Information Technology for. the Health Professions

Transcription

1 Information Technology for the Health Professions

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3 Information Technology for the Health Professions Fifth Edition Lillian Burke Barbara Weill 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013

4 Vice President, Health Science and TED: Julie Levin Alexander Director, Portfolio Management: Marlene McHugh Pratt Editor in Chief: Ashley Dodge Portfolio Manager: Derril Trakalo Portfolio Management Assistant: Emily Edling Associate Sponsoring Editor: Zoya Zaman Product Marketing Manager: Rachele Strober Field Marketing Manager: Brittany Hammond Vice President, Digital Studio and Content Production: Paul DeLuca Director, Digital Studio and Content Production: Brian Hyland Managing Producer: Jennifer Sargunar Content Producer (Team Lead): Faraz Sharique Ali Content Producer: Neha Sharma Senior Manager, Global Rights and Permissions: Tanvi Bhatia Operations Specialist: Maura Zaldivar-Garcia Cover Design: Cenveo Publisher Services Cover Art: Anita Ponne/Shutterstock Full-Service Management and Composition: ienergizer Aptara, Ltd. Printer/Binder: LSC Communications Cover Printer: Phoenix Color Text Font: Times LT Pro Copyright 2019, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on the appropriate page within the text. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners, and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., authors, licensees, or distributors. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Burke, Lillian, author. Weill, Barbara, author. Title: Information technology for the health professions / Lillian Burke, Barbara Weill. Description: Fifth edition. Boston: Pearson, [2019] Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN ISBN ISBN Subjects: LCSH: Medical informatics. Classification: LCC R858.B DDC dc23 LC record available at ISBN-13: ISBN-10:

5 To our families, for their inspiration, understanding, patience, faith in us, and love. Molly and Harry, Richard, Andrea and Jason, and Sadie, Daniel and Mandy L.B. Hazel and Rob, Mike, Buffy and Jon and Mikey, Joanne and Melissa and Sarah and Emma B.W.

6 Contents Preface xii Reviewers xv Chapter 1 An Introduction to Medical Informatics: Administrative Uses of Computers in the Medical Office 1 Chapter Outline 1 Learning Objectives 2 Clinical/Medical Informatics 2 The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), and the Health Information Technology Decade 3 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) (2010) 4 Administrative Applications of Computer Technology in the Medical Office 5 The Patient Information Form 6 The Paper Medical Record 7 The Electronic Medical Record 7 The Personal Health Record 7 The Electronic Health Record 7 The ehealth Exchange 9 The EHR and Big Data Analytics 9 Computer Information Systems in Health Care 10 Medical Office Administrative Software: An Overview 11 Coding and Grouping 11 Scheduling 12 Accounting 12 Insurance 12 Claims 14 Accounting Reports 14 Does Computerization Improve Patient Outcomes? 20 In the News 21 Chapter Summary 22 Key Terms 23 Review Exercises 24 Notes 26 Additional Resources 29 Chapter 2 Telemedicine 33 Chapter Outline 33 Learning Objectives 34 Overview 34 Store-and-Forward Technology and Interactive Videoconferencing 35 Teleradiology 36 Telepathology 37 Teledermatology 38 Telecardiology 38 Teleneurology 39 Telestroke 39 Epilepsy 41 vi

7 CONTENTS vii Parkinson s Disease 41 and Digital Cameras in Teleneurology 42 Telepsychiatry 42 Remote Monitoring Devices 43 Telewound Care 45 Telehome Care 46 Telemedicine in Prison 47 Other Telemedicine Applications 48 The Telenurse 50 Smartphones and Tablet Computers 51 Is Telemedicine Effective? 53 Issues in Telemedicine 55 In the News 57 Chapter Summary 57 Key Terms 58 Review Exercises 58 Notes 60 Additional Resources 68 Related Websites 76 Chapter 3 Information Technology in Public Health 77 Chapter Outline 77 Learning Objectives 78 Introduction 78 Definition 78 Social Inequality, Poverty, and Health 79 Using Computers to Study Disease 81 Statistics and Epidemics: A Historical Overview 82 The Emergence of Diseases in the Late 20th and Early 21st Centuries 85 AIDS 85 SARS 86 Ebola Virus 86 Antibiotic Resistance 86 MRSA 87 CRKP 88 NDM-1 88 Vector-Borne Diseases 88 West Nile Virus 88 Zika Virus 88 Using Information Technology to Track and Combat a 21st Century Epidemic: Cholera 89 Information Technology Collection, Modeling, and Surveillance of Disease Agents 89 Computer Modeling of Disease: Health Statistics and Infectious Disease 91 Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study (MIDAS) 91 Climate Change: Global Warming 91 The Public Health Response to Hurricane Katrina 93 The BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 94 A Note on the Earthquake, Tsunami, and Radiation Disaster in Japan 96 The Opioid Overdose Epidemic 97 Discussion 98 In the News 99 Chapter Summary 99 Key Terms 99 Review Exercises 100

