Autonomous Robotic (Cyber) Weapons?
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1 Autonomous Robotic (Cyber) Weapons? Giovanni Sartor EUI - European University Institute of Florence CIRSFID - Faculty of law, University of Bologna Rome, November 24, 2013 G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 1 / 21
2 From automatic weapons to autonomous weapons Automatic weapons Merely automatic weapons Autonomous weapons merely teleonomic weapons, teleologic weapons Their cognitive states do they perform cognitive activities? do they have cognitive states? are such states relevant to the law? Cognitive delegation why do we delegate them cognitive activities? should we do that? G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 2 / 21
3 What are automatic systems? Automatic systems (Castelfranchi and Falcone). Systems delegated to perform an action such that they perform the action by themselves the action is a task delegated to them the action substitutes an action of the delegator (but not always) they are artificial and their work is their delegated function they are teleonomic, having certain features since such features (are supposed to) produce certain results An automated door. Automated weapons: A land mine, a computer virus, a physical robot, a robot, etc. G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 3 / 21
4 What are autonomous systems? Autonomous agents their behaviour is auto-teleonomic: they adapt their behaviour to their purposes (purposes being self-selected, inputted by their designer-creator, or implemented in their architecture), they interact with the environment getting inputs and providing outputs, they adopt internal states and their behaviour also depends on such internal states Are there automatic systems that qualify as autonomous agents: Yes, an evolving computer virus, a drone guided partially or fully by its software, etc. G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 4 / 21
5 Autonomy and automaticity Kinds of autonomous systems Automatic non autonomous systems. They execute, given certain inputs sent to them, the pre-defined combination of elementary actions that their algorithms or mechanism connects to such inputs, according to their design, Automatic-autonomous systems. They have designed purposes, but have autonomy along some dimensions: choosing subgoals (means to achieve goals), interpreting environmental inputs, adaptation to external circumstances. Non-automatic autonomous systems. They have their own purposes, which were not inputted by their designer, engage in planning or evolve finding ways to achieve such purposes (e.g. biological systems). Problem: what about artificial systems that have evolved their own ultimate goals or priorities between such goals? Non automatic autonomous artificial systems? (the Terminator scenario) G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 5 / 21
6 Kinds of autonomous systems Autonomous systems: auto-teleolomic teleologic system Merely auto-teleonomic agents: they get inputs from the environment and provide outputs into it a mechanisms alines their behaviour to their purpose, on the basis of environmental responses Examples: a biological virus capable to evolve, a computer virus having the same capacity, an evolutionary algorithm for making choices G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 6 / 21
7 Teleologic agents They have: goals (representational structures that are meant to determine the environment - mind to world orientation) beliefs (representational structure meant to track aspects of the environment - world to mind orientation) self-constructed plans (representational structure that specify how to reach the goals given the beliefs) Proposal: autonomous = Auto-teleonomic, i.e., a system that finds, according to its experience, ways to achieve the goals it has (not just teleologic systems). G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 7 / 21
8 Auto-teleonomic non teleologic systems Merely auto-teleonomic systems a system s variant or a system s behavioural patterns are selected on the basis of the fact that they achieve the purpose of the system cognition is only implicitly represented in the system s internal state (the internal state has been selected on the basis of environmental responses and the system s purpose, but does not model either) Examples: Neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, evolving viruses G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 8 / 21
9 Teleologic systems They have internal systems including (BDI architecture) beliefs (information about the environment, tracking it, world-to-mind direction of fit) goals (goal states, representations having mind-to-world direction of fit) self-selected plans/intentions (combinations of subgoals/action, selected to achieve higher goals, on the basis of goals and beliefs) values (abstract goals, criteria for selecting goals)? norms? A teleologic system should perform epistemic cognition (form new beliefs on relevant aspects of the environment, given preexisting inputs and beliefs) and practical cognition (form new subgoals and plans, given preexisting goals and beliefs). Eg: A drone which has the goal of eliminating a target, which requires identifying the target, and then selecting and implementing a way to eliminate it, an intelligent program having the purpose of disabling an information system G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 9 / 21
10 When has an automatic entity a mental state? A functional perspective The internal state of an entity is a belief concerning the existence of certain external situations when there is a world-to-mind covariance between the internal state and these situations, and this covariance enables the entity to react appropriately to the presence of these situations. The internal state of an entity is a goal concerning the existence of certain external situations when there is a mind-to-world covariance between the internal state and these situations, and this covariance enable the agent to implement its purposes G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 10 / 21
