THE SONDRESTROM RESEARCH FACILITY
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![km 16 GREENLAND SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN 3 miles ICELAND Satellite Un J ll 4 km T n [N e ] e Airglow EM 3 V i 2 Sporadic E](/docs-images/81/83658162/images/1-2.jpg "Sodium layer Gravity waves Aurora NLC Meteor [O 3 ] PSC Active Radiowave Lidar Passive Optical Balloons Passive Magnetic &")
1 NORWAY SRI International and the National Science Foundation THE SONDRESTROM RESEARCH FACILITY CANADA ARCTIC OCEAN Baffin Bay 72 Davis Strait 64 Thule Thule Air Base Nuuk Greenland Sondrestrom 67 N, 39 E, 74Λ Arctic Circle 3 km 16 GREENLAND SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN 3 miles ICELAND Satellite Un J ll 4 km T n [N e ] e Airglow EM 3 V i 2 Sporadic E Sodium layer Gravity waves Aurora NLC Meteor [O 3 ] PSC Active Radiowave Lidar Passive Optical Balloons Passive Magnetic & Radiowave
2 Just north of the Arctic Circle and km inland from the west coast of Greenland lies a research facility dedicated to studying the polar upper atmosphere. For historical reasons, this research station is known around the world as the Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland. The facility is operated by SRI International in Menlo Park, California, under the auspices of the U.S. National Science Foundation and in joint cooperation with Denmark's Meteorological Institute. The facility has been operating in Greenland since 1983 and continues to be in high demand by the international and national scientific communities. This unique facility is host to more than 2 instruments, the majority of which provide unique and complementary information about the arctic upper atmosphere. Together these instruments advance our knowledge of upper atmospheric physics and determine how the tenuous neutral gas interacts with the charged space plasma environment. The suite of instrumentation supports many disciplines of research from plate tectonics to ozone depletion to auroral physics and space weather. As such, the facility instrumentation covers the electromagnetic spectrum while the data results span the spectrum of polar research. The centerpiece instrument of the facility is an L-band incoherent scatter (IS) radar with a 32 m fully steerable antenna. The IS radar technique is a powerful tool capable of measuring range-resolved ionospheric and atmospheric parameters simultaneously from the ground to the outer reaches of our atmosphere. Use of a steerable antenna allows spatial coverage in both latitude and longitude. Data from the facility are used by hundreds of scientists annually. Dozens of scientists, engineers, and students visit the site each year to install hardware, implement enhancements to collocated instruments, and collect data in real time in multi-instrument campaigns.
3 Electromagnetic Spectrum Magnetometers, micropulsation receiver ELF / VLF radiometer Long radio waves FREQUENCY (Hz) 1 8 HF/MF radar, HF plasma wave receiver Digisonde Riometers, IRIS VHF radar, scintillation receiver Incoherent scatter radar, GPS WAVELENGTH (m) Short radio waves IR UV Visible Visible Spectrum All Sky imager, multichannel photometer Fabry-Perot interferometer Sondrestrom Research Facility Lidar Jeff Thayer, SRI International Noctilucent cloud observations using the Rayleigh lidar. t = 1 min, z = 192 m 29 July August August LOCAL SOLAR TIME NOISE-SUBTRACTED LIDAR SIGNAL (counts) Instrument Spectrum Spectrograph Lidar UV Spectrometer Balloons Optics Passive magnetic & radiowave Active radiowave Lidar night Lidar twilight N e Invariant lat. range shown below -3 log 1, N e (el cm 3) log 1, σ (µmhos m 1) Incoherent Scatter Radar Jeff Thayer, SRI International Basic and derived IS radar parameters during a substorm expansion event DISTANCE, GEOMAGNETIC NORTH (km) V i 1 km/s 4 km σ H σ p INVARIANT LATITUDE 3 Sondrestrom 4278 Å Images 24 February 1996 kilorayleighs :28 UT 231:47 UT 233:6 UT 234:28 UT 23:44 UT 237:3 UT Plasma waves T n 238:22 UT 239:41 UT 1: UT 2:19 UT 3:38 UT 4:8 UT U n 2 6:17 UT 7:37 UT 8:7 UT 1:16 UT 11:36 UT 12: UT T n U n [N aerosols ] [N m ] U n [N e ] [O 3 ] T e T i V i ν in j Horizontal structure 14:14 UT 1:33 UT 16:2 UT All Sky Imager Rick Doe, SRI International All Sky images of N 2 + emission during a substorm expansion.
