Research in Information Systems InformationSystemsResearch Summary of Hevner, March, Park, and Ram 2004 MISQ Paper Impacts of 2004 MISQ Paper on Design Science Research Extending the Reach of Design Science Research in IS Design Science Research vs. Professional Design DesignasResearchvs.ResearchingDesign Design Science Research Cycles A Checklist for Design Science Research Publication of Design Science Research References Design Science Research Frameworks Understanding the Natural and Artificial Worlds Toward a Theory of Complex Systems SystemsDevelopmentinInformationSystemsResearch The General Design Cycle ActionResearchFramework The Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) Concluding Thoughts References xvii

2 xviii Contents 4 On Design Theory What Is Theory? Cycle of Theory Building Observation Classification Defining Relationships Anomaly Improving Descriptive Theory Transition to Normative Theory Taxonomy of Theory Types in Information Systems Is Design Theory Possible? Information Systems Design Theory Hooker s View on Design Theory Toward the Anatomy of an IS Design Theory Conclusions References Twelve Theses on Design Science Research in Information Systems Introduction Thesis1:ISIsanAppliedorPracticalDiscipline Thesis 2: Prescriptive Research Is an Essential Part ofisasanappliedorpracticaldiscipline Thesis 3: The Design Science Activity of Building IT Artifacts Is an Important Part of Prescriptive Research ininformationsystems Thesis 4: The Primary Interest of IS Lies in IT Applications, and Therefore IS as a Design Science Should Be Based on a Sound Ontology of IT Artifacts and Especially of IT Applications Thesis 5: IS as a Design Science Builds IT Metaartifacts That Support the Development of Concrete IT Applications Thesis 6: Prescriptive Knowledge of IT Artifacts Forms a Knowledge Area of Its Own and Cannot Be Reduced to the Descriptive Knowledge of Theories and Empirical Regularities Thesis 7: The Resulting IT Meta-artifacts Essentially Entail Design Product and Design Process Knowledge Thesis 8: The Term Design Theory Should Be Used Only When It Is Based on a Sound Kernel Theory Thesis 9: Constructive Research Methods Should Make the Process of Building IT Meta-artifacts Disciplined, Rigorous, and Transparent... 53

3 Contents xix 5.11 Thesis 10: Explication of the Practical Problems to Be Solved, the Existing Artifacts to Be Improved, the Analogies and Metaphors to Be Used, and/or the Kernel Theories to Be Applied Is Significant in Making the Building Process Disciplined, Rigorous, and Transparent Thesis 11: IS as a Design Science Cannot Be Value- Free, but It May Reflect Means-End, Interpretive, orcriticalorientation Thesis 12: The Values of Design Science Research Should Be Made as Explicit as Possible Conclusions and Final Comments References A Science of Design for Software-Intensive Systems Science of Design Challenges Software-IntensiveSystems Science of Design Principles CategoriesofSoftware-IntensiveSystemsPrinciples A Proposed Research Vision SIS Scientific Theories Software Design Theories Dynamic System Theories Socio-economic Theories Domain Theories SIS Engineering Activities SISResearchProjectFramework Intellectual Drivers for Science of Design in SIS Research.. 75 References People and Design DesigningforConsumers Practice of Ethnography in Design Reflection in Action (Schon s View) Designing for Scale Google and People References Software Design: Past and Present ASoftwareDesignFramework SoftwareArchitecture Manual Business Processes MainframeArchitectures Online,Real-TimeArchitectures Distributed, Client Server Architectures Component-Based Architectures Service-OrientedArchitectures AlgorithmicDesign... 92