8 viii CONTENTS Notes 102 Additional Resources 109 Related Websites 117 Chapter 4 Information Technology in Radiology 118 Chapter Outline 118 Learning Objectives 119 Introduction 119 X-Rays 120 Ultrasound 121 Digital Imaging Techniques 122 Computed Tomography 122 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 123 Positron Emission Tomography 126 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Scans 127 Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fnirs) 128 Bone Density Tests 128 Other Imaging Technology 128 Nanotechnology 129 Computer-Aided Detection 129 Picture Archiving and Communications Systems 130 Interventional Radiology: Bloodless Surgery 130 The Dangers of Medical Radiation 132 In the News 134 Chapter Summary 134 Key Terms 134 Review Exercises 135 Notes 137 Additional Resources 141 Related Websites 145 Chapter 5 Information Technology in Surgery The Cutting Edge 146 Chapter Outline 146 Learning Objectives 147 Overview 147 Computer-Assisted Surgery 147 Computer-Assisted Surgical Planning 147 Minimally Invasive Surgery 148 Computer-Assisted Surgery and Robotics 148 ROBODOC, AESOP, ZEUS, da Vinci, MINERVA, NeuroArm, and Other Robotic Devices 149 Issues in Robotic Surgery 154 Augmented Reality 155 Telepresence Surgery 156 NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operation 157 The Operating Room of the Future 158 Lasers in Surgery 158 Discussion and Future Directions 159 Nanotechnology 160 Conclusion 160 In the News 161 Chapter Summary 161 Key Terms 162 Review Exercises 162 Notes 163 Additional Resources 166 Related Websites 169

9 CONTENTS ix Chapter 6 Information Technology in Pharmacy 170 Chapter Outline 170 Learning Objectives 171 Overview 171 The Food and Drug Administration 171 Uncertified Medicines 172 Biotechnology and the Human Genome Project 173 Rational Drug Design 173 Bioinformatics 173 The Human Genome Project 174 Developments in Biotechnology 175 Computer-Assisted Drug Trials 177 Computer-Assisted Drug Review 178 The Computerized Pharmacy 178 Computers and Drug Errors 178 The Automated Community Pharmacy 180 Automating the Hospital Pharmacy 181 The Hospital Pharmacy Robots and Barcodes 181 Point-of-Use Drug Dispensing 181 Computerized IVs and Barcodes 184 Radio Frequency Identification Tags 185 Telepharmacy 185 Drug Delivery on a Chip 186 Nanotechnology and Pharmacy 187 The Impact of Information Technology on Pharmacy 187 In the News 187 Chapter Summary 188 Key Terms 189 Review Exercises 189 Notes 190 Additional Resources 195 Chapter 7 Information Technology in Dentistry 199 Chapter Outline 199 Learning Objectives 200 Overview 200 Education 200 Administrative Applications 201 The Electronic Dental Chart 204 Demographics and the Transformation of Dentistry 207 Computerized Instruments in Dentistry 208 Endodontics 208 Periodontics 209 Cosmetic Dentistry 210 Diagnosis and Expert Systems 210 Diagnostic Tools 211 X-Rays 211 Digital Radiography 211 Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scanner 211 Electrical Conductance 213 Other Methods 213 Light Illumination 214 Lasers in Dentistry 214 Minimally Invasive Dentistry 214 Surgery 215 Teledentistry 215 In the News 216 Chapter Summary 216