4 Covering the Research Spectrum Multichannel Photometer Gary Swenson, University of Illinois CGS energy flux for precipitating electrons derived from the ratio of 63. nm to nm emission brightness. ENERGY FLUX (ergs cm 2 s 1 ) 1 1 Sondrestrom, 23 March UT (hrs) Imaging Riometer (IRIS) Ted Rosenberg and Peter Stauning, University of Maryland, Danish Meteorological Inst. IRIS images sampled every 3 seconds record the structure of D-region absorption during a geomagnetic sudden commencement event. TIME UT UV Spectrometer Rick Niciejewski, University of Michigan BRIGHTNESS (R/Å) Michelsen Interferometer Gulamabas Sivjee, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Near visible specta obtained during a period of significant auroral activity is compared with a synthesized spectra based on IS radar derived electron density profiles. Measured spectra Fitted spectra N 2 1P (4,2) OI N 2 M (3, 1) OI 8446 N 2 1P (1,) + N 2 M (1, ) WAVELENGTH (Å) FREQUENCY (Hz) 1.. W N S E 21 February db ABSORPTION Micro-Pulsation Receiver Roger Arnoldy, University of New Hampshire Postnoon ULF spectrogram indicates a distinct group of PC-1 bursts from 14 to 16 UT (12 to 14 MLT) possibly associated with a dayside FTE TIME, UT ULF SIGNAL (dbv)
5 FREQUENCY (khz) Three-Frequency Riometer Peter Stauning, Danish Meteorological Institute SPEED (m/s) TEMP (K) SPEED (m/s) Digisonde Terry Bullett, Air Force Phillips Lab Color-coded sequential ionograms from the digisonde instrument allow users to determine the angle of arrival for the return signal and to discriminate ordinary from extraordinary returns. RANGE (km) REL. POWER 1 1 November 199 Fabry-Perot Inteferometer Tim Killeen, University of Michigan Meridional and vertical winds and neutral temperatures derived from FPI measurements of OI (63. nm) emission FREQUENCY (MHz) FREQUENCY (khz) HF Receiver Jim LaBelle, Dartmouth College Low-frequency HF hiss and correlated MF auroral burst observed during a substorm expansion event TIME, UT 1 POWER (db) November 1986 :2 UT 3. Meridional Winds 4 4 Vertical Winds Neutral Temperatures UT (hrs) ESE WNW WSW S N ENE V V+ VX VX TIME (s) Balloon Launching Facility Ib Steen Mikkelsen, Danish Meteorological Institute Wind, temperature and ozone concentration data are gathered on a seasonal basis by balloon borne radiosondes. Other Permanent Sondrestrom Instruments: Meteor Scatter Radar Susan Avery, University of Colorado Ozone Spectrometers Paul Eriksen, Danish Meteorological Institute Imaging Spectrograph Gary Swenson, University of Illinois/Lockheed Martin Scintillation Data Receiving System Santimay Basu, Air Force Phillips Lab Sodium Resonance Lidar Jeff Thayer, SRI International and Brenton Watkins, University of Alaska Campaign Instruments: Magnetometer Chain Ole Rasmussen, Danish Meteorological Institute Sondrestrom provides a crucial middle link in the DMI magnetometer chain. All Sky Imager & Imaging Spectrograph Michael Mendillo, Boston University Auroral Photometer Jim Hecht, Aeorspace Corp. Fabry-Perot Interferometer Jim Hecht, Aeorspace Corp. Sondrestrom 2 nt H Component UT (hrs) 4 6 ELF / VLF Receiver Tony Fraser-Smith, Stanford University ELF radio noise spectrogram shows both lightning sferics (vertical lines) and a quasi-periodic modulation of the. to 1.4 khz background hiss. PRESSURE (hpa) O 3 CONC. WINDSPEED (m/s) (mpa) TEMPERATURE (K) Temp. U merid po3 2 Frost pt. U zonal HEIGHT (km) INVARIANT LATITUDE
6 Sondrestrom Facility photos by Craig Heinselman SRI International Founded in 1946 as the Stanford Research Institute in conjunction with Stanford University Independent, nonprofit scientific research institute with for-profit spin-offs and subsidiaries (Sarnoff Corporation and SRI Consulting) Creating and delivering science and technology solutions for government and business National Science Foundation The National Science Foundation supports research, education, and infrastructure to advance the state of knowledge about Earth, including its atmosphere, continents, oceans, interior, and the processes that modify them as well as link them. Most NSF programs in the geosciences are funded through the Directorate for Geosciences. Sondrestrom Facility Contacts SRI International Principal Investigator Dr. Jeff Thayer Sondrestrom Site Supervisor John Jørgensen National Science Foundation Program Director, Upper Atmospheric Facilities, NSF Dr. Robert M. Robinson Logistics Coordinator Mary McCready July 1999
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