11 Kinds of automata Automated Merely-automated (non-autonomous) Autoteleonomic (autonomous) Merely-automated (non-autonomous) Merely-autoteleonomic Teleologic e.g.: Landmine e.g.: learning sensor in target recognition system e.g.: BDA Agent for military planning G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 11 / 21
12 Can we attribute cognitive states to autonomous systems? Dennett: The behaviour of complex being, whose internal structure is non-knowable, can only be explained and anticipated : by assuming that the being has a purpose, and that its behaviour as a way to achieve that purpose (the design stance) by attributing to the being intentional states, and that its behaviour results from choices through which the agent aim at reaching its goals according to its beliefs (the intentional stance). Are mental states real? I think so, especially in artificial teleologic systems, where we can identify the representational structures providing the mental states at issue. G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 12 / 21
13 Cognitive delegation When delegating an operation to an autonomous (auto-teleonomic system) we do not delegate only behaviour, but we delegate the choice of actions, their implementation and controls over them, i.e., we delegate practical cognition. Implications the delegator does not know and thus does not want, what the agent will choose to do in future situations (no mere automaticity) the delegator has chosen to delegate the choice to the autonomous delegates since he prefers not to do that choice (user of autonomous drone keeping its route) he is unable to do that choice in the given framework (user of autonomous drone cut out from connection or having to respond to an attack with a speed exceeding human reaction time, e.g., high speed trading) G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 13 / 21
14 Cognitive requirements in delegation What capacities are involved in a delegated tasks? knowledge acquisition means-end determination: selection of actions needed to achieve goal, implementation, control take into account side-effects (collateral damage, proportionality) identify and follow norms of behaviour, which involves assessing the circumstances for their application (distinction) G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 14 / 21
15 Dimensions of automation/autonomy Automated domain information acquisition (is it correct, complete?) information analysis (is it correct, complete?) decision and action selection (is it effective, moral, legal?) action implementation (is it adequate) control over action (is it accurate,, have feedbacks been taken into account?) Level of automation Support to human information processing Integration with human information processing Substitution of human information processing Need to precisely locate the task affected by automation/autonomy and to ask whether the deployed automata possesses the required epistemic and moral skills. G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 15 / 21
16 A table Information Action Acquire Analyse Select Implement Control Support Integration Substitution G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 16 / 21
17 Regimentation vs norm compliance How should the deliberative process of a norm-governed autonomous hardware or software robot: it should be impossible for the robot to act against a norm (an overriding exception in its software system, robots cannot act with the intention of violating a norm) it should be possible for the robot to act against a norm, depending on the outcome of its deliberative process. Should different decisional processes be integrated into the same agent (a robot attacking an information infrastructure)? G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 17 / 21
18 Responsibility for damage caused by autonomous automata What is a responsibility? mere causality, or intentional causality (this applies also to robots) the ought pertaining to the accomplishment of an allocated task (this applies also to robots) the ought pertaining to answering questions about the task, why has this gone wrong? (may apply also to robots) the blameworthiness for failing to act appropriately (this applies only to humans) a subjection to punishment or obligation to compensate, for violating a norm (this applies only to humans) The last two responsibilities may apply to artificial agents only to the extent to which their behaviour may be influenced by moral emotions or the expectation or implementation of sanctions. Robots, having the appropriate motivational structure may be the subject of such responsibilities, but this cannot apply to all robots, and so cannot be made into a meaningful legal rule. G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 18 / 21
19 What responsibility for humans Blameworthiness/sanctions for assigning a tasks failing to control its execution (as possible) design defects production defects choosing to delegate to an automaton a task that cannot be automated (taking into account side effects and norms governing it), at the state of the art. mere causation of certain kinds of damages (strict liability, but do we want to stop the deployment of automata when comparatively preferable?) Issue: does the fact that the automaton intended to accomplish the damaging action (rather that being negligent) have an impact on human liabilities? G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 19 / 21
20 Autonomy in cyberwar Requirements for autonomy agents with long arms may be insufficient; agents with long legs may be needed merely auto-teleonomic agent may be often efficient (evolving viruses) speed often makes human remote control impossible Conclusion: autonomous cyberweapons are here and will proliferate! Should we allow for them? G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 20 / 21
21 Thanks for your attention!! G. Sartor (EUI-CIRSFID) Autonomous Weapons 21 / 21
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