4 xx Contents EarlyProgramDesign StructuredProgramDesign Recent Algorithm Design Paradigms Widely Used Programming Languages DataDesign Punched Card Data Management Computerized File Management OnlineDataProcessing Relational Databases Current Trends in Data Management Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Design EarlyComputerInteractions Text-Based Command Interfaces TheWIMPInterface Current Trends in HCI Software Development Processes and Methods SoftwareDevelopmentProcesses Early Development Methods Object-Oriented Methods Formal Development Methods Component-Based Development (CBD) Methods Agile Development Methods Controlled-Flexible Development Methods References Evaluation WhatIsEvaluation? WhyDoWePerformEvaluations? Differing Perspectives of Stakeholders BasicStructureofEvaluationStudies The Art of Performance Evaluation Avoiding Common Mistakes in Performance Evaluation Conducting an Objectivist Comparative Study A BriefExample Threats to Inference and Validity Conclusions References The Use of Focus Groups in Design Science Research Introduction Research Focus Groups Adapting Focus Groups to Design Research FormulateResearchQuestionorProblem IdentifySampleFrame Number of Focus Groups Number of Participants

5 Contents xxi Participant Recruitment Identify Moderator DevelopandPre-testaQuestioningRoute Conduct the Focus Group AnalyzeandInterpretData Report Results ADesignResearchExample ResearchContext Data Quality Metrics Description DesignResearchQuestions IdentifySampleFrame Identify Moderator DevelopaQuestioningRoute Recruit Participants Conduct Focus Groups AnalyzeandInterprettheData Report Results Limitations on the Use of Focus Groups for Design Research ClosingRemarks References Design and Creativity Creativity WhatIsIt? GroupCreativity Conceptual Blockbusting Theory Experiential Learning Creativity,Design,andIT CreativityandDesignintheAgeofVirtualWorlds DesigningVirtualWorlds Conclusion References A Design Language for Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) ProblemStatement Concept ArtifactConstruction Knowledge Packet Generator Barriers Value Accelerators Receiver of Good Packets Evaluation Methodology: SME Model Instantiation Comparisons Results ContributiontoResearch Conclusion References

6 xxii Contents 13 On Integrating Action Research and Design Research Introduction The Research Approaches DesignResearch ActionResearch Cross-ApplicationofCriteria Applying Action Research Criteria toadesignresearchexemplar Applying Design Research Criteria toanactionresearchexemplar AWayForward Adding Reflection to Augment Learning fromdesignresearch Concretizing Learning from Action ResearchbyAdding Build Envisioning an Integrated Research Process Conclusions References Design Science in the Management Disciplines Introduction Design Concepts Design Science Research in Organizational Studies Conclusions References Design Science Research in Information Systems: A Critical Realist Approach Introduction Why an Alternative Information Systems Design Science Research Approach? CriticalRealism A Critical Realist Approach for IS Design Science Research For Whom Should IS Design Science Research Produce Knowledge? What Types of IS Design Knowledge Should IS Design Research Produce? Developing IS Design Knowledge Examples of How to Develop IS Design Theories and Design Knowledge Design Theory #1: Developing a Design Theory for Turning KMS Use into Profit Design Theory #2: Developing a Design Theory for Successful Use of e-learning

7 Contents xxiii Design Theory #3: Developing a Design Theory on How to Improve the Capability ofisintegrationinm&as Conclusion References Design of Emerging Digital Services: A Taxonomy Introduction ServiceVersusDigitalService ResearchObjectives Why Taxonomy? Grounding of the Taxonomy Fundamental Design Dimensions ServiceDelivery ServiceMaturity Malleability Pricing and Funding Fundamental Service Provider Objectives BusinessObjective Technological Objectives InteractionObjectives Summary of the Taxonomy Evaluation of the Taxonomy Salesforce.com Myspace.com Itunes.com FutureResearchConsiderations References Disseminating Design Science Research Academic Route Conference and Journal Papers Funding to Support Your Design Research Commercializing Your Ideas via Start-Ups References Design Science Research: Looking to the Future Introduction Trend 1: Growing Number of IS Scholars Will Use DesignasaResearchMethod Trend 2: Growing Number of Scholars Will Research Design Trend 3: A Small but Steady Number of Scholars Will Study Design Theory Trend 4: An Uptake Is Expected in These Three IT Application Area Thereby Creating a Surge in the Need for Design Researchers HealthCareandIT

8 xxiv Contents Green Technology and Green IT GreenComputing Collaboration, Web 2.0, and Social Technologies. 267 References Appendix A: Hevner, March, Park, and Ram 2004 MISQ Reprint Appendix B: Exemplar Publications of Design Science Research in Information Systems Contributors Index

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