10 x CONTENTS Key Terms 216 Review Exercises 217 Notes 218 Additional Resources 219 Related Websites 221 Chapter 8 Informational Resources: Computer-Assisted Instruction, Expert Systems, Health Information Online 222 Chapter Outline 222 Learning Objectives 223 Overview 223 Education 223 The Visible Human Project 223 Computer-Assisted Instruction 225 Simulation Software 225 Virtual Reality Simulations 226 Patient Simulators 228 Distance Learning 232 Decision Support: Expert Systems 233 Health Information on the Internet 234 Medical Literature Databases Self-Help on the Web 238 Support Groups on the Web 239 Judging the Reliability of Health Information on the Internet 240 Health-Related Smartphone and Tablet Computer Apps 240 Computers and Psychiatry 242 Conclusion 243 In the News 244 Chapter Summary 244 Key Terms 245 Review Exercises 245 Notes 247 Additional Resources 250 Related Websites 254 Chapter 9 Information Technology in Rehabilitative Therapies: Computerized Medical Devices, Assistive Technology, and Prosthetic Devices 255 Chapter Outline 255 Learning Objectives 256 Overview 256 Computerized Medical Instruments and Devices 256 Computerized Devices in Optometry/Ophthalmology 258 Assistive Devices 260 Augmentative Communication Devices 262 Electronic Aids to Daily Living 263 Prosthetic Devices 263 Computerized Functional Electrical Stimulation Technology 267 Risks Posed by Implants 269 Computers in Rehabilitative Therapies 269 Conclusion 270 In the News 270

11 CONTENTS xi Chapter Summary 270 Key Terms 271 Review Exercises 272 Notes 273 Additional Resources 277 Related Websites 281 Chapter 10 Security and Privacy in an Electronic Age 282 Chapter Outline 282 Learning Objectives 283 Security and Privacy An Overview 283 Threats to Information Technology 284 Computer Technology and Crime 284 Security 286 Privacy 289 Databases 290 Government Databases 290 Private Databases 292 Databases and the Internet 293 Privacy, Security, and Health Care 293 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and HITECH 293 Privacy of Medical Records Under HIPAA, HITECH, and the USA Patriot Act 295 Telemedicine and Privacy 296 and Privacy 296 Privacy and Genetic Information 296 Privacy and Electronic Health Records 297 In the News 298 Chapter Summary 298 Key Terms 299 Review Exercises 299 Notes 301 Additional Resources 305 Related Websites 310 Glossary 311 Index 324

12 Preface: An Introductory Note on Computers Information Technology for the Health Professions is not a book about computers, but rather a look at the myriad uses of computers and information technology in health care. A brief overview of a few basic computer terms will be helpful in understanding these concepts. Today, computers are used in every aspect of our lives. You have a small computer called a smartphone or a tablet in your pocket or a larger desktop computer on your desk. Whatever their size be and whatever they look like, all computers have some things in common. The tangible parts of the computer you can touch are called hardware: Input devices (a mouse, keyboard, touch screen, or microphone) let you enter data into your computer; output devices (a screen, printer, or speaker) let you get information from your computer. Inside your computer is some processing hardware (a central processing unit or CPU in a desktop computer), which turns the data into information, that is, adds 3 plus 4 and gets 7 as an answer. All computers have some storage to hold information and instructions and some memory to hold current work. On a desktop computer, the storage is called a hard drive. All computers need instructions to tell them how to perform tasks. These instructions are called software programs and are usually stored in the computer. The instructions that tell the computer how to run are called system software. The most important system software is the operating system. Application software tells the computer how to perform specific tasks. Word processing software for text, spreadsheets for numbers, database management software for organized lists, graphics software that allows you to create presentations using images, and communications software that allows you to connect to the Internet are common examples of application software. Almost all computers are connected to a large World Wide Web of interconnected computers called the Internet. Some computers, such as the Chromebook, use the Internet to store much of its software, information, and data. But all of us, if we use a smartphone, are connected. We use a wireless connection like Wi-Fi. When you access data and programs from the Internet and save information on the Internet, that is called cloud computing. The part of the Internet that is easiest to navigate is called the World Wide Web and is organized as pages and stored on websites. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to interconnected devices. Devices can refer to almost anything that can electronically share data. They include cars, smart TVs, heart monitors, and buildings, to name a few. xii NEW TO THIS EDITION Chapter 1 Updated material regarding the administrative uses of computers in health care that includes: administrative tasks in medical offices and hospitals, computers storing electronic medical records, doctors notes, and creating bills Updated material regarding the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, HITECH, and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

13 PREFACE: AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE ON COMPUTERS xiii Updated information regarding medical office practice management software, which describes patient and professional scheduling, accounting, and insurance Doctors Find Barriers to Sharing Digital Medical Records, by Julie Creswell published on September 30, 2014 in The New York Times Chapter 2 Updated studies on the effectiveness of telemedicine Updated material on the myriad health-related applications used with smartphones and tablet computers Tackling Weight Loss and Diabetes with Video Chats, by Anahad O Connor published on April 11, 2017 in The New York Times Chapter 3 New material on the Ebola virus New material on the Zika virus New material on the current epidemic of opioid addiction Why the Menace of Mosquitoes Will Only Get Worse, by Maryn Mckenna published on April 20, 2017 in The New York Times Chapter 4 New material on light imaging technology used in radiology Why Big Liars Often Start Out As Small Ones, by Erica Goode published on October 24, 2016, in The New York Times Chapter 5 New material on the negative effects of robotic surgery Robotic Surgery for Prostate Cancer May Offer No Benefits over Regular Surgery, by Nicholas Bakalar published on July 28, 2016 in The New York Times Chapter 6 New material regarding CRISPR, a technology that makes gene editing easier Uncle Sam Wants You Or at Least Your Genetic and Lifestyle Information, by Robert Pear published on July 23, 2016 in The New York Times Chapter 7 Updated material regarding teledentistry The Unexpected Political Power of Dentists, by Mary Jordan published in the Washington Post on July 1, 2017 Chapter 8 Updated material regarding informational resources available on the Internet and the many health-related apps available for smartphones and tablet computers

14 xiv PREFACE: AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE ON COMPUTERS Using the Web or an App Instead of Seeing a Doctor? Caution Is Advised, by Austin Frakt published in The New York Times on July 11, 2016 Chapter 9 New material regarding developments in computerized devices A Talking Teddy Bear Practicing in the Pediatric Hospital, by Emma Cott and Taige Jensen published in The New York Times on June 3, 2015 Chapter 10 New information pertaining to new laws about security, ransomware, and other issues The Health Data Conundrum, by Kathryn Haun and Eric J. Topol published in The New York Times on January 2, 2017 A note on our point of view: Over the last several years, politics and science have clashed over many issues including climate change and whether human action is responsible. This is not a debate within the scientific community, which has achieved consensus. We take the consensus of the scientific community as our point of view. STUDENT SUPPLEMENTS To access the student resources that accompany this book, visit Simply select Health Information Technology from the choice of disciplines. Find this book and you will find the complimentary study materials. This book has the following student resources. Self-Study Assessment Flashcards Glossary INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTS To access supplementary materials online from Pearson s Instructor Resource Center (IRC), instructors will need to use their IRC login credentials. If they don t have IRC login credentials they will need to request an instructor access code. Go to to register for an instructor access code. Within 48 hours of registering, you will receive a confirming including an instructor access code. Once you have received your code, locate your book in the online catalog and click on the Instructor Resources button on the left side of the catalog product page. Select a supplement, and a login page will appear. Once you have logged in, you can access instructor material for all Pearson textbooks. If you have any difficulties accessing the site or downloading a supplement, please contact Customer Service at This book has the following instructor s resources. Instructor s manual with lesson plans PowerPoint lecture slides TestGen

15 Reviewers Reviewers of the Fifth Edition Tandra Archie Florida Technical College Orlando, Florida Lori Bennett, ABD Colorado Technical University Colorado Springs, Colorado Mary Beth Brown, MRC, BM Sinclair Community College Dayton, Ohio Elizabeth Hoffman, MA Ed, CMA, (AAMA), CPT, (ASPT) Henry Ford College Dearborn, Michigan Jacqueline McNair, MA, RHIT Baltimore City Community College Baltimore, Maryland Roberta Taylor, BS Sinclair Community College Dayton, Ohio Reviewers of Previous Editions James Bonsignore, RHIA William Rainey Harper College Palatine, Illinois Mary Beth Brown, MRC, BM Sinclair Community College Dayton, Ohio Michelle Buchman MA, BSN, RN Cox College Springfield, Missouri Michelle Cranney Virginia College, Online Division Birmingham, Alabama Tricia Elliott, MBA, CSHA William Rainey Harper College Palatine, Illinois Jeri Layer, AS Sinclair Community College Dayton, Ohio Deborah L. Weaver, RN, PhD Valdosta State University Valdosta, Georgia xv

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